scholarly journals There is more to receiving than needing: theoretical arguments and empirical explorations of crowding in and crowding out

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARALD KÜNEMUND ◽  
MARTIN REIN

Recent literature on intergenerational relations – although giving different explanations – suggests that the giving of money and services to children reinforces the receiving of money and services by elderly people. To explore the flow of support between the generations we present evidence about the type and intensity of the help that elderly people receive from their adult children and their families. By comparing five developed countries we examine whether the amount of family help transferred to older people is shaped by a ‘crowding out’ process, in which more generous welfare systems displace family solidarity. Taking co-residence into account the international comparison does not support the crowding out hypothesis. We then show that the giving of services by older people to their adult children increases the probability that they receive help from them. This indirectly supports the reverse hypothesis, namely that the relationship between the state and the family may be described as a process of ‘crowding in’: generous welfare systems which give resources to elderly people help to increase rather than undermine family solidarity.

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
Ortega ◽  
López-Sobaler ◽  
Aparicio ◽  
Bermejo ◽  
...  

This study investigated the relationship between the intake of antioxidant nutrients and the suffering of cataracts in 177 institutionalized elderly people (61 men and 116 women) aged ≥ 65 years. Dietary intake was monitored for 7 consecutive days using a "precise individual weighing" method. Subjects, who during their earlier years were exposed by their work to sunlight, had a greater risk of suffering cataracts (OR = 3.2; Cl: 1.1–9.3, P < 0.05) than those who worked indoors. A relationship was found between increased vitamin C intake and a reduced prevalence of cataracts (i.e., when comparing those above P95 for vitamin C intake with those below P5; (OR = 0.08; Cl: 0.01–0.75, P 0.05). Among subjects with cataracts, 12.1% had vitamin C intakes of < 61 mg/day (P10) and only 2.2% had intakes of > 183 mg/day (P95) (p < 0.01). Subjects who consumed > 3290 μg/day (P95) of lutein were less likely to have cataracts (OR = 0.086; Cl: 0.007–1.084; p < 0.05) than those whose consumption was < 256 μg/day (P5). In men, high intakes of zeaxanthin seemed to provide a protective effect against the problem (OR = 0.96; Cl: 0.91–0.99; p < 0.05). The results suggest an association exists between exposure to sunlight and the development of cataracts, and that vitamin C, lutein, and zeaxanthin offer some protection against this disorder.


1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Midre ◽  
Brunon Synak

ABSTRACTA comparative analysis of the life circumstances of older people in Poland and Norway is presented. It examines differences and similarities in attitudes to both family- and state-provided care, for those living in their own homes. In more prosperous Norway, public services are more frequent, elderly people are more independent and play a more active role in the labour market. In Poland formal care is seen as the last resort, with the responsibility for supporting elderly people placed firmly with the family. State services are directed towards those without families. The Norwegian system places no legal obligation on families, which results in a higher proportion living in institutions.


Author(s):  
Friday A. Eboiyehi

The continuous increase in the number of older people and the gradual erosion of the extended family system which used to cater to them are alarming. While older people in much of the developed countries have embraced old people's homes as an alternative, the same cannot be said of older people in Nigeria who still believed that it is the duty of the family to accommodate them. The chapter examined the perception of older people about living in old people's home in some selected local government areas in Osun State, Nigeria. The study showed that their perception about living in old people's home was poor as many of them still held on to the belief that it was the responsibility of their family members to house them as it was done in the olden days. Although a few of the interviewees (particularly those who are exposed to what is obtained in the Western world and those with some level of education) had accepted the idea, many preferred to live with their family rather than being dumped in “an isolated environment,” where they would not have access to their family members. Pragmatic policy options aimed at addressing this emerging social problem were highlighted.


Author(s):  
Charlotte Greenhalgh

The family lives of elderly people attracted fresh concern in the postwar years when more old people lived alone and used welfare services. Sociologist Peter Townsend spent many hours speaking with each of 203 interviewees when he researched the topic in East London in 1954–1955. Townsend highlighted ignored contributions of older people to family life. He showed that families, not the state, did the real work of aged care. During interviews, older people told life stories that illustrated their hard work and stoicism, and that challenged sociological theories. Most did not fear death, but only the suffering of loved ones. While a few could not find the words, the majority were confident storytellers: this chapter explores their unpublished stories.


Author(s):  
Diego Arauna ◽  
Simón Navarrete ◽  
Matías Devia ◽  
Lyanne Rodríguez ◽  
Lemuel Reyes ◽  
...  

: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are known to be the world's leading cause of death, and different factors are known to increase the risk of death, including aging, mainly due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation observed in older people. Acute myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular accidents belong to CVD, and are the ones that cause the most deaths and disabilities, where greater platelet activation plays an important role in pathophysiology. These diseases are more prevalent in older people, which have a clear relationship with increased platelet function and are strongly related to aging. Platelet function is affected by diet, which varies in its requirements and characteristics according to age. Coffee belongs to the family of diet elements that can alter platelet function and an increase in coffee consumption with advancing age and a U-shaped correlation with the risk of CVD have been reported. However, the effect of coffee consumption and its bioactive compounds on platelet function and aging presents controversial evidence, and therefore, a complex effect is not fully elucidated in the cardiovascular system. This review focuses on the relationship between coffee consumption (and its constituent bioactive compounds), and platelet function, and aging.


Author(s):  
Setsuya Fukuda

Japan is one of a few developed countries in which marriage and higher earning potential among women are negatively associated. Previous studies have suggested that a traditional gender division of labor is at the root of this negative relationship, but this study suggests that the relationship is changing. In this article, I examine the latest marriage behavior among Japanese women from 1993 to 2008, focusing on the relationship between women’s economic emancipation and marriage in a gender-traditional society. Using the longest panel survey available in Japan, this study first demonstrates that the effects of women’s earnings have reversed, and are now in fact positive in the 1970s cohort. This suggests that Japanese marriage behaviors now resemble more than in the past those of Western countries, where wives’ economic contributions to the family are considered important. I argue that changes in young adults’ gender ideology have been the major force in facilitating this shift.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Tri Maharani

Introduction: The rapid population growth rate has encouraged the Family Planning Program which was developed forty years ago (1968), and has only been enjoyed in recent years. This support emerged after the campaign was carried out through the PKBI that had been formed. At the world level, the family planning movement has succeeded in reducing the number of children per family from 3.9 to 2 children, especially in developed countries. In Indonesia, the use of IUDs is also very small, around 4.35% of other contraceptives. Data for the last year in the Puskesmas Putussibau, where the new family planning participants were 588 IUD users, only 1.5% (9 people). Objective: To determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and use of intrauterine contraceptives in the working area of ​​Puskesmas Putussibau, Kapuas Hulu Regency in 2017.Research Methodology: This study used a cross-sectional design with a survey approach. This research was conducted from 7 to 28 October 2017. The sample of the study was 68 WUS people at Puskesmas Putussibau, Kapuas Hulu District. Data analysis used was the Spearmen-Rank to determine the relationship between variables with the use of the IUD with a value of p = 0.042 (x2 = 2.10), which means that the relationship between the variables is significant. Conclusion: The results showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and IUD use.


Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubasyir Hasanbasri

The role offamily inelderly care in Indonesia remainsfeasible solutionfor both economic andcultural reasons. Rapidsocio-economic changes have raised the concerns whetherfamily members can effectively meet the need ofelderly care. This study examines the relationship between household structure variables and the use of health services. We seek to learn the household structure characteristics that facilitate or constrain elderly care. If there is no constraint within the family,elderly people living dependently to their children will be less likely to show difference in health care practices as opposed to those living independently. The datafor this analysis is drawnfrom the 1993 Indonesian Socio-Economic Survey. Individuals aged 65 years or above reported to have illness complaints in the past two weeks and remained suffered when the survey was performed are included for the analysis.The finding sindicate that the elderly people living dependently with their children or with other families use less health care available outside their homes than those living independently.


2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-314
Author(s):  
Andreas Motel-Klingebiel ◽  
Clemens Tesch-Römer

In this paper, informal and formal provision of help and support for older people will be discussed in a welfare state comparative perspective, focussing on the relation between intergenerational family help and welfare state support. A range of research hypotheses is illuminated and tested. While the ‘substitution’ hypothesis states that generous provision of welfare state services may potentially crowd out family help to older people, the ‘encouragement’ hypothesis predicts the crowding in of family help. In addition, the hypothesis of ‘mixed responsibility’ predicts a combination of help and support by families and services – and, at last, the hypothesis of ‘functional differentiation’ assumes a specific mix with distinct and characteristic responsibilities of the named societal institutions.Results come from the research project OASIS – Old Age and Autonomy: The Role of Service Systems and Intergenerational Family Solidarity’. This European comparative data is based on disproportionally age-stratified random samples of the urban population (25 years and older) in Norway, England, Germany, Spain, and Israel (n=6.106). Findings show that total help received is more common in welfare states with a strong infrastructure of formal services. Moreover, statistical controls for social structure, pre¬ferences and familial opportunity structures bring in no evidence of substantial crowding out of family help. On the contrary, results support the hypothesis of ‘mixed responsibility’ and ‘functional differentiation’, as they point to the fact that in societies with well-developed service infrastructures, help from families and welfare-state services act accumulatively in the support of quality of life of older people. Help and support is less likely and support mixes are unusual in fami¬ly-oriented welfare regimes. Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag diskutiert aus einer international vergleichenden Perspektive die Ausgestaltung informeller und formeller Hilfe- und Unterstützungsleistungen für ältere Menschen. Dabei bezieht er sich insbesondere auf das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen inter- und intragenerationaler familialer Hilfe und wohlfahrtsstaatlich organisierten Unterstützungen. Während die ‚Substitutionshypothese‘ in einer großzügigen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Versorgung älterer Menschen ein Potential zur Verdrängung der Familie als Unterstützungssystem sieht („crowding out“), geht die ‚Hypothese der Verstärkung‘ von einer Stimulation familialer Hilfen durch wohlfahrtsstaatliche Interventionen aus („crowding in“). Die ‚Hypothese der gemischten Verantwortung‘ prognostiziert derweil, dass eine verbesserte Serviceinfrastruktur vor allem die intensivierte Mischung informeller und formellen Hilfe- und Unterstützungsleistungen nach sich zieht. Die ‚Hypothese der funktionalen Differenzierung‘ schließlich nimmt darüber hinaus an, dass diese Mischung nicht unspezifisch erfolgt, sondern sich charakteristische Zuständigkeiten herausbilden. Der Beitrag berichtet empirische Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts OASIS – Old Age and Autonomy: The Role of Service Sys-tems and Intergenerational Family Solidarity. Grundlage ist eine nach Alter geschichtete urbane Stichprobe von 6.106 Personen im Alter von mehr als 25 Jahren aus Norwegen, England, Deutschland, Spanien und Israel. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Gesamtheit der von älteren Menschen empfangenen Hilfe in jenen Wohlfahrtsstaaten deutlich größer ist, die eine ausgeprägte Infrastruktur von formellen Dienstleistungen aufweisen. Unter Kontrolle von Sozialstrukturindikatoren, gesellschaftlichen Normen und individuellen Präferenzen, gesundheitlichen Einschränkungen sowie familialen Opportunitätsstrukturen lassen sich dabei keine Hinweise auf eine substantielle ‚Verdrängung‘ familialer Hilfen finden. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen stattdessen die Hypothesen einer ‚gemischten Verantwortung‘ und ‚funktionalen Differenzierung‘. Sie deuten darauf hin, dass in Gesellschaften mit gut entwickelten Dienstleitungsinfrastrukturen die Hilfe aus familialen und wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Leistungen häufig kumulativ vorzufinden sind und so auf die Lebensqualität im Alter wirken, während solche Mischungen in familial orientierten Wohlfahrtsregimes bei zugleich insgesamt geringerer Verbreitung von Hilfen nur selten vorkommen.


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