Moral and Ethical Problems of Public Service Development

The civil service is a structural entity endowed with a certain amount of competence and authority necessary for the implementation of the tasks assigned to it. An analysis of the effectiveness of the public administration sector indicates a clear relationship between the activities of civil servants and the performance of government bodies. The quality of the work of the authorities has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the implementation of government programs. Modern conditions for reforming the civil service require civil servants to have such qualities as: education, upbringing of civil servants, their professionalism, driving motives for entering and passing the civil service. It becomes obvious that the lack of these qualities among civil servants reduces the effectiveness of the implementation of government initiatives. The article presents the results of research on the moral and ethical problems of the development of the state civil service at the level of the country and a separate region.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON HANUGATA AVEDHYA SIRA

Introduction: Siravedhana, is an important para surgical procedure to withdraw the vitiated blood from body but before performing it the knowledge of Avedhya Sira is mandatory as any injury to these can cause disability or even death. There is total 98 Avedhya Sira in the body. Out of which two are pertaining to the region of Hanu. Any injury to these can cause similar consequences. But the exact location and the structural entity pertaining to it is not clearly mentioned in the classic texts. Material and Methods: Conceptual study carried out by reviewing classical texts, contemporary science, journals, published research works. Conclusion: On the lateral aspect of the head near the anterior margin of the auricle in front of the tragus, the Maxillary artery and Pterygoid venous plexus can be considered as Hanugata Avedhya Sira based on their location and Viddha Lakshana.

A CRITICAL STUDY OF “PESHI” AS DESCRIBED IN SUSHRUT SAMHITA

Ayurveda is a human science. It provides knowledge of the structural and functional constitution of the human body. Sushrut, “Father of Surgery” according to Ayurveda, describes the human body to be made up of 6 major parts – Shadanga – 4 Shakhas (extremities), Madhya (middle part/trunk) the fifth and Shira (head) the sixth. These parts are further subdivided into Pratyangas (sub-parts) like Sira (veins), Dhamani (arteries), Srotas (chan- nels), Asthi (bones), Sandhi (joints), Avayava (organs), Kala (membrane) etc. Peshi is one of the Pratyangas de- scribed by Sushrut. Peshi is developed from Pishit (Mamsa / muscle) and is present in close relation to Sira, Sna- yu (ligaments), Asthi and Sandhi enveloping and protecting them. The information available regarding the Peshi evokes the curiosity to determine the anatomical structural entity described in the classics. This study, therefore, analyses the information and tries to correlate it with the most suitable anatomical structure with logical interpre- tation. Keywords: Peshi, Pishit (Mamsa / muscle), Sira, Snayu, Sandhi

KRAS interaction with RAF1 RAS-binding domain and cysteine-rich domain provides insights into RAS-mediated RAF activation

The first step of RAF activation involves binding to active RAS, resulting in the recruitment of RAF to the plasma membrane. To understand the molecular details of RAS-RAF interaction, we present crystal structures of wild-type and oncogenic mutants of KRAS complexed with the RAS-binding domain (RBD) and the membrane-interacting cysteine-rich domain (CRD) from the N-terminal regulatory region of RAF1. Our structures reveal that RBD and CRD interact with each other to form one structural entity in which both RBD and CRD interact extensively with KRAS. Mutations at the KRAS-CRD interface result in a significant reduction in RAF1 activation despite only a modest decrease in binding affinity. Combining our structures and published data, we provide a model of RAS-RAF complexation at the membrane, and molecular insights into RAS-RAF interaction during the process of RAS-mediated RAF activation.

Anatomical Understanding of Vitapa Marma by Means of Cadaveric Dissection

Background of study: Marma are those spots on the body which are painful on application of pressure and shows abnormal pulsation. Marma are conglomeration of Mamsa, Sira, Snayu, Asthi and Sandhi. [1] There are 107 Marma.[2] Individual Marma are catagorized on different groups on the basis of various aspects such as Rachananusara, Parinamanusara, Sthananusara, Pramananusara etc. Vitapa Marma is the Adhoshakagata, Vaikalyakara Marma[3,4] of 1 Anguli Pramana.[5,6] The explanation of the Vitapa Marma in the classical texts cannot specify the particular anatomical entity so the study is undertaken to fulfill the deficit knowledge. Objectives: To evaluate the Snayu & Sira component of Vitapa Marma. To evaluate structural entity of Vitapa Marma in relation to given Pramana and Viddha Lakshana. Materials and methods: Cadaveric Study. Observation of the structures exposed during cadaveric dissection and correlation with textual description were done and the conclusion was drawn. Results: Vitapa Marma lies on the inguinal region at the superficial inguinal ring. The anatomical components of this Marma are the structures related to and passing through superficial inguinal ring.

Sub-Regional Differences of the Human Amniotic Membrane and Their Potential Impact on Tissue Regeneration Application

For more than 100 years, the human amniotic membrane (hAM) has been used in multiple tissue regeneration applications. The hAM consists of cells with stem cell characteristics and a rich layer of extracellular matrix. Undoubtedly, the hAM with viable cells has remarkable properties such as the differentiation potential into all three germ layers, immuno-modulatory, and anti-fibrotic properties. At first sight, the hAM seems to be one structural entity. However, by integrating its anatomical location, the hAM can be divided into placental, reflected, and umbilical amniotic membrane. Recent studies show that cells of these amniotic sub-regions differ considerably in their properties such as morphology, structure, and content/release of certain bioactive factors. The aim of this review is to summarize these findings and discuss the relevance of these different properties for tissue regeneration. In summary, reflected amnion seems to be more immuno-modulatory and could have a higher reprogramming efficiency, whereas placental amnion seems to be pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, with higher proliferation and differentiation capacity (e.g., chondrogenic and osteogenic), and could be more suitable for certain graft constructions. Therefore, we suggest that the respective hAM sub-region should be selected in consideration of its desired outcome. This will help to optimize and fine-tune the clinical application of the hAM.

Current developments in the synthesis of 4-chromanone-derived compounds

The chroman-4-one framework is a significant structural entity that belongs to the class of oxygen-containing heterocycles. It acts as a major building block in a large class of medicinal compounds,...

A REVIEW ON COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF APASTAMBHA MARMA AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The word Marma denotes the vital spots of the body. Marma Shareera is widely discussed in Ayurveda. The structural entity of these spots is not clearly explained in the classical texts so we cannot rule out the exact structural components involved. Apastambha Marma is one among 107 Marma explained in Classical textbooks. According to Sushruta, it is classified under Sira variety and it is an Urogata Kalantara Pranahara Marma. But Vagbhata has mentioned it as a type of Dhamani Marma on the basis of its structural entity. It measures about 1/2 Angula Pramana. Acharya Sushruta mentions its location as Uras, bilaterally where two Vatavaha Sira (tubular structures carrying air) are seen. Vagbhata says that it is situated in the Uras on both sides of the Parshwa. The Viddha Lakshana of this Marma as per Sushruta is Vatapoornakoshtataya, Kasa, Shwasa and Marana. However, there is a difference of opinion with Vagbhata; he has explained Raktena Poornakoshta instead of Vatapoornakoshtataya. Result: The marked area for the Apastambha Marma is at the level of 3rd costal cartilage on both the sides of the chest just lateral to the midline. As the measurement in Angula (1 cm) is not apparent so it is taken as the lengthwise, breadth wise and depth-wise. Conclusion: The area of about 2 cm lateral to carina which is the common site of injury in the bronchus can be taken as the site of Apastambha Marma as rupture of the bronchus leads to pneumothorax and the individual will show symptoms of breathing difficulty such as Kasa, Shwasa and in severe cases it may lead to the death. This explanation holds true for the Viddha Lakshana mentioned by Sushruta. Taking Shonitapoornakoshta this into consideration, pulmonary and bronchial vessels can be taken as the structures involved in Apastambha Marma which also holds good for the explanation of structural composition as per Vagbhata also i.e., it is a Dhamani Marma. Thus, we can conclude that the two Principal Bronchus along with the pulmonary vessels and bronchial vessels should be considered as the site of Apastambha Marma.

Alternating Dynamics of oriC, SMC, and MksBEF in Segregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chromosome

Mechanisms that define the chromosome as a structural entity remain unknown. Key elements in this process are condensins, which globally organize chromosomes and contribute to their segregation. This study characterized condensin and chromosome dynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which harbors condensins from two major protein superfamilies, SMC and MksBEF. The study revealed that both proteins play a dual role in chromosome maintenance by spatially organizing the chromosomes and guiding their segregation but can substitute for each other in some activities. The timing of chromosome, SMC, and MksBEF relocation was highly ordered and interdependent, revealing causative relationships in the process. Moreover, MksBEF produced clusters at the site of chromosome replication that survived cell division and remained in place until replication was complete. Overall, these data delineate the functions of condensins from the SMC and MksBEF superfamilies, reveal the existence of a chromosome organizing center, and suggest a mechanism that might explain the biogenesis of chromosomes.

KRAS interaction with RAF1 RAS-binding domain and cysteine-rich domain provides insights into RAS-mediated RAF activation

ABSTRACTA vital first step of RAF activation involves binding to active RAS, resulting in the recruitment of RAF to the plasma membrane. To understand the molecular details of RAS-RAF interaction, we solved crystal structures of wild-type and oncogenic mutants of KRAS complexed with the RAS-binding domain (RBD) and the membrane-interacting cysteine-rich domain (CRD) from the N-terminal regulatory region of RAF1. Our structures revealed that RBD and CRD interact with each other to form one structural entity in which both RBD and CRD interact extensively with KRAS. Mutation at the KRAS-CRD interface resulted in a significant reduction in RAF1 activation despite only a modest decrease in binding affinity. Combining our structures and published data, we provide a model of RAS-RAF complexation at the membrane, and molecular insights into RAS-RAF interaction during the process of RAS-mediated RAF activation.