Comparability of the Public Use Files of the U.S. Census of Population, 1880–1980

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-158
Author(s):  
Steven Ruggles
Keyword(s):  
Census Bureau ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Population Counts ◽  
The U.S

Most of the information released by the Census Bureau has always consisted of summary population counts cross-tabulated by individual or family characteristics. Although these data form the basic description of the American population, they are not ideal for analytical research. The Census Bureau cannot anticipate all the needs of social scientists, so many topics are inadequately covered in the published census volumes. For historical research, the problem is especially acute, because the published data are fairly sketchy for the period before 1940. Moreover, the classifications employed by the Census Bureau have changed over time, making long-term comparisons difficult or impossible.

scholarly journals Washington Hotline

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Gavin Baker
Keyword(s):  
Academic Libraries ◽  
Federal Funding ◽  
Electoral College ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The U.S

Libraries can ensure everyone counts in 2020 CensusThe upcoming 2020 Census will have repercussions for communities across the country. Academic libraries can play important roles in promoting a fair and accurate count.Census data is key to the allocation of billions of dollars in federal funding to states and localities, such as education and healthcare programs. The decennial count of all residents is required by the U.S. Constitution to determine representation in Congress and the Electoral College, and is the basis for drawing districts for federal, state, and local offices. In addition, data resulting from the census is widely used by the public and private sectors for research and planning, including many social scientists.

The Marcona Settlement: New Forms of Negotiation and Compensation for Nationalized Property

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Gantz
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Third World ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Country ◽  
The Public ◽  
Third World Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The U.S

On September 22, 1976, the United States and the Government of Peru signed an agreement resolving the nationalization of the Marcona Mining Company’s Peruvian branch. The settlement, the intergovernmental negotiations leading up to it, and the expropriation itself are of more than passing interest. The settlement has been characterized by the U.S. Government as providing, when fully implemented, prompt, adequate, and effective compensation through a package—a combination of cash and long term sales relationship—which represents a relatively beneficial arrangement economically and politically for the Government of Peru. These arrangements were the more remarkable for having been concluded with a leading Third World country that has a long history of nationalization of foreign investment. In light of the frequency of expropriations of American-owned property abroad, and of the fact that in one or more ways such expropriations involve issues of the public interest as well as those of private U.S. companies, the Marcona settlement has implications for the handling of other investment disputes.

scholarly journals UPAYA POLISI AIRUD DALAM PENANGGULANGAN TERJADINYA TINDAK PIDANA ILLEGAL FISHING DI WILAYAH PERAIRAN TANJUNGBALAI

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Lamhot Gurning ◽  
Mangasa Manurung ◽  
H. Bachtiar Simatupang
Keyword(s):  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
The Public ◽  
Illegal Fishing ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
Decisive Action ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Illegal fishing is an act that is very detrimental to a nation and state. The impact will be seen in the short and long term. The government makes handling illegal fishing crimes a very serious concern. This study aims to determine the forms of illegal fishing, AIRUD Police efforts in overcoming and knowing the inhibiting factors of illegal fishing in Tanjungbalai waters. Descriptive analytical research means trying to collect, study, analyze, and describe the illegal fishing countermeasures. The results showed the forms of illegal fishing in Tanjungbalai, namely the use of fishing gear that is in conflict with the laws and regulations (trawl pull). The efforts of AIRUD Police in tackling the occurrence of illegal fishing in the waters of Tanjungbalai are preventive and repressive efforts. Preventive efforts aimed at increasing the intensity of the socialization of laws and regulations to the public, and increasing patrols in waters according to the scope of duties of the Air Force Police Tanjungbalai. Refressive efforts, namely describing decisive action against illegal fishing perpetrators so that it provides a deterrent effect and then provides direction so as not to do the same thing over and over again. The obstacles of AIRUD Police in tackling illegal fishing are the lack of personnel, and the fishermen's HR which are still relatively low, the completeness of facilities and supporting facilities that are still limited in increasing routine patrols in carrying out the tasks of supervision, protection and protecting the special community of fishermen in the waters.

scholarly journals The role of foreign investment in U.S. infrastructure: opportunities and challenges ahead

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Iordanis Petsas ◽  
Sofia M Vidalis
Keyword(s):  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Sovereign Wealth Funds ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
American Society ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. infrastructure has been issued a grade of D+ from the American Society of Civil Engineers because of the low funding for new construction, maintenance, and repair. It is now reaching the end of its useful life and cost estimates have reached as high as $3.6-trillion. The public infrastructure investment is at 2.4% of GDP, which is half of what it was 50-years ago. The U.S. has explored new ways to finance its infrastructure because of funding uncertainty. Investments such as, pensions, foreign investments, and sovereign wealth funds, manage trillions in assets and are forecasted to grow. This paper presents an overview in infrastructure funding and identifies possible approaches in addressing long-term financial needs with foreign capital partnership.

scholarly journals Long-Term Ecological Research

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Long Term Ecological Research ◽  
Probing Questions

The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program is, in a sense, an experiment to transform the nature of science, and represents one of the most effective mechanisms for catalyzing comprehensive site-based research that is collaborative, multidisciplinary, and long-term in nature. The scientific contributions of the Program are prodigious, but the broader impacts of participation have not been examined in a formal way. This book captures the consequences of participation in the Program on the perspectives, attitudes, and practices of environmental scientists. The edited volume comprises three sections. The first section includes two chapters that provide an overview of the history, goals, mission, and inner workings of the LTER network of sites. The second section comprises three dozen retrospective essays by scientists, data managers or educators who represent a broad spectrum of LTER sites from deserts to tropical forests and from arctic to marine ecosystems. Each essay addresses the same series of probing questions to uncover the extent to which participation has affected the ways that scientists conduct research, educate students, or provide outreach to the public. The final section encompasses 5 chapters, whose authors are biophysical scientists, historians, behavioral scientists, or social scientists. This section analyzes, integrates, or synthesizes the content of the previous chapters from multiple perspectives and uncovers emergent themes and future directions.

Willingness of the Public to Share Geolocation Information in a U.S. Census Bureau Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Olmsted-Hawala ◽  
Elizabeth Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Device ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Location Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Study Condition ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Home Address ◽  
The U.S ◽  
At Home

In 2016, the U.S. Census Bureau conducted a split-panel experiment to explore the public’s willingness to share geolocation information within a survey. A sample of participants from a nonprobability panel were invited to take part in an online survey using their mobile device. Within the survey, one question asked for their address and then the survey requested permission to access their geolocation information. Depending on the study condition, the survey varied how the geolocation request was made and where in the survey the address and geolocation requests appeared. Results showed that the treatment that explicitly asked for permission in addition to the device’s default permission request increased female respondents’ sharing of that data but not male respondents’ sharing. Results also showed that placing the address and geolocation request toward the end of the survey significantly increased the willingness of all respondents to share their location information. Results indicated that respondents with more education and nonminority respondents were more willing to share their location data, but willingness to share location data did not depend on age of the respondent. Assuming that the respondents reported truthfully that they were at home while taking the survey and entered their home address, we found the geolocation data to be accurate to the correct block a little more than 50% of the time.

Hard numbers? The long-term decline in violence reassessed. Empirical objections and fresh perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Schwerhoff ◽  
Benjamin Seebröker ◽  
Alexander Kästner ◽  
Wiebke Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Modern Population ◽  
Empirical Foundation

AbstractOver the last decades social scientists have alleged that violence has decreased in Europe since late medieval times. They consider homicide rates a valid indicator for this claim. Thorough source criticism, however, raises serious doubts about the decline thesis having any substantial empirical foundation. Forms and contents of the sources are immensely heterogeneous and a closer look at the alleged richness of the data uncovers remarkable gaps. Furthermore, medieval and early modern population estimates are highly unreliable. Thus, we argue that historical research on violence should return to focus on specific historical constellations, accept the need for painstaking source criticism and pay careful attention to the contexts of violence.

scholarly journals Differential Privacy in the 2020 Census Will Distort COVID-19 Rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312199401
Author(s):  
Mathew E. Hauer ◽  
Alexis R. Santos-Lozada
Keyword(s):  
Differential Privacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
County Level ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Population Counts ◽  
Privacy Budget ◽  
The U.S

Scholars rely on accurate population and mortality data to inform efforts regarding the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with age-specific mortality rates of high importance because of the concentration of COVID-19 deaths at older ages. Population counts, the principal denominators for calculating age-specific mortality rates, will be subject to noise infusion in the United States with the 2020 census through a disclosure avoidance system based on differential privacy. Using empirical COVID-19 mortality curves, the authors show that differential privacy will introduce substantial distortion in COVID-19 mortality rates, sometimes causing mortality rates to exceed 100 percent, hindering our ability to understand the pandemic. This distortion is particularly large for population groupings with fewer than 1,000 persons: 40 percent of all county-level age-sex groupings and 60 percent of race groupings. The U.S. Census Bureau should consider a larger privacy budget, and data users should consider pooling data to minimize differential privacy’s distortion.

scholarly journals Introducing COLDAT: The Colonial Dates Dataset

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Becker
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Societal Change ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Data Source

Social scientists increasingly turn to historical research to understand long-term institutional and societal change. However, data availability and quality, including disagreements about basic historical facts, remain central challenges to this line of work. When it comes to research on European colonial empires and their legacies, social scientists draw on a number of secondary sources, which differ in scope, detail, and coding decisions. Thus, findings risk being driven by the choice of the data source rather than substantive differences. To address this shortcoming, I introduce the Colonial Dates Dataset (COLDAT), which aggregates information on the reach and duration of European colonial empires from renowned secondary sources. By aggregating secondary sources, rather than collecting from primary sources, the new dataset reflects the accumulated knowledge in the discipline and relieves researchers from making hard to justify choices between different historical datasets.

scholarly journals Permanent Digital Legal Information: Disappearing URLs and Preservation of Digital Objects Cited in Court Decisions*

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha Skenderija
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Electronic Resources ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Digital Objects ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe recent transformation of legal information has led to more drastic consequences in law than in some other fields. As electronic resources become more prevalent and available, courts begin citing to them. The emerging digital-born information and the new network models of communication such as Law Blogs and Wikipedia have already acquired a certain status, being cited by court decisions. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court recently cited a videotape in its decision of Scott v. Harris (2007), saying “it speaks for itself,” and included it in the opinion as an attachment.Unfortunately, like many other government entities, the courts have not taken precautions to make sure that the materials they cite remain stable and available to the public for long term access. This is so, even though “no one is supposed to ignore the law.” What happens when the materials one relies on disappear?This paper examines the serious implications that could arise from this situation. It will also examine the challenges, new roles and possible course of action for law libraries and librarians in ensuring the availability of digital objects in the legal field far in the future.

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