Fat in animal products: facts and perceptions

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin

AbstractEarly research in man at the end of the fifties and beginning of the sixties indicated that the composition of dietary fat influenced plasma cholesterol levels. In effect this research showed that plasma cholesterol was raised by saturated fatty acids (SFA), was lowered by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and was not influenced by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Within the SFA it was also observed that the greater the chain length, the lesser the cholesterol raising effect. A quantitative relationship between the change in blood cholesterol (ΔC) resultant from changes in the percentage energy from SFA (ΔS) and PUFA (ΔP) was established as ΔC = 1.3 (2ΔS − ΔP). For the ensuing tivo decades this association dominated nutrition education programmes with the message that ‘saturates or animal fats raise blood cholesterol and polyunsaturates or vegetable oils lower blood cholesterol’.In the 1980s it became evident that the two main fractions of blood cholesterol yielded different risks for coronary heart disease. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol raised the risk and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol lowered the risk. Earlier work on the qualitative effect of dietary fat was now repeated to examine the direction of change of the LDL and HDL subfractions of plasma cholesterol. Broadly speaking these data showed that SFA raised LDL cholesterol and had little effect on HDL cholesterol. PUFA lowered LDL cholesterol but when the intake was high, also lowered HDL cholesterol. Whilst this summarizes events leading up to current thinking on dietary fats and blood cholesterol, it is likely in the near future to be linked to another area of research involving the antioxidant vitamins and pro-vitamins (vitamin E, vitamin C and β-carotene). A growing body of data in the literature indicates a protective effect of antioxidant vitamins in epidemiological trials.Notwithstanding these findings, it is likely that dietary advice will continue to seek a lowering of SFA intake. PUFA intake will be capped and MUFA intake will be a more acceptable alternative. However, with increasing emphasis on antioxidant vitamin status, such advice is likely to be coupled with advice on increased consumption of fruit and vegetables.

Differential effects of medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Panth ◽  
Kylie A Abbott ◽  
Cintia B Dias ◽  
Katie Wynne ◽  
Manohar L Garg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Lipids And Lipoproteins ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Background Medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCFAs) may affect circulating lipids and lipoproteins differently than long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCSFAs), but the results from human intervention trials have been equivocal. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether MCFAs and LCSFAs have differential impacts on blood lipids and lipoproteins. Design Five databases were searched (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Scopus) until April 2018, and published clinical trials investigating the differential effects of dietary MCFAs and LCSFAs on blood lipids were included. Searches were limited to the English language and to studies with adults aged >18 y. Where possible, studies were pooled for meta-analysis using RevMan 5.2. The principle summary measure was the mean difference between groups calculated using the random-effects model. Results Eleven eligible crossover and 1 parallel trial were identified with a total of 299 participants [weighted mean ± SD age: 38 ± 3 y; weighted mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2): 24 ± 2]. All studies were pooled for the meta-analysis. Diets enriched with MCFAs led to significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations than diets enriched with LCSFAs (0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.15 mmol/L) with no effect on triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol concentrations. Consumption of diets rich in MCFAs significantly increased apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentrations compared with diets rich in LCSFAs (0.08 g/L; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.14 g/L). There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity for HDL cholesterol, apoA-I, and triglyceride concentrations; however, significant heterogeneity was observed for the total cholesterol (I2 = 49%) and LDL cholesterol analysis (I2 = 58%). Conclusion The findings of this research demonstrate a differential effect of MCFAs and LCSFAs on HDL cholesterol concentrations. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the mechanism by which the lipid profile is altered. This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42017078277.

scholarly journals Meta-regression analysis of the effects of dietary cholesterol intake on LDL and HDL cholesterol

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J Vincent ◽  
Bruce Allen ◽  
Orsolya M Palacios ◽  
Lynne T Haber ◽  
Kevin C Maki
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Intake ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Meta Regression Analysis

ABSTRACTBackgroundElevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dietary guidance recommends reducing saturated fatty acid, trans fatty acid, and cholesterol intakes to reduce circulating LDL cholesterol. Cholesterol intake may also affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol concentrations, but its impact has not been fully quantified.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to investigate the dose-response relation between changes in dietary cholesterol intake and changes in lipoprotein-cholesterol markers for cardiovascular disease risk and to provide a reference for clinicians on how changes in dietary cholesterol intake affect circulating cholesterol concentrations, after accounting for intakes of fatty acids.MethodsWe used a Bayesian approach to meta-regression analysis, which uses Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, to assess the relation between the change in dietary cholesterol (adjusted for dietary fatty acids) and changes in LDL and HDL cholesterol based on the use of data from randomized dietary intervention trials.ResultsFifty-five studies (2652 subjects) were included in the analysis. The nonlinear Michaelis-Menten (MM) and Hill models best described the data across the full spectrum of dietary cholesterol changes studied (0–1500 mg/d). Mean predicted changes in LDL cholesterol for an increase of 100 mg dietary cholesterol/d were 1.90, 4.46, and 4.58 mg/dL for the linear, nonlinear MM, and Hill models, respectively.ConclusionsThe change in dietary cholesterol was positively associated with the change in LDL-cholesterol concentration. The linear and MM models indicate that the change in dietary cholesterol is modestly inversely related to the change in circulating HDL-cholesterol concentrations in men but is positively related in women. The clinical implications of HDL-cholesterol changes associated with dietary cholesterol remain uncertain.

scholarly journals NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (142) ◽  
pp. 356-360
Author(s):  
Urgra Narayan Pathak ◽  
D L Gurubacharya
Keyword(s):  
National Cholesterol Education Program ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
First Line ◽  
Factors Associated

Hyperlipidaemia is one of the major contributors to atherosclerosis and CoronaryHeart Disease (CHD) in our society. Numerous clinical and epidemiological studieshave shown repeatedly that an elevated blood cholesterol level is one of the majormodifiable risk factors associated with the development of CHD. In particular, thesestudies have demonstrated that low- density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is theprimary lipoprotein mediating atherosclerosis. Non-pharmacological therapy especiallydietary therapy and exercise remains the first line of treatment in hyperlipidaemia,with pharmacotherapy reserved for use in patients at high risk of coronary heartdisease or patients who do not respond to non-pharmacological therapyKey Words: Hyperlipidaemia, LDL Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, coronary HeartDisease (CHD), Atherosclerosis, National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)

Olive Oil and the Mediterranean Diet

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A.B. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Low Incidence

The high intake of olive oil in the Mediterranean diet contributes to the low intake of saturated fatty acids among populations in Southern Europe and is associated with a low incidence of coronary heart disease. Replacement of saturated fatty acids with oleic acid leads to a reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol without decreasing the concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Oleic acid, however, may not be neutral with regards to its effects on risk of thrombosis which may have adverse consequences in populations with established atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Increased blood cholesterol after a high saturated fat diet is prevented by aerobic exercise training

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Fernando Ortega ◽  
Valentín Emilio Fernández-Elías ◽  
Nassim Hamouti ◽  
Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Post Intervention

A high saturated fatty acids diet (HSFAD) deteriorates metabolic and cardiovascular health while aerobic training improves them. The aim of this study was to investigate in physically inactive and overweight people if 2 weeks of HSFAD leads to hyperlipemia or insulin resistance and if concurrent aerobic exercise training counteracts those effects. Fourteen overweight (body mass index, 27.5 ± 0.6 kg·m−2), healthy, young individuals (aged 24.8 ± 1.8 years) were randomly assigned to a diet (D) or a diet plus exercise (D + E) group. During 14 consecutive days both groups increased dietary saturated fatty acids from 31 ± 10 to 52 ± 14 g·day−1(p < 0.001) while maintaining total fat intake. Concurrent to the diet, the D + E group underwent 11 cycle-ergometer sessions of 55 min at 60% peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak). Before and after intervention, insulin sensitivity and body composition were estimated, and blood lipids, resting blood pressure, and V̇O2peakwere measured. Body weight and composition, plasma free fatty acids composition and concentration, and insulin sensitivity remained unchanged in both groups. However, post-intervention total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increased above pre-intervention values in the D group (147 ± 8 to 161 ± 9 mg·dL−1, p = 0.018 and 71 ± 10 to 82 ± 10 mg·dL−1, p = 0.034, respectively). In contrast, in the D + E group, TCand LDL-C remained unchanged (153 ± 20 to 157 ± 24 mg·dL−1and 71 ± 21 to 70 ± 25 mg·dL−1). Additionally, the D + E group lowered systolic blood pressure (6 ± 2 mm Hg, p = 0.029) and increased V̇O2peak(6 ± 2 mL·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.020). Increases in TCand LDL-C concentration induced by 14 days of HSFAD can be prevented by concurrent aerobic exercise training, which, in addition, improves cardiorespiratory fitness.

scholarly journals Fasting Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile Alterations following Twelve-Month Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan S. Sağlam ◽  
Osman Köse ◽  
Şükrü Kumsar ◽  
Salih Budak ◽  
Öztuğ Adsan
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Androgen Deprivation Therapy ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Androgen Deprivation ◽  
Blood Cholesterol

Purpose.In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate the effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on blood glucose and blood cholesterol levels over a 12-month period.Materials and Methods.Between January 2010 and June 2012, the data of 44 patients with prostate cancer who were receiving ADT were collected from a hospital database. Patients with additional malignancy or diabetes and those who had been prescribed and were currently taking cholesterol-lowering medication were excluded from the study. Data (including fasting blood glucose levels and a cholesterol profile) were collected and analysed statistically. A value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results.Twelve months after the initiation of ADT, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels changed. FBG, TC, LDL cholesterol, and TG increased significantly (, 0.000, 0.000, and 0.000, resp.), while HDL cholesterol decreased ().Conclusion.ADT may increase FBG, TC, LDL cholesterol, and TG but decrease HDL cholesterol by the end of a year of treatment. Therefore, close followup may be needed as a consequence of one-year ADT regarding metabolic alterations.

scholarly journals FADS1 genetic variant rs174547 as a molecular-genetic biomarker for CVD risk: A study from Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Elena Kuzova ◽  
Tzveta Georgieva ◽  
Vesselka Duleva
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Significant Difference

The input of molecular genetic biomarkers allows individual assessment of metabolic pathways and the behaviour of the major enzymes responsible for nutrient conversion. This in turn enriches the nutrigenetic information fund, and the panels of well-studied gene variants and their interaction with nutrients can be used to create precise personalized diets. Our objective was to determine the significance of the rs174547 genetic variant in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene in the metabolism of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ingested with food and to identify the potential of FADS1 rs174547 as a molecular genetic marker to be included in a panel of nutrigenetic studies in order to prepare a personalized diet plan. A total of 123 volunteers (43 men and 80 women) from Bulgaria, aged 28 to 65 years, were tested for rs174547 in the FADS1 gene. A DNA sample was taken from each volunteer by a non-invasive method (buccal swabs), and the genetic variant of each individual was determined by molecular genetic approaches. Their general health was assessed by taking anthropometric and body impedance measurements data and completing a lifestyle survey. The lipid profile included testing for triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and blood sugar. Information on the total food intake was collected through questionnaire methods. The results of the statistical tests show that there is a statistically significant difference between the two genotypes only in HDL cholesterol levels (P = 0.044, at P < 0.05) - carriers of the C/T genotype have lower mean concentration values of HDL-cholesterol (1.27 mmol/l) than for T/T variant carriers (1.48 mmol/l). Among men, there were statistically significant differences in mean levels of total cholesterol (P = 0.012) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.008) between the two genotypes. Among women, there was a statistically significant difference between the two genotypes only in terms of mean triglyceride levels (P = 0.007). The differences in the other studied indicators do not satisfy the criterion for significance (P < 0.05). The results suggest an effect of the intake of SFA (saturated fatty acids) and MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) on the relationship between rs174547 polymorphism and plasma lipids (total and LDL-cholesterol) only in men. Studies of the Bulgarian population prove extremely low intake of omega-3 fatty acids due to low consumption of fish. These findings and the lack of data for Bulgaria on genetic variants of FADS1 are a prerequisite for conducting in-depth studies of both risk groups, such as patients with cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia or nutritional deficiency of LC-PUFAs, and in healthy people.

scholarly journals Cholesterol lowering in pigs through enhanced bacterial bile salt hydrolase activity

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. De Smet ◽  
P. De Boever ◽  
W. Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

The effect of feeding liveLactobacillus reutericells containing active bile salt hydrolase (BSH) on plasma cholesterol levels was studied in pigs. During an experiment lasting 13 weeks, twenty pigs were fed on a high-fat, high-cholesterol, low-fibre diet for the first 10 weeks, and a regular pig diet for the last 3 weeks. One group of animals received, twice daily, 11·25 (SD 0·16) log10colony forming units of the potential probiotic bacteria for 4 weeks (from week 3 until week 7). From week 8 onwards, the treated group was again fed on the same diet as the control group without additions. The total faecalLactobacilluscounts were only significantly higher in the treated pigs during the first 2 weeks ofL. reuterifeeding. Based on limited data, it was suggested that the administeredLactobacillusspecies had caused a temporary shift within the indigenousLactobacilluspopulation rather than permanently colonizing the intestinal tract. The probiotic feeding brought about significant lowering (P≤ 0·05) of total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the treated pigs compared with the control pigs, while no change in HDL-cholesterol concentration was observed. The data for faecal output of neutral sterols and bile salts were highly variable between the animals of each group, yet they indicated an increased output in the treated pigs. Although the blood cholesterol levels went up in both groups during the 3 weeks following theLactobacillusadministration period, significantly lower serum total and LDL-cholesterol levels were observed in the treated pigs. During the final 3 weeks of normalization to the regular diet, cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased in both animal groups and the differences in total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations between the groups largely disappeared.

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