A chemical–mineralogical classification of common plutonic rocks and associations

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Debon ◽  
P. Le Fort

ABSTRACTA classification is proposed, based mainly on major element analytical data plotted in a coherent set of three simple chemical-mineralogical diagrams. The procedure follows two complementary steps at two different levels. The first is concerned with the individual sample: the sample is given a name (e.g. granite, adamellite, granodiorite) and its chemical and mineralogical characteristics are determined. The second one is more important: it aims at defining the type of magmatic association (or series) to which the studied sample or group of samples belongs. Three main types of association are distinguished: cafemic (from source-material mainly or completely mantle-derived), aluminous (mainly or completely derived by anatexis of continental crust), and alumino-cafemic (intermediate between the other two types). Subtypes are then distinguished among the cafemic and alumino-cafemic associations: calc-alkaline (or granodioritic), subalkaline (or monzonitic), alkaline (and peralkaline), tholeiitic (or gabbroic-trondhjemitic), etc. In the same way, numerous subtypes and variants are also distinguished among the aluminous associations using a set of complementary criteria such as quartz content, colour index, alkali ratio, quartz–alkalies relationships and alumina index.Although involving a new approach using partly new criteria, this classification is consistent with most of the divisions used in previous typologies. The method may also be used in the classification of the volcanic equivalents of common plutonic rocks.

TRANSPORTES ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alice Prudêncio Jacques ◽  
Ângela Bertazzo ◽  
Jorge Galarraga ◽  
Marcelo Herz

<p><strong>Resumo: </strong>A previsão do número de viagens geradas pelos polos geradores de viagens (PGVs) é indispensável para estudos de avaliação do impacto da implantação destes empreendimentos. No caso das instituições de ensino (IE), as características especiais das viagens e de atendimento dos alunos dos diferentes níveis, recomendam a realização dos estudos de avaliação de impacto que possam reconhecer o efeito da adoção de políticas de transporte sustentáveis. Com base na revisão de estudos de geração de viagens para IE descritos na literatura, este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para o estudo das viagens geradas nas IE, que inclui proposta para classificação das viagens geradas pelas IEs e para procedimentos voltados à determinação das taxas e modelos e à realização de estudos de impacto das IEs. A proposta formulada permite que os estudos de impacto considerem cenários alternativos referentes à adoção de medidas de gerenciamento da demanda.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> The estimation of the number of trips that may be generated by a specific land use is essential to study and evaluate the impact of new generators. In the case of Educational Institutions (EI), the special characteristics of travel pattern for students of different levels supports the needs to develop studies that can recognize the effects of adopting sustainable transport policies. Based on specific literature review, this paper presents a new approach to study the trips generated by an EI. It includes a proposal for classification of generated trips to estimate rates and models, and also a procedure to consider the impact derived from the implementation of demand management measures.</p>


1957 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chayes

AbstractThe term “granite” could be usefully reserved for massive or weakly oriented plutonic rocks of colour index less than 20 per cent and quartz content between 20 per cent and 40 per cent by volume. A symbolic classification of rocks meeting these requirements is presented. The various classes are based on the relative proportions of plagioclase and alkali feldspar, and sub-classes based on the ternary dominance ratio quartz-alkali feldsparplagioclase are also proposed. The symbols are simple and easily remembered. A few of the common names now in use are retained for class designations.


2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (S310) ◽  
pp. 130-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Knežević ◽  
Andrea Milani ◽  
Alberto Cellino ◽  
Bojan Novaković ◽  
Federica Spoto ◽  
...  

AbstractWe have recently proposed a new approach to the asteroid family classification by combining the classical HCM method with an automated procedure to add newly discovered members to existing families. This approach is specifically intended to cope with ever increasing asteroid data sets, and consists of several steps to segment the problem and handle the very large amount of data in an efficient and accurate manner. We briefly present all these steps and show the results from three subsequent updates making use of only the automated step of attributing the newly numbered asteroids to the known families. We describe the changes of the individual families membership, as well as the evolution of the classification due to the newly added intersections between the families, resolved candidate family mergers, and emergence of the new candidates for the mergers. We thus demonstrate how by the new approach the asteroid family classification becomes stable in general terms (converging towards a permanent list of confirmed families), and in the same time evolving in details (to account for the newly discovered asteroids) at each update.


Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2616-2616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean E. Goasguen ◽  
John M. Bennett ◽  
Barbara Bain ◽  
Richard Brunning ◽  
Maria-Teresa Vallespi ◽  
...  

Abstract All current classifications for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) require the identification of the blast population. From the FAB (1976) to the WHO (1999) new criteria such as the results of cytogenetic analysis have been introduced but the percentage of blasts remains a major factor in diagnosis, subclassification and prognosis. The definition of a blast cell is still based on those proposed in 1976 by the FAB group, but it is unclear that it has been applied in the same manner worldwide. Since the WHO has changed the definition for AML (minimum criterion is 20% blasts) and since RAEB has been divided into two groups (5 to 9 and 10 to 19% blasts respectively) it has become clear that the definition of blasts of granulocyte lineage should be more precise. Definition: Experts in morphology from the IWG on MDS have proposed that all cells from undifferentiated blast (without granules) to but not including the promyelocyte would qualify as “blasts”. A promyelocyte starts with the appearance of a “clearly visible Golgi zone” independently of the number of granules. Mature granulocyte starts with disappearance of cytoplasmic basophilia and more mature nucleus. Methodology: To verify agreement between experts on this new definition, a unique digital picture was produced from the bone marrow smear of an AML patient with FAB M2 by the association of 150 consecutive native pictures (600x800 pixels). The mosaic picture is 8340x2386 pixels (about 30 M in jpeg format or 16 M in pdf). All the 265 nucleated cells have been numbered and a drop down menu for choices was included. The picture was placed on the server of the MDS Foundation (http://www.mds-foundation.org/goasguenfollowup) and after evaluation the results were automatically sent to the MDS foundation center and registered. The five experts evaluated exactly the same cells (numbered from 1 to 265) and results were submitted for statistical analysis. Results: for 176 cells (66.6%) there was complete concordance (5/5) and for 60 others (22.7%) concordance was 4/5. If we consider that concordance of at least 4/5 is acceptable, we obtained 89.4% good concordance. Moreover, 23 cells (8.7%) had a concordance of 3/5 while only 5 (1.89%) had a concordance of 2/5. We conclude that these definitions of blasts and promyelocytes are reproducible and may help to standardize the classification of AML and MDS. All experts would have produced the same diagnosis since standard deviations of the percentages of various cell types were very low. Conclusion: the production of large field digital pictures may be very useful for education and quality control in morphology. In addition, use of such images may help to provide a new approach to difficult cells and may be useful in proposing new criteria for classification. Table: Minimum, maximum and mean percentage of cells for 5 experts % of cells Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation Blasts 58.1 61.7 59.9 1.54 Promyelocytes 12.2 22.3 17.7 4.82 Matures cells 14.4 21.6 18.8 3.12


2015 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 249-269
Author(s):  
Михаил [Mikhail] Лабащук [Labashchuk]

The development of anthropocentric theories in modern linguisticsThe article highlights the unique position of anthropocentric theories within modern linguistics. To exemplify tendencies in the forming of idiolec­tic language theories in their functional aspects, I analyse the gnoseological approach in Alexander Kiklevich's linguistics. Modern linguistics differentiates between anthropocentric and anthropological theories of language. The base category of the latter is sociolect as a supraindividual phenomenon. Anthropo­centric linguistic theories are, in their turn, based on the category of idiolect as the ontologically unique category from which stems the existence of both the individual and society. In the functional approach of anthropocentric theories, sociolect itself is seen as a part of idiolect, whereas sociological theories, on the contrary, consider the idiolect a part of sociolect.The two basic approaches, or sets of criteria, traditionally applied to defin­ing the notion of category have been: (1) logical (adopting the perspective of the rational and logical capacities of consciousness) and (2) empirical (representing the perspective of the sensual experience of the individual). Beginning in the late 19th century, a new approach, or criterion, appeared and has been growing in importance. It might be referred to as: (3) the linguistic approach, which focuses on the exceptionality of how the necessarily unified rational-logical,sensual-imaginary and emotional experiences of the individual are categorised. It is namely that third aspect, or criterion, that is actualised in the studies of the individual's cognitive and mental capacities. Such actualisation is fostered by the researchers' awareness of the focusing role of individual language in regulating the cognitive and communicative manifestations of behaviour.Within the structure of the sign, comprising of the signifying and the signified, the signified is itself a complex structure, essentially describable on three logical and prototypical levels:– the hypernimic (generic, abstract-logical) level,– the base (generic-particular, mental-imaginary) level (whose prototypical structure is the centre-periphery), and– the hyponymic (particular, mixed, syncretic) level.Alexander Kiklevich's theory proposes a classification of scientific paradigms; discusses the pragmatics and functionality of language in communication; emphasises the peculiarity of the conceptualising of information on the basic, supra-basic and sub-basic levels of communication; criticises the content of modern conceptology; finally, it develops and elaborates a distinctive approach to the issues of language polysemy and metaphor. Anthropocentric theories of modern linguistics strengthen the long-stipulated leading position of the discipline among the human sciences. Kształtowanie się teorii antropocentrycznych we współczesnym językoznawstwieArtykuł zwraca uwagę na specyfikę teorii antropocentrycznych we współczesnym językoznawstwie. Jako przykład tendencji rządzących kształtowaniem się funkcjonalnych aspektów idiolektycznych teorii języka analizie poddane zostaje podejście gnozeologiczne w językoznawstwie Aleksandra Kiklewicza. Antropocentryczne teorie lingwistyczne przeciwstawiane są w dzisiejszym językoznawstwie antropologicznym teoriom języka. Podstawową kategorią tych ostatnich jest socjolekt jako zjawisko ponadjednostkowe. Podstawową kategorią teorii antropocentrycznych w językoznawstwie jest z kolei idiolekt jako ontologicznie niepowtarzalna kategoria wyjściowa istnienia jednostki i społeczeństwa. W przypadku podejścia funkcjonalnego w ramach teorii antropocentrycznych sama kategoria socjolektu uznana zostaje za część idio­lektu, nie zaś odwrotnie, jak ma to miejsce w teoriach socjologicznych.Termin kategoria określa się tradycyjnie za pomocą dwóch kryteriów czy też podejść: 1) logicznego (z pespektywy racjonalno-logicznych zdolności, jakimi dysponuje świadomość), 2) empirycznego (z perspektywy zmysłowego doświad­czenia jednostkowej osobowości). Poczynając od końca XIX wieku, pojawiło się, a następnie umocniło trzecie podejście – 3) kryterium językowe, które koncentruje się na swoistości kategoryzowania (ujmowanego jako nierozdzielna całość) doświadczenia jednostki: racjonalno-logicznego, sensoryczno­-obrazowego i emocjonalnego. Właśnie ów trzeci aspekt ulega aktualizacji w związku z badaniami kognitywno-myślowych zdolności jednostki. Aktualizacji tej sprzyja wiedza o ogniskującej roli indywidualnego języka w procesie regulacji kognitywnych i komunikacyjnych przejawów zachowania.Znak dzieli się na znaczące i znaczone, jednakże samo znaczone przedstawia sobą złożoną strukturę odnoszącą się do trzech poziomów logicznych i prototypowych:– hiperonimicznym (rodzajowym, abstrakcyjno-logicznym),– podstawowym (gatunkowo-rodzajowym, mentalno-obrazowym, o prototypowej strukturze centrum-peryferia),– hiponimicznym (gatunkowym, mieszanym, synkretycznym).Teoria Aleksandra Kiklewicza proponuje klasyfikację paradygmatów lingwistycznych, opisuje pragmatykę i funkcję języka w komunikacji, akcen­tuje swoistość konceptualizowania informacji na podstawowym, wyższym i niższym poziomie komunikacji, krytykuje treść współczesnej konceptologii, a także rozwija i konkretyzuje problematykę polisemii i metaforyki języka. Teorie antropocentryczne we współczesnym językoznawstwie wzmacniają od dawna postulowaną pozycję lingwistyki jako wiodącej dyscypliny nauk humanistycznych. Становление антропоцентристских теорий в современном языкознанииВ статье отмечается своеобразие антропоцентристских теорий в современном языкознании. Как пример тенденций в становлении функциональных аспектов идиолектных теорий языка анализируется гносеологический подход в языкознании А. Киклевича. Антропоцентристские лингвистические теории в современном языкознании противопоставлены антропологическим теориям языка. Базовой категорией антропологи­ческих теорий в языкознании является социолект как надличностное явление. Напротив, базовой категорией антропоцентристских теорий в языкознании является идиолект как единственная онтологически исходная категория существования личности и общества. При функ­циональном подходе в антропоцентристских теориях сама категория социолекта признается частью идиолекта, а не наоборот, как в социоло­гических теориях идиолект признается частью социолекта.Традиционно термин категория определялся, в основном, двумя кри­териями, или подходами: 1 – логическим (со сторонырационально-логиче­ских способностей сознания); 2 – эмпирическим (со стороны чувственного опыта личности). Начиная с конца ХIХ-го века появился и последовательно укреплялся третий подход, или критерий 3 – языковой критерий, который акцентирует внимание на своеобразии категоризирования (в их единстве) рационально-логического опыта личности,сенсорно-образногоопыта иэмоционального опыта личности. Именно третий аспект, или критерий актуализируется в связи с исследованием когнитивно-мыслительных способностей личности. Этой актуализации способствует понимание фокусирующей роли индивидуального языка в регуляции когнитивных икоммуникативных проявлений поведения.Помимо дифференциации знака на означающее и означаемое, само означаемое знака является сложной структурой, соотносимой прежде всего с тремя логическими и прототипическими уровнями:– гиперонимический (родовой,абстрактно-логический),– базовый (родо-видовой, ментально-образный, с прототипической структурой центр – периферия),– гипонимический (видовой, смешанный, синкретичный).В теории А. Киклевича представлена классификация лингвистических парадигм, прагматика и фукнции языка в коммуникации, акцентируется своеобразие концептуализации информации в базовом, надбазовом и подбазовом уровнях коммуникации, критикуется содержание современной концептологии, а также развивается и уточняется проблематика языковой полисемии и метафорики. Антропоцентристские теории в современной лингвистике укрепляют давно утверждаемую позицию лингвистики как ведущей дисциплины среди гуманитарных наук.


Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere J. Ferrando

In the IRT person-fluctuation model, the individual trait levels fluctuate within a single test administration whereas the items have fixed locations. This article studies the relations between the person and item parameters of this model and two central properties of item and test scores: temporal stability and external validity. For temporal stability, formulas are derived for predicting and interpreting item response changes in a test-retest situation on the basis of the individual fluctuations. As for validity, formulas are derived for obtaining disattenuated estimates and for predicting changes in validity in groups with different levels of fluctuation. These latter formulas are related to previous research in the person-fit domain. The results obtained and the relations discussed are illustrated with an empirical example.


1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Adlassnig ◽  
G. Kolarz ◽  
H. Leitich

Abstract:In 1987, the American Rheumatism Association issued a set of criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to provide a uniform definition of RA patients. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic were used to transform this set of criteria into a diagnostic tool that offers diagnoses at different levels of confidence: a definite level, which was consistent with the original criteria definition, as well as several possible and superdefinite levels. Two fuzzy models and a reference model which provided results at a definite level only were applied to 292 clinical cases from a hospital for rheumatic diseases. At the definite level, all models yielded a sensitivity rate of 72.6% and a specificity rate of 87.0%. Sensitivity and specificity rates at the possible levels ranged from 73.3% to 85.6% and from 83.6% to 87.0%. At the superdefinite levels, sensitivity rates ranged from 39.0% to 63.7% and specificity rates from 90.4% to 95.2%. Fuzzy techniques were helpful to add flexibility to preexisting diagnostic criteria in order to obtain diagnoses at the desired level of confidence.


Author(s):  
Oleksandr Ostrohliad

Purpose. The aim of the work is to consider the novelties of the legislative work, which provide for the concept and classification of criminal offenses in accordance with the current edition of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the draft of the new Code developed by the working group and put up for public discussion. Point out the gaps in the current legislation and the need to revise individual rules of the project in this aspect. The methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of appropriate conclusions and recommendations. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, system-structural, logical-normative, comparative-historical. Results In the course of the study, it was determined that despite the fact that the amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine came into force in July of this year, their perfection, in terms of legal technology, raises many objections. On the basis of a comparative study, it was determined that the Draft Criminal Code of Ukraine needs further revision taking into account the opinions of experts in the process of public discussion. Originality. In the course of the study, it was established that the classification of criminal offenses proposed in the new edition of the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not stand up to criticism, since other elements of the classification appear in subsequent articles, which are not covered by the existing one. The draft Code, using a qualitatively new approach to this issue, retains the elements of the previous classification and has no practical significance in law enforcement. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-making activities to improve the norms of the current Criminal Code, to classify criminal offenses, as well as to further improve the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine.


2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renáta Gregová ◽  
Lívia Körtvélyessy ◽  
Július Zimmermann

Universals Archive (Universal #1926) indicates a universal tendency for sound symbolism in reference to the expression of diminutives and augmentatives. The research ( Štekauer et al. 2009 ) carried out on European languages has not proved the tendency at all. Therefore, our research was extended to cover three language families – Indo-European, Niger-Congo and Austronesian. A three-step analysis examining different aspects of phonetic symbolism was carried out on a core vocabulary of 35 lexical items. A research sample was selected out of 60 languages. The evaluative markers were analyzed according to both phonetic classification of vowels and consonants and Ultan's and Niewenhuis' conclusions on the dominance of palatal and post-alveolar consonants in diminutive markers. Finally, the data obtained in our sample languages was evaluated by means of a three-dimensional model illustrating the place of articulation of the individual segments.


Author(s):  
Gulbarshyn Chepurko ◽  
Valerii Pylypenko

The paper examines and compares how the major sociological theories treat axiological issues. Value-driven topics are analysed in view of their relevance to society in times of crisis, when both societal life and the very structure of society undergo dramatic change. Nowadays, social scientists around the world are also witnessing such a change due to the emergence of alternative schools of sociological thought (non-classical, interpretive, postmodern, etc.) and, subsequently, the necessity to revise the paradigms that have been existed in sociology so far. Since the above-mentioned approaches are often used to address value-related issues, building a solid theoretical framework for these studies takes on considerable significance. Furthermore, the paradigm revision has been prompted by technological advances changing all areas of people’s lives, especially social interactions. The global human community, integral in nature, is being formed, and production of human values now matters more than production of things; hence the “expansion” of value-focused perspectives in contemporary sociology. The authors give special attention to collectivities which are higher-order units of the social system. These units are described as well-organised action systems where each individual performs his/her specific role. Just as the role of an individual is distinct from that of the collectivity (because the individual and the collectivity are different as units), so too a distinction is drawn between the value and the norm — because they represent different levels of social relationships. Values are the main connecting element between the society’s cultural system and the social sphere while norms, for the most part, belong to the social system. Values serve primarily to maintain the pattern according to which the society is functioning at a given time; norms are essential to social integration. Apart from being the means of regulating social processes and relationships, norms embody the “principles” that can be applied beyond a particular social system. The authors underline that it is important for Ukrainian sociology to keep abreast of the latest developments in the field of axiology and make good use of those ideas because this is a prerequisite for its successful integration into the global sociological community.


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