Farmland Lease Options in the Rural China: Key Determinants and Policy Implications

The study looks at the factors that influence farmland transfer option in Yunnan province, China. To help achieve this objective, 6,007 households were randomly selected from rural communities. The sample includes households who are engaged in lease-out, lease-in, and those who engage in neither lease-out nor lease-in. The data was analysed using multinomial probit model. The results show that farmland certification and knowledge of land tenure policy have positive impact on both lease-in and lease-out decisions relative to the reference category. Farmland size and years of schooling show negative and positive impact on lease-in and lease-out decisions, respectively, relative to the reference category. The net income of the household and crop insurance have positive and negative effect on lease-in and lease-out decisions, respectively, relative to the base category. The results suggest that price per mu has a positive effect on the lease-out decision relative to the base category. The study broadens the scope of analysis on farmland transfer by considering all the options available to a household in farmland transfer decision taking.

Constructive sheaf models of type theory

We provide a constructive version of the notion of sheaf models of univalent type theory. We start by relativizing existing constructive models of univalent type theory to presheaves over a base category. Any Grothendieck topology of the base category then gives rise to a family of left-exact modalities, and we recover a model of type theory by localizing the presheaf model with respect to this family of left-exact modalities. We provide then some examples.

Investigation of Factors That Have Affected the Outcomes of Road Traffic Accidents on Lithuanian Roads

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the possibility for predicting the outcome of a road traffic accident concerning the traffic environment, personal traits of the traffic participant and the vehicle, i.e. aiming to answer the question whether specific values of the factors analysed to increase the likelihood of a fatal accident. The logistic regression model that allows identifying the relationship between the dependent and independent variables were used in the research. Other methods for describing and analysing categorical variables were also used alongside the logistic regression. When analysing the results, it was recognised that the odds ratio above 1 shows a higher likelihood for a representative of the category in question to be involved in a fatal accident compared to a representative of the base category. Odds ratios of likelihoods for calculation of the road traffic accident types show that the likelihood of a fatal accident is statistically significant affected by rollovers or driving into obstacles, compared to vehicular collisions. When summarising the results, it was stated that most of the factors researched have an impact on the outcome of a road traffic accident. The influence of some factors has a higher probability of resulting in a fatal accident as compared to other factors.

Discrete and Conservative Factorizations in Fib(B)

We focus on the transfer of some known orthogonal factorization systems from $$\mathsf {Cat}$$ Cat to the 2-category $${\mathsf {Fib}}(B)$$ Fib ( B ) of fibrations over a fixed base category B: the internal version of the comprehensive factorization, and the factorization systems given by (sequence of coidentifiers, discrete morphism) and (sequence of coinverters, conservative morphism) respectively. For the class of fibrewise opfibrations in $${\mathsf {Fib}}(B)$$ Fib ( B ) , the construction of the latter two simplify to a single coidentifier (respectively coinverter) followed by an internal discrete opfibration (resp. fibrewise opfibration in groupoids). We show how these results follow from their analogues in $$\mathsf {Cat}$$ Cat , providing suitable conditions on a 2-category $${\mathcal {C}}$$ C , that allow the transfer of the construction of coinverters and coidentifiers from $${\mathcal {C}}$$ C to $${\mathsf {Fib}}_{{\mathcal {C}}}(B)$$ Fib C ( B ) .

Identification of Coconut Business Potential with Location Quotient (LQ) in West Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi

The potential for developing coconut commodity plantations in Tiworo Islands, West Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi has not been utilized. This study aims to (a) identify the form and type and copra business capacity; and (b) find out the potential of a coconut business located in Tiworo District, West Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. Determination of the location of research carried out deliberately (purposive). The method used is a questionnaire and interview. The analysis used is descriptive-analytical and Location Quotient (LQ) analysis. The results showed that the form of coconut business in the District of Tiworo Kepulauan Muna Barat Regency is classified as a micro business with assets of 50 million each with a total income in the copra business having a garden of Rp. 36,733,125. Then the total coconut business income without processing Rp. 6,493,522 and the total copra business income without having a garden is Rp. 43. 226,647. Potential identification based on the Location Quotient (LQ) calculation shows that the average value of the calculation of a coconut business by owning a plantation and a coconut business without processing of 1.1 is included in the base category, meaning that these two coconut businesses are superior coconut businesses. while the coconut business without owning a garden of 0.8 is classified in the Non-base category or has not yet become a leading business so it needs to be developed further so that this business can become a superior business and be able to compete with other businesses that already exist in the district of Tiworo Islands, West Muna Regency Southeast Sulawesi.Keywords: Potential, Coconut Business, analytical descriptive, Location Quotient, West Muna

The Shades of Communism

The bases of the political divisions in Macedonia are hard to explain solely through the traditional theoretical approach based on social structures and values. We include the perceptions of the communist past together with the social structures and values; and use survey data to run a multinomial logistic regression with undecided voters as the base category. Results show that perceptions of communism have the strongest influence on political divisions. Diverging perceptions of communism combine with attitudes toward religious values and shape a cultural left-right dimension. On the other hand, there is an absence of a left-right distinction in economic policies. The finding could be a useful explanation for political divisions in other post-communist countries, where there is an absence of distinction in economic policies.

Inheritance and its type in Object Oriented Programming using C++

Reusability is one in every of most vital advantage of C++ programming language. C++ categories are often reused in many ways in which. Once the parent (Base) category has been written it are often changed by another technologist to suit their needs. the most plan of inheritance is making new categories, reusing the properties of the present base category. The mechanism of etymologizing a replacement category (Child/Derived Class) from associate Existing category (Base/Parent Class) is termed inheritance. The previous category is stated because the base (Parent) category and therefore the new category is termed the derived category (Child) or taxonomic group. A derived category includes all options of the generic base category so adds qualities specific to the derived category. This paper reflects the learning of the Inheritance conception and its varieties victimization C++ (oops)

ANALISIS PERANAN KATEGORI EKONOMI BASIS DAN EFISIENSI PERTAMBAHAN INVESTASI DI KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

This research aims to analyze the role of the categorical or economic base sector as well as to observe the efficiency of investment accumulation in North Minahasa Regency. This research was conducted in the area of North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The study began in April until October 2018. This research was conducted in the area of North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The study began in April until October 2018. This research employs secondary data from Regional Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) based on the constant price in North Minahasa Regency and North Sulawesi Province and the data from The Change of Regional Gross Fixed Capital in North Minahasa Regency. The instrument used in this research is Location Quotient (LQ), Shift Share Analysis, and Incremental Capital Output Ratio. Results from LQ show that the category of agriculture, forestry, and fishery, mining and excavation, manufacture, construction, electricity and gas, real estate and education service serve the base category in North Minahasa Regency, with the value of LQ above 1. The role of base category shows positive result towards the formation of the Regional Gross Domestic Product in North Minahasa Regency, agriculture and forestry and fishery are the biggest contributor in RGDP of North Minahasa Regency during the period of 2013-2017. The role of base category through regional share towards North Sulawesi Province also shows positive results, thus base category in North Minahasa Regency contributes to the formation of RGDP in North Sulawesi Province. In the calculation of proportional shift, several base categories in North Minahasa Regency received negative values, namely agriculture, forestry and fishery, manufacture, and education service. Then, in the calculation of differential shift, electronics and gas is the only sector which receives negative value or is not able to compete with similar category in the provincial level. Also, the calculation of Incremental Capital Output Ratio as the instrument of the efficiency of capital income in North Minahasa Regency in the period of 2013-2017 which is calculated by the standard method to lag0, lag1 as well as the mean calculation method, show the result of ICOR which can be categorized as not efficient.

DENOMINAL VERBS IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE

The central issue in this research is denominal verbs in Toba Batak language that is the formations of verbs from nominal bases through affixations and through lexical form. The morphological process occured in this kind of formation is derivational because it brings about new different word class from its base. In other words, derivational process produces different lexical identity and therefore, it has different lexical meaning. In Toba Batak language denominal verbs can be classified into nine categories, they are: (1) base-zero category, (2) base-hon category, (3) base-i category, (4) mar-base category, (5) mampar-base-hon category, (6) tar-base category, (7) tar-base-i category, (8) hona-base category, and (9) marsi-base-an category. In Toba Batak language it was found that the form of the nominal base and the form of the verb produced is the same in base-zero category. Therefore, the word class of the word will be known as noun or verb from sentence valency or from the context of the sentence where the words are used. For category (8) hona-base category, “hona”which means “suffer from” is a lexical form attached to bases to form new words as verbs. This category is very different from others in which other categories use affixes instead of lexical form. The new word formed can be transitive or it can be intransitive depends on the affixes attached.

Cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence and predictors of statin utilisation in Ireland with a focus on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence of statin utilisation by people aged over 50 years in Ireland and the factors associated with the likelihood of using a statin, focusing particularly on those using statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsThis is a cross-sectional analysis of cardiovascular risk and sociodemographic factors associated with statin utilisation from wave 1 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. A hierarchy of indications for statin utilisation, consisting of eight mutually exclusive levels of CVD-related diagnoses, was created. Participants were assigned one level of indication. The prevalence of statin utilisation was calculated. The likelihood that an individual was using a statin was estimated using a multivariable logistic regression model, controlling for cardiovascular risk and sociodemographic factors.ResultsIn this nationally representative sample (n=5618) of community-dwelling participants aged 50 years and over, 1715 (30.5%) were taking statins. Of these, 65.0% (57.3% of men and 72.7% of women) were doing so for the primary prevention of CVD. Thus, almost two-thirds of those taking statins did so for primary prevention and there was a notable difference between women and men in this regard. We also found that statin utilisation was highest among those with a prior history of CVD and was significantly associated with age (compared with the base category 50–64 years; 65–74 years OR 1.38 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.65); 75+ OR 1.33 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.69)), living with a spouse or partner (compared with the base category living alone; OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.65)), polypharmacy (OR 1.74 (95% CI 1.39 to 2.19)) and frequency of general practitioner visits (compared with the base category 0 visits per year; 1–2 visits OR 2.46 (95% CI 1.80 to 3.35); 3–4 visits OR 3.24 (95% CI 2.34 to 4.47); 5–6 visits OR 2.98 (95% CI 2.08 to 4.26); 7+ visits OR 2.51 (95% CI 1.73 to 3.63)), even after controlling for clinical need. There was no association between using statins and gender, education, income, social class, health insurance status, location or Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) risk in the multivariable analysis.ConclusionStatin utilisation among those with no history of CVD accounted for almost two-thirds of all statin use, in part reflecting the high proportion of the population with no history of CVD, although utilisation rates were highest among those with a history of CVD.