Women in charge: Politeness and directives in the speech of Japanese women

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Japanese Women ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Japanese Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Speech ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Japanese Female ◽  
Female Speech ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACTThis article explores the linguistic practices of Japanese men and women giving directions to subordinates. Previous research on language and gender across a number of languages has equated the speech of women with powerlessness. The literature on Japanese women's speech would support this notion. It characterizes Japanese female speech as soft, polite, indirect, in sum, as powerless. This presents problems for women who must command. The present study, an extension of my previous work on Japanese female speech (Shibamoto 1985, 1987) centered on women in more typically female roles, examines the directives of women in positions of authority in traditional and nontraditional domains and compares them with the directive forms chosen by men in similar positions. Explanations for the differences found are placed within the frameworks of a general theory of politeness and the culturally specific, gendered strategies for encoding politeness and authority in Japanese. (Sociolinguistics, language and gender, politeness)

Abstract P426: Association of Serum Soy Isoflavones with Metabolic Markers in Japanese Men and Women

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhobert W Evans ◽  
Akira Sekikawa ◽  
Takashi Kadowaki ◽  
Abhishek Vishnu ◽  
Sayaka Kadowaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Japanese Women ◽  
Soy Isoflavones ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Japanese Men ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Isoflavone Concentration ◽  
Very High

Objectives: Soy isoflavones may have beneficial roles as antioxidants and phytoestrogens. Dietary intake varies widely across populations: very high in Japan but low in North America. We measured the concentrations of daidzein and genistein in the serum of Japanese men and women and evaluated their associations with metabolic markers. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from a population based sample of 94 Japanese men (mean age 45.3), and 142 Japanese women (mean age 66.6; 97% were post-menopausal). Isoflavones were analyzed after extraction and derivatization using GC-MS. Concentrations of daidzein and genistein were summed to obtain total isoflavone concentrations. Results: Isoflavone concentrations were very high among the Japanese. Median values (nM) for men: 558, 452 and 86 and for women 660, 494 and 150 (total isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, respectively). Spearman correlation coefficients for the isoflavones with multiple outcomes among Japanese men and women are shown in the table. No significant (p<0.05) associations were observed among the men but borderline negative associations were observed for total isoflavones (p=0.063) and genistein (p=0.063) with LDLc. Among women there was a significant association between total isoflavones (p=0.041) and daidzein (p=0.006) with HDLc. Borderline significant associations were also observed for total isoflavones (p=0.068) and genistein (p=0.061) with glucose. Discussion: The concentrations of isoflavones are high in the Japanese, approximately 50 times greater than those of N. Americans. Associations between the isoflavones and various outcomes were very weak for the Japanese men. This possibly reflects a plateau of isoflavone concentration has been reached that precludes observing any associations. Although, many correlations were calculated the positive associations of total isoflavones and daidzein with HDLc among women may be real. HDLc concentrations are high in Japanese women which may reflect the estrogenic actions of isoflavones.

scholarly journals GENDER DALAM PERSFEKTIF BUDAYA DAN BAHASA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-300
Author(s):  
Abdul Jalil ◽  
St. Aminah
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Appropriate Behavior ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Language is not as a communication tool, but also as a tool for human to think in an effort to understand the world. The use of language in people's lives is a part that is reflected as a result of culture including the culture of communication. Regarding the relationship between language and gender is never separated from cultural factors, because there are factors that cause the division of roles based on sex, because a language contains concepts, terms, and symbols that indicate appropriate behavior for men and women. This treatment is different due to social behavior and appears in language symbols. Gender in people's lives gives their respective roles, as cultural ideas that define different roles in both the public and domestic spheres. The view of the universalism of dichotomy between men and women originating from nature and culture, as well as differences in domestic and public roles has been aborted by ethnographic evidences, and at the same time opened up new facts that the dichotomy between men and women is relative.

scholarly journals A Literature Study Investigating the Relationship between Language and Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. p64
Author(s):  
Hu Zheng-yan
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Research ◽  
Lexical Choice ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Present the literature review focused on the true pictures of language and gender research conducted by scholars abroad and home. The current thesis aims at the differences and similarities in presenting female and male from lexical perspective and through lexicon related discourse analysis explores the connection between the vocabulary and the dominant gender ideologies of the magazine. There are differences and similarities in lexical choice. Reports on men and women both tend to use words, such as children, spouse, and business. Female images constructed by target lexicon differ from men’ and female were regarded as the second gender which is sealed in discourse.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Beliefs about Gender Differences in Language Use

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Esma Latić ◽  
Amna Brdarević Čeljo
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Private University ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
Women's Speech ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mental Constructs

It is the natural order of things for humans to acquire beliefs and conform to stereotypes in an attempt to explain phenomena surrounding them. These mental constructs are known to have a pervasive influence on the way people think and act, and therefore are partly responsible for shaping our social reality. Thus, due to their impact, scientific exploration is needed to illuminate their nature and so enable humans to act upon these findings. Beliefs or stereotypes that are being studied in this particular research are those held about the differences in language use by men and women. Acknowledging that people in Bosnia and Herzegovina largely comply to traditional, patriarchal social norms, this study aims to elucidate the matter by investigating whether students of a private university situated in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, conform to widespread stereotypes about language and gender, women’s speech and men’s speech in particular, and whether males and females differ in conformity to the stereotypes.

scholarly journals Language Varieties of Woman's Conversation in Yutube Channel of Emma Watson in HeForShe Program: A Conversation Analysis Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
Ammang Latifa
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Language and gender are always being exciting topics to be discussed because gender is not only about the difference between men and women based on sex, but this is about the roles and status that determine the position between men and women (Maciuszek et al., 2019). This research aims to find out some language varieties used by Emma Watson on her conversation in International women's day 2015 in HeForShe video YouTube. This research is descriptive qualitative, and to obtain the data, the researcher took the video about the conversation of Emma Watson in International women's day 2015 on YouTube channel then analyzed some language varieties. The result of this research found that there were four types of varieties of communication utilized by Emma to present her goals in the conversation. These varieties include rising intonation, intensifier, super polite form, and avoidance of strong swear words. The majority of the language variety is frequently used by Emma to show her feeling about her seriousness, her emotion, her empathy, and to firm her statement, especially about gender equality. The majority of Emma's utterances based on women's language varieties are used to show her emotion as well as her seriousness.

scholarly journals Ore and omae

Pragmatics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindi L. SturtzSreetharan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Linguistic Practice ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Japanese Men ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Western Area ◽  
And Gender

First- and second-person pronouns have been one of the centerpieces of the literature on language and gender differences in Japanese (Shibamoto Smith 2003). Most of our understandings of real (empirical) pronominal use comes from investigations of female speakers of standard Japanese. Our understandings of how dialect speakers and/or men use pronominal forms in daily linguistic practice are not well informed. This article undertakes an investigation of Japanese men’s uses of pronominal forms; each participant was born and reared in the Kansai (western) area of Japan and uses a dialect variety of Japanese (Hanshinkan Dialect). Literature which addresses pronominal usage in Japanese indicates that these forms are risky since they always serve to position speaker and hearer in specific ways relative to one another; as such, pronouns are something to be avoided. The findings of this paper indicate that pronouns are used by Japanese men; however the uses are contextually governed and have little to do with delineating speaker from hearer and have more to do with specific conversational goals.

scholarly journals Frequency of Adjectives in Male and Female Speech in the Contemporary Television Drama Series "Homeland"

Tertium ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Marian Żmigrodzki
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Female Speech ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Tv Show ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Language Corpus

The paper addresses issues related to language and gender, and discusses research on the frequency of adjectives in language of male and female characters in a TV drama series “Homeland”. The empirical part of the study uses as its theoretical background the classic works in the field (Lakoff 1975; Butler 1990; Meyerhoff 2006), which identify gender specific language features and define factors that determine male-female language differences. The research was conducted manually, with minor help of electronic tools, on a personally created language corpus consisting of dialogue lines from the TV show. The results clearly show that the frequency of adjectives in female speech is higher than in male speech in the studied corpus

scholarly journals Language and Gender in Political Discourse

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2 (18)) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Anna Knyazyan ◽  
Varduhi Hakobyan
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Female Speech ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Women's Role

This article covers the problem of male and female speech differences in political discourse. Male and female politicians use different language tools in order to make the message comprehensible to the listener. Most studies of male and female language reveal women as considerably less influential than men. However, our study shows that women’s role in political activity becomes increasingly important and deserves higher attention. The analysis of the speeches of political leaders gives us the idea that there are several differences which are notable in verbal communication when what we are after is gender. The article aims to identify male and female linguistic features in the speeches of two political leaders: Donald J. Trump and Hillary R. Clinton.

scholarly journals Emotional-Expressive Vocabulary Through the Prism of Gender Research (on the Material of Spanish Fiction Texts)

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-154
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Tomko ◽  
Julia Andriichenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Communicative Behavior ◽  
Gender Communication ◽  
Gender Research ◽  
Women's Speech ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Spanish Fiction

The article is devoted to the description of gender specifics of the use of emotionallyexpressive vocabulary in a literary text on the basis of communicative behavior of a female character and a male character. The article provides an overview of the history of gender research in linguistics and gender differences in language behavior. The definition of the concept of "emotionally expressive vocabulary" is also considered. The purpose of the study is to try to describe the use of emotionally expressive vocabulary depending on the gender of the speaker. Definitions such as "gender", "emotional vocabulary" and "expressive vocabulary" are given. Gender stereotypes of femininity and masculinity, the social roles of women and men, their pattern of behavior, as well as the asymmetry of social relations between men and women are reflected in their communicative behavior. Thus, stereotypes of female and male behavior affect the features of emotional communicative behavior. The main content of the theory of linguist R. Lakoff, the theory of dominance of B. Thorne and D. Cameron, D. Tannen are outlined. The study allowed us to state that communicative behavior in men and women has characteristic differences, in particular the means of its expression. The main differences in gender communication are identified, namely: conversation, status positions, sphere of communication, etc. Thus, emotionally expressive vocabulary is characteristic of both male and female speech. However, the means of its actualization differ. Emotionality in women is diverse (epithets, metaphors, exclamations, suffixes), and this can be explained by the fact that women's speech is more emotionally represented, while men's speech is less emotionally rich.

scholarly journals EUPHEMISM USED BY MEN AND WOMEN IN ‘INDONESIA LAWYERS CLUB’ TV ONE SHOW: A LANGUAGE AND GENDER PERSPECTIVE

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meci Fitriani ◽  
Hermawati Syarif ◽  
Delvi Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
And Gender

This research describes about how men and women used euphemism in ‘Indonesia Lawyers Club’ TV One show which limited to the types and functions of euphemism used by men and women.  The source of data was obtained from transcript of the 4 videos aired on December 2017, Januari 208 and February 2018. From the analysis, there were 72 utterances contain euphemistic expression, 33 utterances delivered by men and 39 remarks spoken by women.  In this show researcher found 9 types of euphemism, namely: metaphor, hyperbole, circumlocution, initialism, jargon, figurative expression, understatement, colloquial, and hypernym. From the types mention above, men mostly used euphemism in the type of understatement while women mostly prefer to use jargon. Furthermore, researcher found 5 function of euphemism in this show; euphemism as doublespeak, as a shield to avoid taboo and offense, as uplifting tool, to show solidarity or define certain group, and to entertain.

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