The Social History of Social Policy: Infant Welfare in Edwardian England

1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Social History ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Boer War ◽  
Infant Welfare ◽  
Health Visitors ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTDuring the years following the Boer War, infant mortality became an issue of national importance, and increasing emphasis was placed on the provision of infant welfare clinics and health visitors. The infant mortality rate declined steadily throughout the period, and officials attributed the improvement to the new services. But just as the causes of infant mortality were complex, so were the reasons for the decline in the mortality rate. What needs explanation therefore is why health officials concentrated so exclusively on one particular form of solution. It is argued that this was a consequence of, first, the way in which infant welfare was perceived as a problem of mortality and especially as a problem of diarrhoeal mortality and, secondly, the philosophy of the infant welfare movement, which held that responsibility for infant mortality rested with the individual mother. Infant welfare services were thus compartmentalized as a set of personal social services, and kept separate from broader socio-economic issues.

scholarly journals THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN STRUCTURE INDICES OF INFANT MORTALITY IN ST. PETERSBURG DURING 2005-2017 YEARS

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
A. S. Simakhodsky ◽  
L. D. Sevostianova ◽  
U. V. Gorelik ◽  
N. P. Akincheva ◽  
U. V. Kolechko
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Structure Indices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

The review presents the literature data and, revealed by authors, the patterns of changes in the dynamics of the infant mortality rate and its structure over a long period (2005-2017) in St. Petersburg. This index is one of the lowest in the Russian Federation. There are analyzed changes in the individual components of the structure of the infant mortality rate, related both to objective and subjective factors. In the city of St. Petersburg there was shown a persistent decline in the infant mortality rate due to the implementation of federal and city programs, closely correlated with structural components. The authors believe the positive dynamics of structural components in St. Petersburg to indicate the organization of all types of specialized and high-tech medical care for newborns.

Climate, Crops, and Natural Increase in Rural Russia, 1861–1913

Slavic Review ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kilbourne Matossian
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Population History ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Russian People ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Migration ◽  
People Today

A great many available statistics describe the population history of Russia, but explanations for these statistics are limited or nonexistent. The useful studies of fertility and migration that have appeared are primarily accurate reports of what happened. Studies of Russian mortality are wholly lacking, an understandable situation, since as late as 1913 only thirteen out of fifty provinces of European Russia had medical statistical bureaus. Despite all past efforts the history of Russia's health remains obscure.While the health of the Russian people today is comparable to that of other Europeans, before the Revolution of 1917 it was extremely poor. In 1897, the year of the first national Russian census, the infant mortality rate for European Russia was 260 for each 1,000 births, compared to 222 for Germany, 164 for France, 156 for Italy, 156 for England and Wales, and 109 for Ireland.

MORTALITY OF ABANDONED INFANTS BEFORE AND AFTER THE APPEARANCE OF FOUNDLING HOMES IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. A66-A66
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Abandonment ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of

Children were abandoned throughout Europe from Hellenistic antiquity to the End of the Middle Ages in great numbers, by parents of every social standing, and in a great variety of circumstances...Most abandoned children were rescued and brought up either as adopted members of another household or as laborers of some sort. Whether they were exposed anonymously (in which the aim was usually to attract attention), sold, donated, substituted, or "fostered," abandoned infants probably died at a rate only slightly higher than the infant mortality rate at the time...The great disjunction in [the history of abandonment] was occasioned by the rise of the foundling homes sometime in the early thirteenth century. Within a century or two nearly all major European cities had such hospices, which neatly gathered all of the troubling and messy aspects of child abandonment away from view, off the streets, under institutional supervision. Behind their walls, paid officials dealt with society's loose ends, and neither the parents who abandoned them nor their fellow citizens had to devote any further thought or care to the children. Even the foundling homes did not have to care for them for long. A majority of the children died within a few years of admission in most areas of Europe from the time of the emergence of foundling homes until the eighteenth century; in some times and places the mortality rate exceeded ninety percent.

POLITICIANS (AND, LET'S FACE IT, DOCTORS) LIKE A QUICK FIX

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. A78-A78
Author(s):  
Student
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Delayed Gratification ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
History Of

There is. . .a persisting paradox throughout the recent history of infant mortality rate analysis: the dominant effect exerted by social and economic factors continue to intrude, yet so often health service solutions to the problems are sought. Further significant improvements in infant mortality will be largely determined by social policy; the pity is that any such changes in policy will exert their effect slowly, making evaluation difficult. In sociological terms it is delayed gratification—a concept of little appeal to politicians.

Perbandingan Linieritas Dalam Pendeteksian Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Angka Kematian Bayi Di Provinsi Aceh

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desfira Ahya ◽  
Inas Salsabila ◽  
Miftahuddin
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Penalized Spline ◽  
Aceh Province

Angka Kematian Bayi/ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) merupakan indikator penting dalam mengukur keberhasilan pengembangan kesehatan. Nilai IMR juga dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesehatan ibu, kondisi kesehatan lingkungan dan secara umum, tingkat pengembangan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh model IMR terbaik menggunakan tiga pendekatan: Model Linear, Model Linear Tergeneralisir dan Model Aditif Tergeneralisir dengan basis P-spline. Sebagai tambahan, berdasarkan model tersebut akan terlihat variabel yang mempengaruhi tingkat kematian bayi di provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan data jumlah kematian bayi di tahun 2013-2015. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari Profil Kesehatan Aceh. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa model terbaik dalam menjelaskan angka kematian bayi di provinsi Aceh tahun 2013-2015 ialah Model Linear Tergeneralisir dengan basis P-spline menggunakan parameter penghalusan 100 dan titik knots 8. Faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi angka kematian ialah jumlah pekerja yang sehat.   Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important indicator in measuring the success of health development. IMR also can be used to knowing the level of maternal health, environmental health conditions and generally the level of socio-economic development in community. This research aims to get the best model of infant mortality data using three approaches: Linear Model, Generalized Linear Model and Generalized Additive Model with Penalized Spline (P-spline) base. In addition, based on the model can be seen the variables that affect to infant mortality in Aceh Province. This research uses data number of infant mortality in Aceh Province period 2013-2015. The data in this research were obtained from Aceh’s Health Profile. The results show that the best model can be explain infant mortality rate in Aceh Province period 2013-2015 is GAM model with P-spline base using smoothing parameter 100 and knots 8. Factor that high effect to infant mortality is number of health workers.

Empirical analysis of factors influencing the public health expenditure in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Kok Wooi Yap ◽  
Doris Padmini Selvaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Per Capita

This study aims to investigate the determinants of public health expenditure in Malaysia. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach proposed by Pesaran & Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001) is applied to analyse annual time series data during the period from 1970 to 2017. The study focused on four explanatory variables, namely per capita gross domestic product (GDP), healthcare price index, population aged 65 years and above, as well as infant mortality rate. The bounds test results showed that the public health expenditure and its determinants are cointegrated. The empirical results revealed that the elasticity of government health expenditure with respect to national income is less than unity, indicating that public health expenditure in Malaysia is a necessity good and thus the Wagner’s law does not exist to explain the relationship between public health expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia. In the long run, per capita GDP, healthcare price index, population aged more than 65 years, and infant mortality rate are the important variables in explaining the behaviour of public health expenditure in Malaysia. The empirical results also prove that infant mortality rate is significant in influencing public health spending in the short run. It is noted that macroeconomic and health status factors assume an important role in determining the public health expenditure in Malaysia and thus government policies and strategies should be made by taking into account of these aspects.

Measuring Effectiveness Of Economic Growth On Reducing Infant Mortality Rate In Tamilnadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-141
Author(s):  
Mr. Y. EBENEZER
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adf Test ◽  
Bound Test

                   This paper deals with economic growth and infant mortality rate in Tamilnadu. The objects of this paper are to test the relationship between Per capita Net State Domestic Product and infant mortality rate and also to measure the impact of Per capita Net State Domestic Product on infant mortality rate in Tamil Nadu. This analysis has employed the ADF test and ARDL approach. The result of the study shows that IMR got reduced and Per capita Net State Domestic Product increased during the study period. This analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between IMR and the economic growth of Tamilnadu. In addition, ARDL bound test result has concluded that per capita Net State Domestic Product of Tamilnadu has long run association with IMR.

scholarly journals The Role of Place of Delivery in Preventing Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rate in India

Geographies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Ujjwal Das ◽  
Barkha Chaplot ◽  
Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Place Of Delivery ◽  
At Home

Skilled birth attendance and institutional delivery have been advocated for reducing maternal, neonatal mortality and infant mortality (NMR and IMR). This paper examines the role of place of delivery with respect to neo-natal and infant mortality in India using four rounds of the Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. The place of birth has been categorized as “at home” or “public and private institution.” The role of place of delivery on neo-natal and infant mortality was examined by using multivariate hazard regression models adjusted for clus-tering and relevant maternal, socio-economic, pregnancy and new-born characteristics. There were 141,028 deliveries recorded in public institutions and 54,338 in private institutions. The esti-mated neonatal mortality rate in public and private institutions during this period was 27 and 26 per 1000 live births respectively. The study shows that when the mother delivers child at home, the chances of neonatal mortality risks are higher than the mortality among children born at the health facility centers. Regression analysis also indicates that a professionally qualified provider′s antenatal treatment and assistance greatly decreases the risks of neonatal mortality. The results of the study illustrate the importance of the provision of institutional facilities and proper pregnancy in the prevention of neonatal and infant deaths. To improve the quality of care during and imme-diately after delivery in health facilities, particularly in public hospitals and in rural areas, accel-erated strengthening is required.

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