45.—Early Investigations of the Suez Canal Waters during and after its Opening in 1869

1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selim A. Morcos
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
Chemical Oceanography ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unpublished Manuscripts ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

SynopsisA historical review of the physical and chemical data collected from the Suez Canal waters in the first 40 years (1867–1906) during and after its filling shows that it was the focus of interest of many explorers and scientists. From 27 successive observations (table) the waters were completely analysed seven times. The salinity (density) was measured along the canal on eight occasions, of which four were not previously known. The first observations along the Canal were made in May 1870 by the Admiralty Ship Blue Cross. Her results, together with the second set of observations (February 1872), were found in a small booklet printed in Alexandria (Tissot 1872). The data of two sections (Durand-Claye 1875a; Anonymous 1907) were found by the author as unpublished manuscripts and are revealed here for the first time.A comment on the determination of salinity of sea water by evaporation to dryness was found in a handwritten manuscript by Durand-Claye (1873). This comment was eliminated in the published text (Durand-Claye 1874), and is reproduced here for its interest to the history of chemical oceanography.The difficulties in making a comparative study of these old data are explored. It is suggested to start some sort of ‘practical historical oceanography’ by studying old hydrometers, thermometers and other oceanographic apparatus using modern equipments in order to reassess the data of old expeditions.

Biological Oceanography in Canada: A Perspective and Review

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2231-2283 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Instrument Development ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Biological Oceanography ◽  
Chemical Oceanography ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Programs ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Made In

The history of biological oceanography is reviewed with respect to developments both in Canada and other lands. From this history it is suggested that biological oceanography should be broadly defined as a study of the biology of the oceans. Narrower fields of specialization, such as planktonology, fisheries ecology, or studies on the benthic habitat, should be integrated to provide a better biological basis for understanding ocean communities.The interaction between biological oceanography and other studies in marine science is reviewed with respect to physical and chemical oceanography, fisheries, and pollution. Specific recommendations with respect to the future development of biological oceanography in Canada are made in the areas of national programs, training, instrument development, international relations, and interactions with other sciences in relation to the solution of practical problems in the marine environment.

scholarly journals A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin N. Danson ◽  
Malcolm White ◽  
John R. M. Barr ◽  
Thomas Bett ◽  
Peter Blyth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
High Power ◽  
Laser Action ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
High Power Laser ◽  
Power Laser ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

Abstract The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.

scholarly journals Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ultramafic Rocks from Rachoni Magnesite Mine, Gerakini (Chalkidiki, Northern Greece)

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 934
Author(s):  
Evangelos Tzamos ◽  
Micol Bussolesi ◽  
Giovanni Grieco ◽  
Pietro Marescotti ◽  
Laura Crispini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Ultramafic Rocks ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Time In Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Eu

The importance of magnesite for the EU economy and industry is very high, making the understanding of their genesis for the exploration for new deposits a priority for the raw materials scientific community. In this direction, the study of the magnesite-hosting ultramafic rocks can be proved very useful. For the present study, ultramafic rock samples were collected from the magnesite ore-hosting ophiolite of the Gerakini mining area (Chalkidiki, Greece) to investigate the consecutive alteration events of the rocks which led to the metallogenesis of the significant magnesite ores of the area. All samples were subjected to a series of analytical methods for the determination of their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics: optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, EMPA, ICP–MS/OES and CIPW normalization. The results of these analyses revealed that the ultramafic rocks of the area have not only all been subjected to serpentinization, but these rocks have also undergone carbonation, silification and clay alteration. The latter events are attributed to the circulation of CO2-rich fluids responsible for the formation of the magnesite ores and locally, the further alteration of the serpentinites into listvenites. The current mineralogy of these rocks was found to be linked to one or more alteration event that took place, thus a significant contribution to the metallo- and petrogenetic history of the Gerakini ophiolite has been made. Furthermore, for the first time in literature, Fe inclusions in olivines from Greece were reported.

Historical review, catalog of type specimens and online database of the ichthyology collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (ICN-MHN)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4478 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
JOSÉ IVAN MOJICA ◽  
HENRY D. AGUDELO-ZAMORA
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

For the first time, the catalog of type specimens of ICN-MHN is presented with high resolution photographs. The catalog lists 87 species in 161 lots and includes 41 holotypes, 3 neotypes, and 117 lots of paratypes. Some doubts remain about type specimens of some species described by Miles and Dahl that were supposedly deposited at ICN-MHN. The history of the collection is reconstructed and valuable specimens once considered lost or destroyed have been rediscovered. The botanical and zoological collections of the ICN can be consulted online (http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co). 

scholarly journals The History of Solar Prominence Research: Historical Introduction to IAU Colloquium No. 167 “New Perspectives on Solar Prominences”

1998 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Tandberg-Hanssen
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Solar Prominence ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Solar Prominences ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
Made In ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractWe trace the history of observational solar prominence research from the early period when total solar eclipses provided the only means of observation, via the introduction of photography and spectroscopy in the 1860’s, to the present epoch when application of the Zeeman and the Hanle effects makes possible determination of the all-important magnetic fields in prominences.Dividing prominence models into two classes, those that treat the support of the prominence against gravity and those concerned with the physical conditions in the prominence plasma itself, we describe the progress made in both classes of models since the 1950’s, when the first models were proposed. Finally, we comment on the necessity of combining aspects of the two classes of prominence models into a comprehensive picture that can account for the global nature of prominence support and stability, and where the adjacent coronal structures play an important role.

scholarly journals III. On the determination, at sea, of the specific gravity of sea-water

1875 ◽  
Vol 23 (156-163) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Actual Difference ◽  
Made In

In the investigation of the physical condition of the ocean the accurate determination of the specific gravity of the water holds a first place. The tolerably numerous observations which have been made in this direction, in a more or less connected manner, are sufficient to prove that the density of the water varies, not only with the latitude and longitude, but also with the distance from the surface of the source from which it is taken. This difference of density depends partly on an actual difference in saltness, and partly on a difference in temperature of the water.

The Discovery of Diamonds in Siberia and Other Northern Regions: Explorational, Historical, and Personal Notes

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří (George) Strnad
Keyword(s):  
White Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Short List ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
Arctic Circle ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Somerset Island ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

Only four known diamond locations are near and north of the Arctic Circle. What is believed to be the oldest diamond find in this region was made in the gravels of the Pasvik River on the U.S.S.R.-Finland-Norway border. This was followed by the discovery of the northern fields of the Yakutian diamondiferous province in the U.S.S.R. Somerset Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and southwestern Greenland conclude this short list. Geographically close to the Arctic but south of the Arctic Circle are the diamond locations on the shore of the Beloye More or White Sea and in the Timan Range (U.S.S.R.), western and eastern Alaska (U.S.A.), and in the Mackenzie Mountains (Canada). Farther south and partly in the Subarctic are locations in the Ural Mountains and Yakutia (U.S.S.R.), as well as in Labrador and Saskatchewan (Canada). While the discoveries in Canada and Greenland belong to our times, the history of the others is hidden in ancient records. For the Yakutian fields, which are of major economic importance and among the world leaders in the production of gem quality diamonds, an ancient reference dating back to 1375 is presented here for the first time.

scholarly journals The physical and chemical oceanography of the waters bathing the continental slope of the Celtic Sea

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. N. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Continental Slope ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
English Channel ◽  
South West ◽  
Chemical Oceanography ◽  
Celtic Sea ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Made In

Knowledge of the hydrography of the English Channel and Celtic Sea is needed as a background for the life histories of the mackerel, pilchard and herring and, indeed, of every organism living within range of the Plymouth Laboratory. Such knowledge can never be fully attained until we know more of the exchanges with the deep Atlantic Ocean which take place 200–300 miles to the south-west and west over the continental slope. Moreover, at the slope we shall need to know not only what waters move in and out but what move up and down. Long ago Storrow (1925), and no doubt others, saw clearly some of the problems here to be discussed, but they were unable to bring factual evidence to bear. A critical reconstruction of the considerable but fragmentary observations in the neighbourhood of the continental slope of the Celtic Sea will be presented here and supplemented by observations made in 1950 with the generous co-operation of the vessels of the National Institute of Oceanography (Discovery Committee) and in 1948 by H.M. Surveying Ship Dalrymple. Though many of the conclusions remain tentative, it should now be easier to design observational work at sea to test specific hypotheses at the right time and place by the methods of experimental oceanography. The numerical results in 1950 will be published by the Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer.

The wartime narrative in US sociology, 1940–1947

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Warfield Rawls
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Action ◽  
World War ◽  
Disciplinary History ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
War Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

This is an article about the history of US sociology with systematic intent. It goes back to World War II to recover a wartime narrative context through which sociologists formulated a ‘trauma’ to the discipline and ‘blamed’ qualitative and values-oriented research for damaging the scientific status of sociology. This narrative documents a discussion of the changes that sociologists said needed to be made in sociology as a science to repair its status and reputation. While debates among sociologists about theory and method had always been contentious, the wartime narrative insisted for the first time that sociology be immediately unified around quantitative approaches. The narrative of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ science that developed during the war not only undermined the efforts of social interactionists to theorize social action and social justice, but also derailed Parsons’ pre-war effort to bridge differences. The moral coding that is the legacy of the narrative stigmatized important approaches to sociology, leading to a ‘crisis’ in the 1960s that still haunts the discipline. Disciplinary history has overlooked the wartime narrative with the result that the role played by World War II in effecting this crisis has gone unrecognized.

scholarly journals Women's Institutes in Imperial Russia in the wording of the normative documents (1764 – early XX century): terms, typology, dates

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-129
Author(s):  
Varvara Vital'evna Ponomareva
Keyword(s):  
Normative Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
Departmental Affiliation

The subject of this research is the foundation of women’s education system in the Russian Empire, namely of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria, which totaled up to three dozen by the early XX century. Actualization of the knowledge about the best examples of the Russian school in the past is determined by the fundamental importance of education in the context of ongoing modernization of the country. The topic of Women's institutes of Imperial Russia, which existed for over 150 years, is poorly studied. Despite the extensive source base, in the historical literature one can often come across improper names of the institutes, determination of their departmental affiliation, class composition of the students, as well as incorrect dating and topography. Using the historical-systemic and typological analysis, the author determines and clarifies the conceptual framework of the problematic as a necessary research toolset. The author's contribution to selected topic consists in discovery of a wide variety of sources, including those introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time, accurate names of the institutes and variations in the official documents and everyday practice., their renaming and the causes. The article also traces the dynamics of changes in the class and confessional composition of students since the establishment of the institutes until the beginning of the XX century. Subordination and departmental affiliation at different stages of the history of these institutes is clarified.

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