3 Site Definition: Surface Distribution of Cultural Items

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Binford ◽  
Sally R. Binford ◽  
Robert Whallon ◽  
Margaret Ann Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Surface Distribution ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structural Entity ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Guide Lines ◽  
Cultural Features

The initial problem in approaching an archaeological site as a structural entity is to define the boundaries of the sampling universe within which the investigator must work. In the case of Hatchery West, it was hoped that by following the procedures mentioned earlier (having the fields especially plowed, waiting until there had been sufficient rain to settle the newly plowed earth, laying out a grid over the entire plowed area, and collecting all items exposed on the surface and bagging them by grid square) the analysis of the resulting data would permit definition of the boundaries, as well as something of the internal structure of the site. Aside from the obvious advantages of defining the universe in which we would work, we hoped to investigate the nature of the relationship between the structure of the site as defined by the surface distribution of cultural items and the structure of the site as defined by the spatial configuration of sub-surface cultural features. This kind of investigation was prompted by an awareness that certain general principles of site selection as well as guide lines to selecting the locations on a site for excavation have been traditionally employed for many years. It seems fair to say that archaeologists have tended to select for excavation sites with ihe greatest yield of cultural items from surface collections and have tended to excavate areas on such sites selected in terms of two general criteria: 1) where there are above ground indications of cultural features, e.g., such things as mounds, house depressions, walls, etc.; and 2) where there is the greatest density of cultural items observed in the surface reconnaissance. I have previously addressed myself to the problem of obtaining an adequate and representative sample of both cultural items and cultural features (Binford 1964). The work reported here is an attempt to evaluate objectively the assertion that traditional methods of selecting locations for excavation could lead to inadequate and misrepresentative data about the site being investigated.

5 Structure of the Site Defined by the Cultural Features and Correlation with the Surface Distribution of Cultural Items

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Binford ◽  
Sally R. Binford ◽  
Robert Whallon ◽  
Margaret Ann Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Surface Distribution ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Recovery Techniques ◽  
Fair Sample ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Formal Properties ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cultural Features

It has previously been argued (Binford 1964) that because of the differences in the formal properties of cultural items (as distinguished from cultural features) that there are different problems associated with obtaining an adequate and representative sample of both items and features. Excavation and recovery techniques which might be adequate to the recovery of a fair sample of cultural items might not be sufficient for supplying similar information regarding a population of cultural features.The investigation of Hatchery West was conducted with an eye to this problem, and the methods employed were aimed toward insuring an adequate and representative sample of both cultural items and cultural features. These sampling procedures allowed us to investigate the relationship between these two classes of archaeological data and to assess the degree to which the formal-spatial structure of a population of items is correlated with the formal-spatial structure of a population of features.

scholarly journals Diagrama y Arquitectura. La Sintaxis Espacial en el Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Alejandro Saldarriaga
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Literary Images ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Resumen: El proceso de diseño para el CCVA comienza con dos frases que escribe Le Corbusier durante su primera visita al sitio en 1959. Sólo cinco meses después hace los primeros dibujos. De ahí la relación de este edificio con la sintaxis, si ésta se entiende como la búsqueda del orden y de la relación de los espacios. La sintaxis se observa aquí desde las primeras imágenes literarias hasta el nivel de definición de la forma, en el que se usan maquetas esquemáticas y desarmables, así como recortes de las áreas requeridas por el programa, con los que se experimenta de diversas maneras en un plano del sitio. Además de su interés persistente por diversos tipos de circulación, esta metodología emparenta al edificio con algunos proyectos de Le Corbusier donde también hace uso de los diagramas funcionales, o "diagrammes à bulles", como él los llama. El mismo tipo de diagrama fue usado más tarde por Bill Hillier en un método para analizar la arquitectura que llamó la "sintaxis espacial". Este método, además de analizar el orden y la relación de los espacios, permite entender su permeabilidad con el espacio público. Al ser un edificio atravesado por una ruta pública, y al iniciarse con imágenes literarias, se hace pertinente verlo a través de su sintaxis espacial. Abstract: The design process for the CCVA begins with two phrases that Le Corbusier writes during his first visit to the site in 1959. Only five months later the first drawings appear. Hence the relationship of the building with the syntax, if this is understood as the search for the order and the relationships in space. The syntax is observed here from the first literary images up to the definition of the form, in which schematic architectural models are used, but also cut-out areas required by the program, which are disposed in different ways on a site plan. In addition to his persistent interest in various types of movement, this methodology can also be seen in other projects where Le Corbusier also makes use of functional diagrams, or as he calls them: "diagrammes à bulles ". The same kind of diagram was used later by Bill Hillier in a method for analyzing architecture that he called the "space syntax". This method, in addition to analyzing the order and the relationship of spaces, can help to understand their permeability with respect to public space. As a building crossed by a public path, and as design process that starts with literary images, it becomes relevant to see it through its spatial syntax.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; diagrama, sintaxis espacial; espacio público; métodos de creación. Keywords: Le Corbusier; diagram, space syntax; public space; creation methods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.888

scholarly journals Trauma and the Construction of Suffering in Irish Historical Child Sexual Abuse Prosecutions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinead Ring
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

Adopting the special issue’s broad definition of criminal law reform, this article explores some of the ways the Irish criminal process is grappling with the demands for justice of adults who report childhood sexual abuse. In particular, it shows how the cultural notion of trauma is bound up with the construction of victims’ suffering. In historical child sexual abuse prosecutions, trauma is shown to be an effect of the abuse on the victim/survivor; a site of mediation of the relationship between the state and victims; and a site of mediation of the relationship between the state and its past. The article first explores these insights in relation to the law’s approach to questions of alleged procedural unfairness to defendants flowing from the passage of time. Trauma is exposed as both legitimating some forms of suffering, and disqualifying others. The article then employs the trope of trauma to expose the problems with current approaches to cross-examination of vulnerable victims and recent reforms of the rules on disclosure of victims’ counselling records. Finally, the article explores the possibilities of trauma discourse in thinking anew about how to address the suffering of victims of historical child sexual abuse.

scholarly journals Konsep Dakwah Islam Rahmatan Lil’alamin Dalam Majalah Bangkit

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Arina Rahmatika ◽  
Ninda Khoirullina
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Current Image ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
Nahdlatul Ulama ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

The purpose of this research is to discuss how the discourse of the concept of Islamic da'wah by Rahmatan Lil'alamin according to Bangkit Magazine is seen from its main ideas to the characteristics of its preaching. Islam is a religion that was revealed by Allah SWT to the Prophet Muhammad SAW which regulates the relationship between humans and God and also regulates the relationship between humans and humans and the universe which benefits each other, therefore Islam has the principle of Rahmatan lil 'Alamin, which is a blessing for the universe. This research in extracting data using direct interviews to magazine administrators, literature study and documentation. From the research results, it can be found that Islam Rahmatan lil 'Alamin according to Bangkit Magazine is an Islam that is peaceful, just, tolerant and in accordance with the values of aswaja. The definition of Rahmatan lil 'Alamin is also not much different from the big concept of Islam which is in accordance with the teachings of NU (Nahdlatul Ulama). Islamic Perspective Rahmatan lil 'Alamin Bangkit Magazine is also sustainable with the characteristics of Islam Rahmatan lil' Alamin including non-violence, prioritizing peace, brotherhood, mutual respect and good things. As for the solution to restore the current image of Islam, namely by making Islam Rahmatan lil 'Alamin as a protector in preaching, with that Islam will also gradually create a vision full of tenderness and peace.

scholarly journals The Problem of Counting Sites in the Estimation of the Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitution Rates: Implications for the Correlation Between the Synonymous Substitution Rate and Codon Usage Bias

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 1587-1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Bierne ◽  
Adam Eyre-Walker
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Codon Bias ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Nonsynonymous Substitution ◽  
Synonymous Substitution ◽  
Synonymous Substitution Rate ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Most methods for estimating the rate of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution per site define a site as a mutational opportunity: the proportion of sites that are synonymous is equal to the proportion of mutations that would be synonymous under the model of evolution being considered. Here we demonstrate that this definition of a site can give misleading results and that a physical definition of site should be used in some circumstances. We illustrate our point by reexamining the relationship between codon usage bias and the synonymous substitution rate. It has recently been shown that the rate of synonymous substitution, calculated using the Goldman-Yang method, which encapsulates the mutational-opportunity definition of a site at a high level of sophistication, is either positively correlated or uncorrelated to synonymous codon bias in Drosophila. Using other methods, which account for synonymous codon bias but define a site physically, we show that there is a negative correlation between the synonymous substitution rate and codon bias and that the lack of a negative correlation using the Goldman-Yang method is due to the way in which the number of synonymous sites is counted. We also show that there is a positive correlation between the synonymous substitution rate and third position GC content in mammals, but that the relationship is considerably weaker than that obtained using the Goldman-Yang method. We argue that the Goldman-Yang method is misleading in this context and conclude that methods that rely on a mutational-opportunity definition of a site should be used with caution.

Coercion into Alcoholism Treatment: Meanings for the Disease Concept of Alcoholism

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaye Middleton Fillmore ◽  
Dennis Kelso
Keyword(s):  
Disease Model ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Alcoholism Treatment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Treatment Entry ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

Selected literature is first reviewed examining the relationship between the increased use of coercion as motivation for alcoholism treatment entry and the goals of alcoholism treatment with the general conclusion reached that the increasing use of coercion is shifting the practice and ideology of alcoholism treatment. Second, criminally referred, volunteers and DWI clients in one state's publicly funded alcoholism treatment are compared on the basic precepts of the disease model of alcoholism with the general conclusion that as the operational definition of “alcoholic” has widened to include the universe of alcohol problems, there are major discrepancies between those traditionally treated for alcoholism and the newer clientele. The implications of this shift are discussed in terms of the transformation of the social function of alcoholism treatment.

scholarly journals Paleoethnobotanical Sampling Adequacy and Ubiquity

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Diehl
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Statistical Probability ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Compliance Officers ◽  
Research Plan ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTArchaeological researchers and compliance review officers need to know whether or not a research plan will yield sufficient information to meet research objectives. Despite the need, a key question is often not addressed in proposals or reports: how many flotation samples are sufficient to adequately characterize the food procurement practices at an archaeological site? This article reviews the relationship between ubiquity and statistical probability. By considering the relationship between theoretical ubiquity, measured ubiquity, population ubiquity, and statistical probability, archaeological researchers and compliance officers may assess how many samples must be analyzed in order to adequately characterize the paleoethnobotanical assemblage from a site. These considerations generally apply to any other archaeological data in which presence-absence measures are commonly used and are especially relevant to diet-breadth models in the interest arena of behavioral ecology.

scholarly journals In search of architectural magazines

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Stephen Parnell ◽  
Mark Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Architectural Production ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

This article develops a theoretical framework for the relationship between the architectural magazine and architecture, understood as a profession, a discipline, and a culture. By developing David Abrahamson’s idea of ‘magazine exceptionalism’ from the field of magazines studies, it offers a definition of what constitutes an architectural magazine, arguing that to be architectural, a magazine must be a site of architectural production, as either a validator in the field of architecture or as an architectural project in its own right.

Colonialism and the Highland Clearances

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Mackinnon
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Indigenous Research ◽  
Internal Colonialism ◽  
New Approach ◽  
A Site ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Imperial State ◽  
Late Modern

This article employs a new approach to studying internal colonialism in northern Scotland during the 18th and 19th centuries. A common approach to examining internal colonial situations within modern state territories is to compare characteristics of the internal colonial situation with attested attributes of external colonial relations. Although this article does not reject the comparative approach, it seeks to avoid criticisms that this approach can be misleading by demonstrating that promoters and managers of projects involving land use change, territorial dispossession and industrial development in the late modern Gàidhealtachd consistently conceived of their work as projects of colonization. It further argues that the new social, cultural and political structures these projects imposed on the area's indigenous population correspond to those found in other colonial situations, and that racist and racialist attitudes towards Gaels of the time are typical of those in colonial situations during the period. The article concludes that the late modern Gàidhealtachd has been a site of internal colonization where the relationship of domination between colonizer and colonized is complex, longstanding and occurring within the imperial state. In doing so it demonstrates that the history and present of the Gaels of Scotland belongs within the ambit of an emerging indigenous research paradigm.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE - THE HERO CITY OF KYIV AS A GUARANTEE OF THE RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF UKRAINE AND THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY OF THE CITY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksii Chepov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
City Councils ◽  
The Social ◽  
District Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The qualitative and clear definition of the legal regime of the capital of Ukraine, the hero city of Kyiv, is influenced by its legislative enshrinement, however, it should be noted that discussions are ongoing and one of the reasons for the unclear legal status of the capital is the ambiguity of current legislation in this area. Separation of the functions of the city of Kyiv, which are carried out to ensure the rights of citizens of Ukraine and the functions that guarantee the rights of the territorial community of the city of Kyiv. In the modern world, in legal doctrine and practice, the capital is understood as the capital of the country, which at the legislative level received this status and, accordingly, is the administrative and political center of the state, which houses the main state bodies and diplomatic missions of other states. It is the identification of the boundaries of the relationship between the competencies of state administrations and local self-government, in practice, often raises questions about their delimitation and ways of regulatory solution. Peculiarities of local self-government in Kyiv city districts are defined in the provisions of the Law on the Capital, which reveal the norms of the Constitution in these legal relations, according to which the issue of organizing district management in cities belongs to city councils. Likewise, it is unregulated by law to lose the particularity of the legal status of the territory of the city. It should be emphasized that the subject of administrative-legal relations is not a certain administrative-territorial entity, but the social group is designated - the territorial community of the city of Kiev, kiyani. Thus, the provisions on the city of Kyiv partially ignore the potential of the territorial community.

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