Vote Brokers, Clientelist Appeals, and Voter Turnout: Evidence from Russia and Venezuela

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (04) ◽  
pp. 710-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Frye ◽  
Ora John Reuter ◽  
David Szakonyi
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Traditional Leaders ◽  
Party Activists ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractModern clientelist exchange is typically carried out by intermediaries—party activists, employers, local strongmen, traditional leaders, and the like. Politicians use such brokers to mobilize voters, yet little about their relative effectiveness is known. The authors argue that broker effectiveness depends on their leverage over clients and their ability to monitor voters. They apply their theoretical framework to compare two of the most common brokers worldwide, party activists and employers, arguing the latter enjoy numerous advantages along both dimensions. Using survey-based framing experiments in Venezuela and Russia, the authors find voters respond more strongly to turnout appeals from employers than from party activists. To demonstrate mechanisms, the article shows that vulnerability to job loss and embeddedness in workplace social networks make voters more responsive to clientelist mobilization by their bosses. The results shed light on the conditions most conducive to effective clientelism and highlight broker type as important for understanding why clientelism is prevalent in some countries but not others.

Brothers or others in arms? Civilian constituencies and rebel fragmentation in civil war

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S Mosinger
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Cross National

Why do united rebel fronts emerge in some insurgencies, while in other insurgencies multiple rebel groups mobilize independently to challenge the state, and often, each other? I develop a diffusion model of rebel fragmentation in which participation in rebellion spreads, completely or incompletely, through networks of civilians and dissidents. Using this theoretical framework I hypothesize that two factors jointly determine whether a rebel movement remains unified or fragments: the rebels’ investment in civilian mobilization, and the overall level of civilian grievances. The theory predicts that widely shared grievances motivate the formation of many small dissident groups willing to challenge the regime. Given the difficulty of collective action between disparate opposition actors, an emerging rebel movement will tend towards fragmentation when popular grievances are high. Yet extremely high civilian grievances can also help rebels activate broad, overlapping civilian social networks that serve to bridge together dissident groups. Mass-mobilizing rebel groups, benefiting from the participation of broad civilian networks, are most likely to forge and maintain a unified rebel front. I test this theory alongside several alternatives drawn from cross-national studies of conflict using regression analysis. The quantitative evidence lends considerable credence to the role of rebel constituencies in preventing or fomenting rebel fragmentation.

scholarly journals The integrative force of political institutions? Direct democracy and voter turnout across ethnic and nativity groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Manatschal
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
First Generation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Hispanic Voters ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractMuch has been written on the positive effect of direct democracy (initiatives, referendums) on voter turnout. However, we have limited knowledge about potential differential effects on voters belonging to various ethnic groups. The paper argues that depending on a group’s responsiveness to the political context, direct democracy can (dis-)integrate voters (from) into the electorate. Empirical analysis of Current Population Survey (CPS) voting supplement survey data, together with data on the absolute use of direct democracy across US states, corroborates this theoretical expectation, however lending more support for the disintegrating assumption. Frequent direct democratic elections further widen the negative voting gap between first-generation Asian voters and voters living in the US for three generations or longer, whereas they tend to diminish this voting gap for first-generation Hispanic voters. The disintegrative pattern for first-generation Asian voters remains even significant when excluding California from the state sample, yet not the integrative tendency for first-generation Hispanics. Additional analyses using alternative measures of direct democracy and voting, and applying statistical adjustments to address causality concerns, confirm the robustness of these findings, which shed light on the so-far underexplored (dis-)integrative potential of political institutions.

scholarly journals Password as a Special case of "Man-machine" Communication. A Pragmatic approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Dmitry Muravyev
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
The Internet ◽  
John Searle ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Shed Light

The authorization on sites, in social networks and personal accounts with passwords is an extremely common practice today. It has become an integral part of people's lives, even they are not aware of it. But despite this, most Internet users have difficulties in creating and remembering of the strong passwords. This article analyzes the problem using the speech act theory of John Austin and John Searle. It allows to shed light on a person's behaviour on the Internet and his reaction to the question "Who is there?", which the machine asks him.

scholarly journals City Literature in Abdu al-Aziz al-Makkali’s Poetry

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Mujahid Ahmed Mohammed Alwaqaa
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Beautiful Woman ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
Poetic Work ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Historical Theory ◽  
City Literature

World literature teems with the portrayal of famous cities throughout the world. This kind of literature is unanimously known as city literature. It does not merely describe and portray places, objects, and landscapes for their own sake, it, however, gives readers a revisionist perspective to look afresh and introspectively into self, history, and culture. This paper aims to shed light on a city that witnessed great changes throughout its history. It is called Sana’a, the capital of Yemen, and it is one of such world-famous and ancient cities about which interesting and rich literature has been written. Sana’a has been immortalized in the prose and poetry of local and international prolific and intelligent writers such as Abdu al-Aziz al-Makkali, a famous contemporary Yemeni poet. Sana’a is magnificently portrayed in different exotic images in al-Makkali’s collection of poetry entitled Book of Sana’a. The poet engages in a kind of dialogue with the city in a personal experience and unique particularity, but in the process, this particularity becomes cosmopolitan. Each poem is located in a particular space which gives the poet and reader alike a sense of the place, history, and culture, and an intense feeling of wider identification and empathy. Sana’a is anthropomorphically portrayed as a beautiful woman, sad woman, beloved lady, spirit, and city of heaven. It is fantastically depicted as a unique piece of artifact molded and designed by the hands of God. So, this piece of research attempts to analyze social and political imports and the different images of the city employed by al-Makkali in his poetic work: Book of Sana’a. As a theoretical framework, the paper adopts both historical theory of criticism as well as the formalist theory, so the analysis is focused on both context and text of the selected poems.

Theoretical Framework and Models

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan E. Leighley ◽  
Jonathan Nagler
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Demographic Characteristic ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
The Impact

This chapter introduces the theoretical framework that guides the analyses and discussions of the determinants of voter turnout. It adopts a model of turnout that poses an individual's decision to vote as a reflection of the costs and benefits of engaging in such behavior. Then, for each presidential election year since 1972, it estimates turnout as a function of demographic characteristics of interest. These estimates allow us to estimate the impact of one demographic characteristic (such as income) on turnout while holding other demographic characteristics (such as education and race) constant. These estimates are referred to as “conditional” relationships. The findings suggest that the conditional relationships between education and turnout, and income and turnout (i.e., conditional income bias) have been relatively stable (or modestly reduced) since 1972. Important changes in the conditional relationships between age, race, gender, and turnout have also been observed.

Domestic vs. International E-Shopping

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-39
Author(s):  
Vaggelis Saprikis
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Mobile Industry ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Shed Light

Contemporary commerce is completely different as regards features some years ago. Nowadays, a considerable number of individuals and firms take advantage of the information and communication technologies and conduct transactions online. In particular, the mobile industry along with the broad use of social networks and improvements in the internet bandwidth worldwide has created a completely different business environment. Consequently, the technology incited many consumers to cross-border e-shopping, allowing access to a wider variety of products and services, and in numerous circumstances, access to cheaper goods. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the perceptions internet users have towards e-shops focusing on Greece. More precisely, it aims to find out whether there are contingent differences on customers' perceptions regarding domestic vs. international e-shops, since a gradually augmented number of people have been expressing their preference on non-domestic e-stores for their purchases. Additionally, the chapter intends to shed light on the difficulty in understanding vital aspects of e-consumer behaviour.

Utilizing Social Networks in Social Entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
pp. 232-250
Author(s):  
Nuray Atsan
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Network Approach ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Organizational Growth ◽  
Network Usage

This chapter focuses on the linkage between social networks and social entrepreneurship and argues that social networks are crucial in social entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurs rely on different compositions of social networks in different stages of the entrepreneurial process. Drawing from network approach in entrepreneurship, this chapter continues by exploring the theoretical framework including conceptualizations of social entrepreneurship and social networks. It then introduces evolution of social networks in comply with organizational growth process. As a result, the chapter discusses utilizing social networks in social entrepreneurship. The conclusion reflects on possible characteristics of network usage and composition through the life cycle of social enterprises.

Games and Simulations

2011 ◽  
pp. 1398-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göknur Kaplan Akilli
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Design ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Games And Simulations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light

Computer games and simulations are considered powerful tools for learning with an untapped potential for formal educational use. However, the lack of available well-designed research studies about their integration into teaching and learning leaves unanswered questions, despite their more than thirty years’ existence in the instructional design movement. Beginning with these issues, this chapter aims to shed light on the definition of games and simulations, their educational use, and some of their effects on learning. Criticisms and new trends in the field of instructional design/development in relation to educational use of games and simulations are briefly reviewed. The chapter intends to provide a brief theoretical framework and a fresh starting point for practitioners in the field who are interested in educational use of games and simulations and their integration into learning environments.

Domestic vs. International E-Shopping

2021 ◽  
pp. 1819-1834
Author(s):  
Vaggelis Saprikis
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Mobile Industry ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Shed Light

Contemporary commerce is completely different as regards features some years ago. Nowadays, a considerable number of individuals and firms take advantage of the information and communication technologies and conduct transactions online. In particular, the mobile industry along with the broad use of social networks and improvements in the internet bandwidth worldwide has created a completely different business environment. Consequently, the technology incited many consumers to cross-border e-shopping, allowing access to a wider variety of products and services, and in numerous circumstances, access to cheaper goods. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the perceptions internet users have towards e-shops focusing on Greece. More precisely, it aims to find out whether there are contingent differences on customers' perceptions regarding domestic vs. international e-shops, since a gradually augmented number of people have been expressing their preference on non-domestic e-stores for their purchases. Additionally, the chapter intends to shed light on the difficulty in understanding vital aspects of e-consumer behaviour.

Social Learning Analytics

2021 ◽  
pp. 190-206
Author(s):  
Mustafa Şahin Bülbül
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Analytics ◽  
Social Learning Analytics ◽  
Shed Light

Despite the idea that learning is individual, the YouTube channel has been examined to explain how learning is controlled in social networks. What kind of mechanism does the YouTube channel, which deeply influences the education world, work with and what does this structure tell the educators? What do data such as the number of views and comments on YouTube mean? Also, what kind of a model can be established between the video proposition system and our individual and social learning? This study has been prepared to shed light on the questions mentioned.

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