scholarly journals Characteristics of snow gliding on rock

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M Mcclung ◽  
Simon Walker ◽  
W. Gollen
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Rock Interface ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Snowpack Properties ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Snow Gliding

Field measurements were made of snow gliding on steep, smooth rock slabs. Supporting dala included snowpack properties, snow rock interface temperatures, air temperatures and precipitation. In this paper, the temporal and spatial dependence of gliding is discussed from two seasons of measurements. The results showed that the basic temporal and spatial characteristics repeated from year to year at the site. The relationship of the measurements to snow-gliding constitutive relations and applications is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Characteristics of snow gliding on rock

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M Mcclung ◽  
Simon Walker ◽  
W. Gollen
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Rock Interface ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Snowpack Properties ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Snow Gliding

Field measurements were made of snow gliding on steep, smooth rock slabs. Supporting dala included snowpack properties, snow rock interface temperatures, air temperatures and precipitation. In this paper, the temporal and spatial dependence of gliding is discussed from two seasons of measurements. The results showed that the basic temporal and spatial characteristics repeated from year to year at the site. The relationship of the measurements to snow-gliding constitutive relations and applications is briefly discussed.

Numerical Method of the Axial Force Moment Curvature on RC Section

2014 ◽  
Vol 610 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Kai Cheng Yao ◽  
Dong Hua Zhou ◽  
Wen Yuan Liao ◽  
Long Qi Li ◽  
Guo Fei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Method ◽  
Axial Force ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Plane Section ◽  
Secant Stiffness ◽  
Force Moment ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

Based on the assumption of plane section, ideal elastic-plastic model of steel and the constitutive relations of concrete in Chinese Code for Design of Concrete Structures, numerical method is used to analyze the relationship of the axial force-moment-curvature on RC section. After dividing the normal section into strips, we adopt the secant stiffness iteration method (according to the results of each iteration, modify the secant stiffness through changing the elastic modulus of materials) to compile computer program. The results of the paper show a good agreement with those of the analytical method. Comparing with the analytical method, the numerical method of the paper can be wildly used in the application.

scholarly journals Idealized simulation study of the relationship of disdrometer sampling statistics with the precision of precipitation rate measurement

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 7681-7691
Author(s):  
Karlie N. Rees ◽  
Timothy J. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Field Measurements ◽  
Precipitation Rate ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Continuous Precipitation ◽  
Light Rain ◽  
Sample Interval ◽  
Sampling Statistics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Rain Rates ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Due to the discretized nature of rain, the measurement of a continuous precipitation rate by disdrometers is subject to statistical sampling errors. Here, Monte Carlo simulations are employed to obtain the precision of rain detection and rate as a function of disdrometer collection area and compared with World Meteorological Organization guidelines for a 1 min sample interval and 95 % probability. To meet these requirements, simulations suggest that measurements of light rain with rain rates R ≤ 0.50 mm h−1 require a collection area of at least 6 cm × 6 cm, and for R = 1 mm h−1, the minimum collection area is 13 cm × 13 cm. For R = 0.01 mm h−1, a collection area of 2 cm × 2 cm is sufficient to detect a single drop. Simulations are compared with field measurements using a new hotplate device, the Differential Emissivity Imaging Disdrometer. The field results suggest an even larger plate may be required to meet the stated accuracy, likely in part due to non-Poissonian hydrometeor clustering.

INTERNAL SYMMETRY GROUPS OF CUBIC ALGEBRAS

2012 ◽  
Vol 09 (06) ◽  
pp. 1261007 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD KERNER ◽  
OSAMU SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Internal Symmetry ◽  
Lorentz Symmetry ◽  
Symmetry Groups ◽  
Associative Algebras ◽  
Finite Algebras ◽  
Pauli Matrices ◽  
Algebraic Constructions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

We investigate certain Z3-graded associative algebras with cubic Z3 invariant constitutive relations, introduced by one of us some time ago. The invariant forms on finite algebras of this type are given in the cases with two and three generators. We show how the Lorentz symmetry represented by the SL (2, C) group can be introduced without any notion of metric, just as the symmetry of Z3-graded cubic algebra and its constitutive relations. Its representation is found in terms of the Pauli matrices. The relationship of such algebraic constructions with quark states is also considered.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES TO PREMATURE FLOWERING OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1231-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK J. KING
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Total Degree ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Exposure of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seedlings to low ambient air temperatures during the 3 weeks prior to transplanting resulted in premature flowering. The percent premature flowering observed varied with the location of the experiment, the year, and the total degree units of temperature below 20 °C. A positive relationship between accumulated hourly temperatures below 20 °C and percent premature flowering was observed over four years at two locations.Key words: low temperature, premature flowering

Brown fat thermogenesis and cardiac rate regulation during cold challenge in infant rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. R1308-R1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Blumberg ◽  
G. Sokoloff ◽  
R. F. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Cardiac Rate ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Infant Rats ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Cold Challenge ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Infants rats depend on heat production by brown adipose tissue (BAT) during cold challenge. Although it has been suggested that BAT thermogenesis protects the heart in the cold, the relationship of BAT activation to cardiac rate has not been examined directly. In the first experiment, the cardiac rate of 2- and 7- to 8-day-old rat pups was monitored during moderate and extreme cold challenge. Pups at both ages maintained cardiac rate during moderate cold challenge while BAT thermogenesis was increasing. In contrast, cooling to air temperatures at which BAT thermogenesis could increase no further resulted in pronounced bradycardia. In the second experiment, ganglionic blockade was used to eliminate BAT heat production and autonomic control of the heart in 7- to 8-day olds. Blockade suppressed BAT thermogenesis in the cold and led to pronounced decreases in interscapular temperature and cardiac rate. These data suggest that cardiac rate in infant rats is modulated both by the autonomic nervous system and BAT thermogenesis.

A note on the effect of air temperature during gestation on birth weight and neonatal mortality of kids

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MELLADO ◽  
T. VERA ◽  
C. MEZA-HERRERA ◽  
F. RUÍZ
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Analyses were made on birth weight of 2706 kids (six genetic groups) under confinement conditions in the arid zone of northern Mexico, to study the effect of air temperature (mean annual temperature = 21·1 °C) during gestation on this trait. The relationship of environmental temperature at kidding and survival of kids was also studied. Birth weight was significantly negatively related to mean dry bulb air temperature during gestation (reduction of 40±3 g for 1 °C increase in mean air temperature during gestation; r = −0·22; P < 0·01), although temperature only explained 5% of the variance of kid birth weight. Mean minimum temperatures (< 4 °C) 5 days after birth significantly reduced kid survival (83% v. 89–93% for kids born when temperatures were above 4 °C; P < 0·01). Air temperatures between 30 and 41 °C during the perinatal period did not affect (P > 0·05) survival rate. These results suggest that newborn kids seem to be relatively resistant to high air temperature, but are fairly susceptible to cold stress. Also, birth weight of kids from goats exposed to high air temperature during pregnancy was marginally reduced, although this was of limited economic significance.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

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