scholarly journals Emotional-Expressive Vocabulary Through the Prism of Gender Research (on the Material of Spanish Fiction Texts)

Author(s):  
Anastasiia Tomko ◽  
Julia Andriichenko

The article is devoted to the description of gender specifics of the use of emotionallyexpressive vocabulary in a literary text on the basis of communicative behavior of a female character and a male character. The article provides an overview of the history of gender research in linguistics and gender differences in language behavior. The definition of the concept of "emotionally expressive vocabulary" is also considered. The purpose of the study is to try to describe the use of emotionally expressive vocabulary depending on the gender of the speaker. Definitions such as "gender", "emotional vocabulary" and "expressive vocabulary" are given. Gender stereotypes of femininity and masculinity, the social roles of women and men, their pattern of behavior, as well as the asymmetry of social relations between men and women are reflected in their communicative behavior. Thus, stereotypes of female and male behavior affect the features of emotional communicative behavior. The main content of the theory of linguist R. Lakoff, the theory of dominance of B. Thorne and D. Cameron, D. Tannen are outlined. The study allowed us to state that communicative behavior in men and women has characteristic differences, in particular the means of its expression. The main differences in gender communication are identified, namely: conversation, status positions, sphere of communication, etc. Thus, emotionally expressive vocabulary is characteristic of both male and female speech. However, the means of its actualization differ. Emotionality in women is diverse (epithets, metaphors, exclamations, suffixes), and this can be explained by the fact that women's speech is more emotionally represented, while men's speech is less emotionally rich.

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1172-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis E. Phills ◽  
Amanda Williams ◽  
Jennifer M. Wolff ◽  
Ashley Smith ◽  
Rachel Arnold ◽  
...  

Two studies examined the relationship between explicit stereotyping and prejudice by investigating how stereotyping of minority men and women may be differentially related to prejudice. Based on research and theory related to the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008), we hypothesized that stereotyping of minority men would be more strongly related to prejudice than stereotyping of minority women. Supporting our hypothesis, in both the United Kingdom (Study 1) and the United States (Study 2), when stereotyping of Black men and women were entered into the same regression model, only stereotyping of Black men predicted prejudice. Results were inconsistent in regard to South Asians and East Asians. Results are discussed in terms of the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008) and the gendered nature of the relationship between stereotyping and attitudes.


Author(s):  
Ewa Okoń-Horodyńska

The chapter deals with the search for the sources of broadly understood creativity in solving various problems: social, political, practical (related to everyday life), family, economic, culture, religious, etc. wherever traditional approaches proved ineffective. These creative solutions - unconventional and having their practical application - became innovations. How multi-dimensional one's predispositions to solve problems are affects the person's capabilities to develop innovations. In view of the growing importance of gender studies, the already mentioned elements should be supplemented with one more - gender. Hence, the concept of Innovative Gender is introduced where men and women are granted equality of measures, opportunities, and situations encompassed by the innovation genome model. The starting point for Innovative Gender research is the establishment of four dedicated matrixes containing information (variables) that describes a given area, taking into account gender issuer, with collaboration playing a major role here.


2020 ◽  
pp. 114-150
Author(s):  
Mona Sue Weissmark

This chapter outlines key issues in scientific literature concerning how evolutionary processes have shaped the human mind. To that end, psychologists have drawn on Charles Darwin’s sexual selection hypothesis, or how males compete for reproduction and the role of female choice in the process. Darwin argued that evolution hinged on the diversity resulting from sexual reproduction. Evolutionary psychologists posit that heterosexual men and women evolved powerful, highly patterned, and universal desires for particular characteristics in a mate. Critics, however, contend that Darwin’s theory of sexual selection was erroneous, in part because his ideas about sexual identity and gender were influenced by the social mores of his elite Victorian upper class. Despite this critique, some researchers argue similarly to Darwin that love is part of human biological makeup. According to their hypotheses, cooperation is the centerpiece of human daily life and social relations. This makes the emotion of love, both romantic and maternal love, a requirement not just for cooperation, but also for the preservation and perpetuation of the species. That said, researchers speculate that encounters with unfamiliar people, coincident with activated neural mechanisms associated with negative judgments, likely inspire avoidance behavior and contribute to emotional barriers. This suggests the need to further study the social, psychological, and clinical consequences of the link between positive and negative emotions.


Author(s):  
Rachel Schmidt

Abstract The growing literature on desertion from insurgent groups focuses almost exclusively on male deserters, with few comparisons to combatants who choose to stay and little consideration of women combatants or the gendered norms and narratives that restrict combatants’ options. As governments increasingly emphasize “counter-narratives” to prevent radicalization and encourage disengagement from non-state armed groups, there is insufficient empirical evidence on how such framing contests between governments and insurgents might affect how recruits calculate their options. With “deradicalization” programs proliferating globally, and disarmament, disengagement, and reintegration (DDR) programs continuing to perpetuate gender stereotypes, it is critical to examine why some men and women disengage from violence while others stay, how they evaluate these decisions, and how gendered norms affect these decisions. Based on over 100 interviews with men and women ex-combatants across seven departments of Colombia, this article examines the effects of framing contests between the FARC guerrillas and the Colombian government, in which gender norms and gendered power dynamics play key roles. This paper argues that these gendered framing contests are critical to individual combatants’ disengagement decisions and, in particular, influence how women combatants perceive their alternatives and manage their exit pathways out of non-state armed groups. Las crecientes publicaciones sobre la deserción de combatientes de los grupos rebeldes se centran casi exclusivamente en los desertores hombres, con pocas comparaciones con los combatientes que deciden quedarse y poca consideración de las combatientes mujeres o la influencia del género en las normas y la narrativa que restringen las opciones de los combatientes. A medida que los gobiernos hacen cada vez más hincapié en las “contranarrativas” para evitar la radicalización y fomentar la desmovilización de los grupos armados no estatales, no hay pruebas empíricas suficientes sobre cómo dichas disputas de estructuración entre los gobiernos y los rebeldes podrían afectar la manera en que los reclutas determinan sus opciones. Con la proliferación de programas de “desradicalización” en todo el mundo, y dado que las iniciativas de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración (Disarmament, Disengagement, and Reintegration, DDR) siguen perpetuando los estereotipos de género, es fundamental analizar por qué algunos hombres y mujeres se desvinculan de la violencia mientras que otros no, cómo evalúan estas decisiones y de qué manera las normas en función del género influyen en estas determinaciones. A partir de más de 100 entrevistas a hombres y mujeres excombatientes en siete departamentos de Colombia, este artículo analiza los efectos de las disputas de estructuración entre la guerrilla de las FARC y el gobierno colombiano, donde las normas y las dinámicas del poder en función del género juegan un papel clave. En este documento, se sostiene que dichas disputas de estructuración influenciadas por el género son fundamentales para las decisiones de desmovilización de los combatientes y, en especial, influyen en la manera en que las combatientes mujeres perciben sus alternativas y gestionan sus vías de escape de los grupos armados no estatales. La littérature croissante portant sur la désertion des groupes d'insurgés se concentre presque exclusivement sur les hommes déserteurs, avec peu de comparaisons avec les combattants qui choisissent de rester et peu de considération pour les femmes combattantes ou les normes et récits sexospécifiques qui limitent le panel de combattants abordés. Alors que les gouvernements mettent de plus en plus l'accent sur les « contre-récits » pour prévenir la radicalisation et encourager le désengagement des groupes armés non étatiques, les preuves empiriques de la mesure dans laquelle un tel cadrage des conflits entre gouvernements et insurgés pourrait affecter la façon dont les recrues calculent leurs options sont insuffisantes. Tandis que les programmes de « déradicalisation » prolifèrent dans le monde entier et que les programmes de désarmement, de désengagement et de réintégration continuent à perpétuer les stéréotypes de genre, il est essentiel d’étudier les raisons pour lesquelles certains hommes et certaines femmes se désengagent de la violence contrairement à d'autres, les facteurs que ces personnes prennent en compte dans leur décision, et la manière dont les normes sexospécifiques affectent ces décisions. Cet article s'appuie sur plus de 100 entretiens avec des hommes et femmes ayant précédemment combattu dans sept départements de Colombie pour analyser les effets du cadrage des conflits entre les insurgés des FARC et le gouvernement colombien, dans lesquels les normes de genre et les dynamiques de pouvoir liées au genre jouent des rôles clés. Il soutient que ce cadrage sexospécifique des conflits est essentiel aux décisions de désengagement des combattants individuels, en particulier pour influencer la manière dont les combattantes perçoivent leurs alternatives et gèrent leurs voies de sortie des groupes armés non-étatiques.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. p64
Author(s):  
Hu Zheng-yan

Present the literature review focused on the true pictures of language and gender research conducted by scholars abroad and home. The current thesis aims at the differences and similarities in presenting female and male from lexical perspective and through lexicon related discourse analysis explores the connection between the vocabulary and the dominant gender ideologies of the magazine. There are differences and similarities in lexical choice. Reports on men and women both tend to use words, such as children, spouse, and business. Female images constructed by target lexicon differ from men’ and female were regarded as the second gender which is sealed in discourse.


1998 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Charlotte Methuen

The broader theme of gender and Christian religion presupposes three definitions: of Christianity, of religion, and of gender. Probably none of these is as simple as it might first appear, but that of gender is perhaps the most critical for our theme. Although there are still some who would use the terms ‘gender’ and ‘sex’ interchangeably, there is a growing tendency to recognize an important distinction between gender – that is, femininity and masculinity, regarded as largely socially constructed – and sex, the biological distinction between male and female human beings. Gender is best considered as born out of interactions between men and women. This means that the gender roles which make up what we experience as masculinity and femininity cannot be defined by looking only at men or at women, although ideas about both can be gained from looking at one group or the other. That is why gender history is different from women’s history, and that is why both women’s history and gender history are essential enterprises. We need women’s history because we need to know where women were as well as where they were not.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Karisma Putri Miranti ◽  
Agus Setiawan

Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk menguraikan pesan-pesan yang terkandung dalam relief-relief Candi Sukuh yang dianggap tabu. Studi ini dilakukan karena Candi Sukuh dapat menjadi bukti bahwa jauh sebelum adanya gerakan feminisme, masyarakat berlatar agama Hindu-Buddha pada masa lampau telah mengakui perbedaan antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Perbedaan tersebut merupakan suatu konstruksi sosial yang dimengerti dalam hubungan kompromi laki-laki dan perempuan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif-interpretatif, dan data dianalisis dengan pendekatan multidesain. Teori Ikonografi digunakan untuk menganalisis pesan dari relief-relief Candi Sukuh, sedangkan teori feminisme diterapkan dengan pendekatan tubuh, seks, dan gender. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pesan feminisme pada relief kidung Sudhāmālā, relief linggā dan yoni, dan relief kālāmĕrgā. Kesimpulannya pesan gender yang disajikan di relief-relief Candi Sukuh berupa penolakan perempuan terhadap pengobjekan tubuhnya oleh laki-laki, yang dianggap memiliki otoritas terhadap tubuh perempuan. This research is focused to describe the messages contained in the reliefs of Candi Sukuh, which are considered taboo. This study was conducted because Candi Sukuh may well be an evidence that long before the existence of the feminism movement, the Hindu-Buddhist communities in the past have recognized differences between men and women. Such difference is a social construct which was understood in terms of compromising relations between men and women. The method used in this research was descriptive-interpretive, and data were analyzed using a multi-design approach. Theories of iconography were used to analyze messages of the reliefs of Candi Sukuh, whereas the theory of feminism was applied using approaches of body, sex and gender. Research results showed messages of feminism are contained in the Sudhāmālā hymn, reliefs of linggā and yoni, and the kālāmĕrgā relief. Conclusively, gender messages presented by the reliefs of Candi Sukuh informs the rejection of objectification of women’s body by men, who are considered to have authority over women's bodies.


2021 ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Bettina Pfleiderer ◽  
Paulina Juszczyk

Rigid gender roles and gender stereotypes can limit both women's and men's choices, opportunities and access to power and resources. While both sexes suffer from domestic violence, women are more likely to experience repeated and severe forms of abuse, including sexual violence. However, the concept of gender goes beyond numbers, and it is an important human factor that is not integrated sufficiently in existing training, risk assessment tools and procedures. Understanding the gendered nature of domestic violence, but nevertheless taking into account that both men and women can suffer from violence, or be perpetrators, enables front-line responders to develop services that are sensitive to the different needs of individuals affected by domestic violence (DV). This chapter introduces the principles of innovative gender-sensitive training and education for various front-line responder groups. This chapter explains the reasons for it and how the gender norms and perceptions identified in the IMPRODOVA research, which may have a negative impact on front-line responders' responses to DV, were addressed in all IMPRODOVA instruments and guidelines in teaching formats.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riane Eisler

IJPS Editor-in-Chief Riane Eisler interviews Gary Barker, President and CEO of Promundo, co-founder of MenCare, and coordinator of the International Men and Gender Equality Survey, about his work in changing rigid gender stereotypes and the role this plays in moving to a more equitable, less violent, more caring future for both men and women.


1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg Franzwa ◽  
Charles Lockhart

Starting from the distinctive communication styles that Deborah Tannen associates with men and women, we probe for the bases of gender differences. We suggest that these contrasting communication styles, which contribute to systematic miscommunication between women and men, are indices of deeper differences that serve the more fundamental purpose of providing individuals with the benefits of multiple distinctive world views, thus improving their chances for dealing successfully with the range of contingencies with which life confronts them. In essence, our argument runs that the imperfect empirical associations between communication styles and gender that have attracted Tannen's attention are consequences of the constellations of basic personality characteristics that form Carl Jung's personality types. Various gender-associated personality types are, in turn, socially cultivated by disparate organizations faithful to the principles of the rival cultures that constitute Mary Douglas' grid-group theory. These distinctive ways of life are thus crucial to the social maintenance of evolutionarily constructive cultural diversity among human groupings as small as mating pairs.


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