Inhibitory effect of positional syllable frequency in Spanish 2nd and 4th grade readers

Abstract The inhibitory effect of positional syllable frequency is a well-known phenomenon in visual word recognition: words with high-frequency syllables require extra time for deactivating the lexical syllabic neighbors. The inhibitory effect implies that a connection exists between graphemes, phonemes, the first syllable, and the phonological lexicon. However, experimental results of the first developmental stages of occurrence are scarce and inconclusive. A second- and fourth-grade sample of typical school readers participated in a lexical decision task containing high/low frequency words and high/low syllable frequency words. Our primary hypothesis was that the inhibitory effect would be found on both school grade groups. We did not predict significant differences in magnitude of effect between second- and fourth-grade participants. A general inhibitory effect was found, and separate analyses by school grade groups also indicated significant inhibitory effects. Furthermore, second- and fourth-grade children showed small sizes of the inhibitory effect, resembling the sizes found in adult normal readers. Our results suggest that Spanish readers reach a functional connection between syllables and words at an early stage. The straightforward theoretical implication is that the inhibitory effect relies heavily on the structural properties of the lexical access system that are acquired at an early age.

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Inhibitory and facilitatory effects of phonological and orthographic similarity on L2 word recognition across modalities in bilinguals

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92259-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Candice Frances ◽

Eugenia Navarra-Barindelli ◽

Clara D. Martin

Keyword(s):

Lexical Decision ◽

Language Processing ◽

Theoretical Implication ◽

Phonological Similarity ◽

Target Language ◽

Visual Modality ◽

Decision Task ◽

Auditory Modality ◽

Orthographic Similarity ◽

Special Category

AbstractLanguage perception studies on bilinguals often show that words that share form and meaning across languages (cognates) are easier to process than words that share only meaning. This facilitatory phenomenon is known as the cognate effect. Most previous studies have shown this effect visually, whereas the auditory modality as well as the interplay between type of similarity and modality remain largely unexplored. In this study, highly proficient late Spanish–English bilinguals carried out a lexical decision task in their second language, both visually and auditorily. Words had high or low phonological and orthographic similarity, fully crossed. We also included orthographically identical words (perfect cognates). Our results suggest that similarity in the same modality (i.e., orthographic similarity in the visual modality and phonological similarity in the auditory modality) leads to improved signal detection, whereas similarity across modalities hinders it. We provide support for the idea that perfect cognates are a special category within cognates. Results suggest a need for a conceptual and practical separation between types of similarity in cognate studies. The theoretical implication is that the representations of items are active in both modalities of the non-target language during language processing, which needs to be incorporated to our current processing models.

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Influence of Parenting Styles and Developmental Stages on Identity Formation among Adolescents

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0403.031 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Rezvan ◽

H. M. Ramakrishne Gowda ◽

Lancy D’Souza

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Collective Identity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Early Stage ◽

Personality Development ◽

Late Adolescents ◽

Authoritarian Parenting ◽

Significant Difference

Paternal attitudes, beliefs and behaviors that appear as family pattern or parenting styles play a key role in personality development and stabilizing the identity of adolescents. The present study assesses parenting styles and identity formation status of adolescents studying in and around Mysore city. A total of 400 adolescents (200 early and 200 late adolescents) were randomly selected covering Mysore city and nearby rural areas, of which equal number among were male and female adolescents and also equal number of them were from urban and rural areas. They were provided with Parental authority questionnaire (PAQ) developed by Buri (1991) and Aspects of Identity Questionnaire – IV (AIQ – IV) developed by Sampson (1978). PAQ measured perceived parenting styles. The AIQ scale measured personal, Relational Social and Collective areas of identity formation. The collected data were, coded and analyzed using SPSS software. The data was analyzed by Two-way ANOVA to find significant difference if any, in the developmental stages, area of living as well as gender of the participants. Results revealed that, adolescents with authoritarian Parenting styles had higher personal identity formation than adolescents with permissive and authoritarian parenting styles. Developmental stage showed significant influence on all components of identity-Personal, Relational, Social and Collective, where in early stage adolescents had higher identity than adolescents at later stage. In general, this study showed that the developmental stages had considerable effect on the collective identity formation in both early and late adolescents.

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Plant Developmental Stage Drives the Differentiation in Ecological Role of Plant Bacterial and Fungal Microbiomes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-241147/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chao Xiong ◽

Brajesh K. Singh ◽

Ji-Zheng He ◽

Yan-Lai Han ◽

Pei-Pei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stage ◽

Plant Development ◽

Late Stage ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Early Stage ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Microbial Interactions ◽

Disease Suppression ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Ecological Role

Abstract BackgroundPlants live with diverse microbial communities which profoundly affect multiple facets of host performance such as nutrition acquisition, disease suppression and productivity, but if and how host development impacts the assembly, functions and microbial interactions of crop microbiomes are poorly understood. Here we examined both bacterial and fungal communities across soils (rhizosphere and bulk soil), plant epiphytic and endophytic niches (phylloplane, rhizoplane, leaf and root endosphere), and plastic leaf of fake plant (representing environment-originating microbes) at three developmental stages of maize at two contrasting sites, and further explored the potential function of phylloplane microbiomes based on metagenomics.ResultsOur results suggested that plant developmental stage had a much stronger influence on the microbial diversity, composition and interkingdom networks in plant compartment niches than in soils, with the strongest effect in the phylloplane. Air (represented by fake plants) was an important source of phylloplane microbiomes which were co-shaped by both plant development and seasonal environmental factors. Further, we demonstrated that bacterial and fungal communities in plant compartment niches exhibited contrasting response to host developmental stages, with higher alpha diversity and stronger deterministic assembly within bacterial microbiomes at the early stage but a similar pattern within mycobiomes at the late stage. Moreover, we found that bacterial taxa played a more important role in microbial interkingdom network and crop yield prediction at the early stage, while fungal taxa did so at the late stage. Metagenomic analyses further indicated that phylloplane microbiomes possessed higher functional diversity and functional genes involved in nutrient provision and disease resistance at the early stage than the late stage. ConclusionsOur results suggest that host developmental stage profoundly influences plant microbiome assembly and functions, and the bacterial and fungal microbiomes take a differentiated ecological role at different plant development stages. This study provides empirical evidence for host exerting strong effect on plant microbiomes by deterministic selection to meet the physiological requirement of plant developmental stages. These findings have implications for the development of future tools to manipulate microbiome for sustainable increase in primary productivity.

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The Ovistatic Effect of Saprotrophic Soil Fungi on Ascaris suum Eggs

Folia Biologica ◽

10.3409/fb_67-3.11 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 109-118

Author(s):

Lidia Kołodziejczyk ◽

Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz ◽

Magdalena Twarużek ◽

Jan Grajewski ◽

Łukasz Łopusiewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mtt Assay ◽

Soil Fungi ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Ascaris Suum ◽

Hydrolytic Activity ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Fungal Enzymes ◽

Low Cytotoxicity ◽

High Cytotoxicity

The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential use of selected species of soil fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, F. sulphureum, F. verticillioides, and Penicillium expansum) for the bioregulation of the dispersive stages of a parasitic nematode – the large roundworm of pig (Ascaris suum). Experimental cultures containing A. suum eggs with soil fungi and control cultures without fungi were incubated at 26°C for 28 days. Microscopic observations of the developmental stages of the A. suum eggs (zygote, 2-8 blastomeres, morula/blastula, gastrula, and larva) were performed at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The API-ZYM test was used to semi-quantitatively determine the activity of 19 hydrolytic fungal enzymes. The cytotoxicity of the fungi was determined with a tetrazole salt MTT assay. Microscopic observations of A. suum eggs incubated in the presence of fungi up to day 28 did not show any signs of destruction to egg shells and/or penetration of the fungi into the eggs. The ovistatic effect of all tested fungi (F. sulphureum, P. expansum, F. verticillioides, and F. oxysporum; p<0.05) was seen only on the 7th day of incubation, whereas on the 14th day, only F. verticillioides and F. oxysporum showed an inhibitory effect on the embryogenesis of A. suum, and by the 28th day, only P. expansum. The API-ZYM test showed differences in the hydrolytic activity of the tested strains, while the MTT assay showed the high cytotoxicity of F. sulphureum, the moderate cytotoxicity of F. verticillioides and P. expansum, and the low cytotoxicity of F. oxysporum. Among the fungal strains studied, F. sulphureum showed the highest ovistatic effect, which may be related to its enzymatic activity and cytotoxicity.

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The Degree of Abstraction in Solving Addition and Subtraction Problems

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/s1138741600006557 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 285-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vicente Bermejo ◽

Juan José Díaz

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stage ◽

Primary Education ◽

First Graders ◽

Fourth Grade ◽

First Grade ◽

Second Graders ◽

School Grade ◽

Levels Of Abstraction ◽

Direct Modeling ◽

Addition And Subtraction

In this study, the incidence of the degree of abstraction in solving addition and subtraction problems with the unknown in the first term and in the result is analyzed. Ninety-six students from first grade to fourth grade in Primary Education (24 students per grade) solved arithmetic problems with objects, drawings, algorithms, and verbal problems. The participants were interviewed individually and all sessions were video-taped. The results indicate a different developmental pattern in achievement for each school grade depending on the levels of abstraction. The influence of the level of abstraction was significant, especially in first graders, and even more so in second graders, that is, at the developmental stage in which they start to learn these arithmetic tasks. Direct modeling strategies are observed more frequently at the concrete and pictorial level, counting strategies occur at all levels of abstraction, whereas numerical fact strategies are found at higher levels of abstraction.

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The Spermatozoon of Actinia Equina L. Var. Mesembryanthemum

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400024255 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 193-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

A. U. Larkman ◽

M. A. Carter

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Sexual Reproduction ◽

Recent Work ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Early Stage ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Sea Anemones ◽

Free Living ◽

Pass Through ◽

Parent Female

Actinia equina var. mesembryanthemum, the beadlet anemone (Stephenson, 1935), is a very common and widely distributed littoral anthozoan, whose sexual reproduction shows several interesting characteristics. Adult sea anemones of both sexes brood planulae and more advanced developmental stages within the gastrovascular cavity, although earlier embryonic stages are rarely found brooded in this way. Chia & Rostron (1970) suggest that embryos are expelled from the parent female anemone at an early stage and pass through a free-living phase before re-entering anemones of either sex for brooding. However, recent work (Cain, 1974) suggests that juvenile anemones are genetically related to the adult anemones in which they are brooded, and also the distribution of genetic material during sexual reproduction appears to be abnormal (Carter & Thorp, 1979). In an attempt to achieve a better understanding of the unusual sexual reproduction of this species, an ultrastructural investigation of gametogenesis was undertaken. This paper describes the fine structure of the spermatozoon within the testis.

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Temporospatial Flavonoids Metabolism Variation in Ginkgo biloba Leaves

Frontiers in Genetics ◽

10.3389/fgene.2020.589326 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Ying Guo ◽

Tongli Wang ◽

Fang-Fang Fu ◽

Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽

Guibin Wang

Keyword(s):

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Early Stage ◽

Sunshine Duration ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽

Flavonoid Glycosides ◽

Biosynthesis Pathway ◽

Flavonoids Biosynthesis ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is a high-value medicinal tree species characterized by its flavonoids beneficial effects that are abundant in leaves. We performed a temporospatial comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome dynamics analyses of clonally propagated Ginkgo plants at four developmental stages (time: May to August) across three different environments (space) to unravel leaves flavonoids biosynthesis variation. Principal component analysis revealed clear gene expression separation across samples from different environments and leaf-developmental stages. We found that flavonoid-related metabolism was more active in the early stage of leaf development, and the content of total flavonoid glycosides and the expression of some genes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway peaked in May. We also constructed a co-expression regulation network and identified eight GbMYBs and combining with other TF genes (3 GbERFs, 1 GbbHLH, and 1 GbTrihelix) positively regulated the expression of multiple structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We found that part of these GbTFs (Gb_11316, Gb_32143, and Gb_00128) expressions was negatively correlated with mean minimum temperature and mean relative humidity, while positively correlated with sunshine duration. This study increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavonoids biosynthesis in Ginkgo leaves and provided insight into the proper production and management of Ginkgo commercial plantations.

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Comparative transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes involved in 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) biosynthesis in Impatiens balsamina L.

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72997-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lian Chee Foong ◽

Jian Yi Chai ◽

Anthony Siong Hock Ho ◽

Brandon Pei Hui Yeo ◽

Yang Mooi Lim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Early Stage ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Quinone Oxidoreductase ◽

Impatiens Balsamina ◽

Genes Expression ◽

Pcr Method

Abstract Impatiens balsamina L. is a tropical ornamental and traditional medicinal herb rich in natural compounds, especially 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) which is a bioactive compound with tested anticancer activities. Characterization of key genes involved in the shikimate and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHNA) pathways responsible for MNQ biosynthesis and their expression profiles in I. balsamina will facilitate adoption of genetic/metabolic engineering or synthetic biology approaches to further increase production for pre-commercialization. In this study, HPLC analysis showed that MNQ was present in significantly higher quantities in the capsule pericarps throughout three developmental stages (early-, mature- and postbreaker stages) whilst its immediate precursor, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone) was mainly detected in mature leaves. Transcriptomes of I. balsamina derived from leaf, flower, and three capsule developmental stages were generated, totalling 59.643 Gb of raw reads that were assembled into 94,659 unigenes (595,828 transcripts). A total of 73.96% of unigenes were functionally annotated against seven public databases and 50,786 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Expression profiles of 20 selected genes from four major secondary metabolism pathways were studied and validated using qRT-PCR method. Majority of the DHNA pathway genes were found to be significantly upregulated in early stage capsule compared to flower and leaf, suggesting tissue-specific synthesis of MNQ. Correlation analysis identified 11 candidate unigenes related to three enzymes (NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, UDP-glycosyltransferases and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent O-methyltransferase) important in the final steps of MNQ biosynthesis based on genes expression profiles consistent with MNQ content. This study provides the first molecular insight into the dynamics of MNQ biosynthesis and accumulation across different tissues of I. balsamina and serves as a valuable resource to facilitate further manipulation to increase production of MNQ.

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A Potential Nutraceutical Candidate Lactucin Inhibits Adipogenesis through Downregulation of JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Mitotic Clonal Expansion

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9020331 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 331 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xin Wang ◽

Min Liu ◽

Guo He Cai ◽

Yan Chen ◽

Xiao Chen Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Accumulation ◽

Early Stage ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Clonal Expansion ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Stat3 Signaling Pathway ◽

Mitotic Clonal Expansion

The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide in the past ~50 years. Searching for safe and effective anti-obesity strategies are urgently needed. Lactucin, a plant-derived natural small molecule, is known for anti-malaria and anti-hyperalgesia. The study is to investigate whether lactucin plays a key role in adipogenesis. To this end, in vivo male C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were treated with 20 mg/kg/day of lactucin or vehicle by gavage for seven weeks. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, Lactucin-treated mice showed lower body mass and mass of adipose tissue. Consistently, in vitro 3T3-L1 cells were treated with 20 μM of lactucin. Compared to controls, lactucin-treated cells showed significantly less lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation and lower levels of lipid synthesis markers. Mechanistically, we showed the anti-adipogenic property of lactucin was largely limited to the early stage of adipogenesis. Lactucin-treated cells fail to undergo mitotic clonal expansion (MCE). Further studies demonstrate that lactucin-induced MCE arrests might result from reduced phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3. We then asked whether activation of JAK2/STAT3 would restore the inhibitory effect of lactucin on adipogenesis with pharmacological STAT3 activator colivelin. Our results revealed similar levels of lipid accumulation between lactucin-treated cells and controls in the presence of colivelin, indicating that inactivation of STAT3 is the limiting factor for the anti-adipogenesis of lactucin in these cells. Together, our results provide the indication that lactucin exerts an anti-adipogenesis effect, which may open new therapeutic options for obesity.

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Morphology, developmental stages and quality parameters of in vitro-produced equine embryos

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rd19257 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (12) ◽

pp. 1758 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elaine M. Carnevale ◽

Elizabeth S. Metcalf

Keyword(s):

Embryo Development ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Inner Cell Mass ◽

Early Stage ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Early Embryo ◽

Developmental Competence ◽

Limited Information

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is used to produce equine embryos invitro. The speed of embryo development invitro is roughly equivalent to what has been described for embryos produced invivo. Morphological evaluations of ICSI-produced embryos are complicated by the presence of debris and the dark nature of equine embryo cytoplasm. Morulas and early blastocysts produced invitro appear similar to those produced invivo. However, with expansion of the blastocyst, distinct differences are observed compared with uterine embryos. In culture, embryos do not undergo full expansion and thinning of the zona pellucida (ZP) or capsule formation. Cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) are dispersed, in contrast with the differentiated trophoblast and ICM observed in embryos collected from uteri. As blastocysts expand invitro, embryo cells often escape the ZP as organised or disorganised extrusions of cells, probably through the hole incurred during ICSI. Quality assessment of invitro-produced early stage equine embryos is in its infancy, because limited information is available regarding the relationship between morphology and developmental competence. Early embryo development invivo is reviewed in this paper, with comparisons made to embryo development invitro and clinical assessments from a laboratory performing commercial ICSI for >15 years.

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