Voluntary food intake in the young pig

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Fowler ◽  
B. P. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Sudden Loss ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractDuring the 1st week of life the energy contained in the body of the average piglet increases by a factor between four and five. To achieve this increase the piglet must ingest metabolizable energy (ME) at a rate which is about four times its maintenance requirement. Well over half the ME supplied in the milk of the sow is in the form of emulsified fat. Whilst the piglet is being suckled, its intake is controlled by litter size, availability of teats and productiveness of the mammary gland. At 3 weeks of age the normal piglet requires about 7.8 MJ digestible energy to sustain a live growth rate of 280 g/day. At this stage the growth comprises about 40 g protein and about 68 g fat. This means that the required intake for a newly weaned piglet on a typical starter diet should be about 475 g/day. In practice such intakes are rarely achieved for several days, therefore weaning causes severe disruption of intake and of the growth curve and there are other factors involved including social disturbance and stress. Further problems are caused by the provision of diets which are unsuited to the physiology of the piglet's immature digestive tract. The sudden loss of the IgA component and indeed other protective factors contained in the dam's milk can be extremely serious, and the reduction in food intake is effectively a defence strategy by the piglet to cope with its new circumstances and try to maintain physiological homoeostasis. In some circumstances the use of antibacterial agents, organic acids or probiotics may be beneficial, but the approach is less reliable than careful formulation of the diet to avoid provocative ingredients such as soya-bean and rapeseed meal.

Voluntary food intake in a limited time of lambs and calves given diets containing rapeseed meal from different types and varieties of rape, and rapeseed meal treated to reduce the glucosinolate concentration

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Stedman ◽  
R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Glucosinolate Concentration ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Limited Period ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTThe voluntary food intake in a limited period, 30 or 60 min after morning and afternoon feeds, and during 24 h, by lambs and calves given diets containing rapeseed meal (RSM) or soya bean meal (SBM) as the only protein supplement was determined. Four rapeseed meals were compared, one from seed of British-grown winter Brassica napus varieties (BRSM), and the others from seeds of the varieties Tower (TRSM) and Loras (LRSM), or from seeds of Canadian spring sown varieties (Canola; CRSM). The effects on food intake of treating BRSM with heat and ammonia, steam, steam and ammonia, or calcium hydroxide and ammonia were also determined.In lambs, intakes in a limited period of BRSM and CRSM were significantly lower than that of SBM, and there were no differences between intakes of BRSM and CRSM. In calves, intake in a limited period of BRSM was significantly lower than intake of SBM, TRSM and LRSM: those of TRSM and LRSM were lower, but not significantly so, than that of SBM. Treatment of BRSM with steam, steam and ammonia or calcium hydroxide and ammonia, increased food intake significantly but by small amounts: intakes of the treated meal diets were markedly lower than that of the control SBM diet. The glucosinolate concentration of untreated RSM influenced intake in calves but not in lambs. The effects of treatment of RSM on intake were not closely related to changes in glucosinolate concentration.

Digestibility and voluntary intake of roughages by wild boar and Meishan pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. van Wieren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractThe digestibility and voluntary intake of fibrous roughages and acorns was studied in six wild boar and five Meishan pigs. The neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) concentration of the diets ranged from 139 to 767 g/kg of the organic matter. Organic matter digestibility of acorns, mixed grass and wheat straw was higher in wild boar (P < 0·05) while voluntary food intake of the Meishan pigs was higher for mixed grass, hay and wheat straw (P < 0·05). Organic matter digestibility (P < 0·01) and NDF digestibility (P < 0·05) were both negatively related to NDF concentration of the diet. No relationship existed between voluntary food intake and NDF concentration of the diet. The apparent nitrogen (N) digestibility was positively related (P < 0·01) to dietary N while no relationship was found with dietary NDF. The negative effect of NDF on digestibility could only be partly explained by the lignin concentration of NDF. Much more important was the lower efficiency of the carbohydrate fermentation in the caecum and colon when compared with the direct absorption of glucose from the small intestine. It was estimated that digestible NDF at a maximum contributed proportionately 0·26 to the metabolizable energy intake of the animals. It was concluded that wild boar and domestic pigs should be able to maintain themselves on an all fresh grass diet when NDF concentration of the diet does not exceed about 550 g/kg and N concentration is not too low.

scholarly journals Growth hormone affects both adiposity and voluntary food intake in old and obese female rats

2002 ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Malmlof ◽  
N Din ◽  
T Johansen ◽  
SB Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the promotion of breakdown of body fat and the increased energy expenditure associated with growth hormone (GH) affect the voluntary food intake of an obese organism. DESIGN: Wistar rats (15 months old) were first fed either a high-fat (HF) or a low-fat (LF) diet for 10 weeks. In the subsequent treatment period, two saline groups continued with either the HF or the LF diet, and rats of three other groups had their diet shifted from HF to LF and were treated with saline, human GH (hGH) or rat GH (rGH). hGH and rGH were given in a dose of 4 mg/kg per day. After 21 days of treatment and registration of food intake, rats were killed, blood was collected and tissues were excised. RESULTS: The HF diet produced a significant (P<0.05) increase in weight of fat pads compared with the LF diet: 69+/-5 g compared with 48+/-2 g. The switch from HF to LF diet combined with injections of saline alone decreased the intake of metabolizable energy, but fat pad weight did not decrease significantly (69+/-5 g compared with 63+/-6 g). The latter value was significantly (P<0.05) decreased (to 37+/-3 g) in groups treated with either hGH or rGH. Both GH treatments increased serum IGF-I and muscle weight, whereas the activity of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase decreased significantly (P<0.01). During the first 9 days of treatment, food intake was significantly (P<0.01) depressed, from 27+/-1 g/kg per day in control rats to 14+/-2 and 16+/-4 g/kg per day in the hGH and rGH groups respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that breakdown of adipose tissue and a transient decrease in voluntary food intake are parallel consequences of GH treatment in old and obese rats, and that the actions of hGH and rGH are very similar.

scholarly journals Voluntary food intake of growing pigs given diets containing rapeseed meal, from different types and varieties of rape, as the only protein supplement

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline A. Lee ◽  
R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

1. The voluntary food intake, during 30 min periods after morning and afternoon feeds and during 24 h, by growing pigs given diets containing rapeseed meal (Rsm) or soya-bean meal (Sbm) as the only protein supplement was determined. One diet was offered at a time and a daily changeover sequence of feeding was followed.2. Four rapeseed meals were compared, one from seeds of British-grown winter Brassica napus varieties (Brsm) and the others from seeds of the var7ieties Tower (Trsm), Erglu (Ersm) and Span (Srsm). The effects on feed intake of adding flavouring substances to the Brsm diet were also determined. The flavouring substances were molassine meal, sucrose and four commercially-available substances: P, pig nectar; H, hog nectar; S, sow nectar and A, apple.3. Intake of the Brsm diet was significantly less than those of the Sbm, Trsm and Ersm diets.4. Addition to the Brsm diet of molassine meal or sucrose at 50 or 100 g/kg did not improve voluntary feed intake. None of the commercial flavouring substances raised the intake of the Brsm diet to the level of the Sbm diet but they improved intake of the Brsmdiet to varying extents. Flavourings H, S and A gave similar improvements which were substantial.5. The Sbm, Brsm and Trsm diets were each fed ad. lib. to groups of growing pigs continuously for 4 weeks. Weekly feed intakes and weight gains were determined. Feed intakes and weight gains followed closely the intake values obtained in the changeover experiments. The highest values were for the Sbm diet; those for the Trsm diet were slightly lower and those for the Brsm diet were substantially and significantly lower.6. The glucosinolate, sinapine and tannin contents of the rapeseed meals were determined and the results suggested that voluntary feed intake of diets containing these meals was related to their glucosinolate content, but not to their sinapine or tannin contents.

Interrelationships between physical and metabolic control of voluntary food intake in fattening, pregnant and lactating mature sheep: a model

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Endocrine Factors ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

SUMMARYA model has been developed in which the voluntary food intake of sheep is related directly to metabolizable energy requirements unless physical or endocrine limitations intervene.Although no ‘set point’ for body weight or body fat is incorporated in the model, mature sheep offered food ad libitum are predicted to reach eventually a plateau of body weight due to progressive depression of gut capacity by the increasing volume of abdominal fat. The final body weight is proportional to the digestibility of the diet. During pregnancy and lactation metabolic, physical and endocrine factors interact in such a way as to give predicted patterns of feed intake similar to those observed in practice with several qualities of diet.

The effect of genotype and sex on the patterns of protein accretion in pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
F. Sun ◽  
T. Kuczek ◽  
A. P. Schinckel ◽  
T. S. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Exponential Function ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Confidence Bands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Food Consumed

AbstractProtein accretion curves were derived using food intake, growth and body composition data from a total of 320 pigs, which comprised castrated males and gilts from five genotypes. The 32 pigs from each genotype/sex subclass were offered ad libitum a series of isoenergetic diets (13·8 MJ metabolizable energy per kg) designed to provide a non-limiting intake of nutrients and to allow maximum protein deposition rates. Four pigs from each subclass weren slaughtered at each of the live weights (kg) 25, 44, 65, 85, 100, 115, 130 and 150. Daily food intake (dF/dt) was described as an increasing exponential function of age (t), live weight (W) as an increasing exponential function of cumulative food consumed (F), and protein weight (Pr) as an allometric function of live weight (W). The rate of protein accretion in the body of pigs [d(Pr)/dt] was calculated as d(Pr)/dt = (dF/dt).(dW/dF).(dPr)/dW). Bootstrap procedures were used to estimate standard errors for the food intake, growth and compositional parameters and to obtain the confidence bands for the dependent variables (dF/dt, W, Pr and d(Pt)/dt).Protein accretion rate as a function of live weight was curvilinear, increasing to a maximum, then decreasing with increasing live weight. There were significant differences between subclasses in the maximum rate of protein accretion, although there was no relationship between this rate and the live weight, stage of maturity, or age at which maximum protein accretion occurred. Describing protein accretion as a multiplicative function of food intake, food efficiency and the partitioning of nutrients in the body allowed changes in the magnitude and shape of the protein accretion curve to be ascribed to one, or a combination, of the above mechanisms.

Voluntary food intake of cattle differing in breed size in a time-controlled feeding system

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTSix breeds differing widely in body size and milk yield were compared for growth and food intake between 24 and 120 weeks of age in a time-controlled feeding system based on Calan-Broadbent electronic feeding gates activated by time clocks to give six meals a day of length 4, 5 or 6 min. The breeds were South Devon, Charolais × British Friesian, British Friesian, Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Jersey. Each breed was represented by 12 animals, with four allocated to each meal length.At every age, voluntary food intake was strongly determined by meal length. For each meal length, and after adjustment for breed size, most breeds closely followed the same intake curve. Thus, when intake was restricted (either slightly or severely) by uniformly limiting the time available for eating, the reduced voluntary daily intake of a breed, like its ad libitum intake, was largely genetically determined by breed size. A time-controlled feeding system thus allowed acceptable breed comparisons under conditions of restricted nutrition.The mean growth rates resulting from a wide variety of different time-controlled voluntary intakes were all adequately explained by a linear equation based on a constant maintenance efficiency and a partial efficiency of growth that declined linearly with degree of maturity in body weight.Eating rate was surprisingly similar for the three different meal lengths. When averaged over breeds, it increased from 1 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per min between 6 and 12 months of age up to about 2 MJ ME per min at 2 years of age. Over this range, eating rate could be expressed as an allometric function of degree of maturity in body weight. In consequence, time-controlled daily intakes could be predicted from eating rate within ad libitum limits, as could the total eating time needed to achieve a given growth rate.

scholarly journals Increased Energy Expenditure Contributes More to the Body Weight-Reducing Effect of Rimonabant than Reduced Food Intake in Candy-Fed Wistar Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 2557-2566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas W. Herling ◽  
Susanne Kilp ◽  
Ralf Elvert ◽  
Guido Haschke ◽  
Werner Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fat Stores

The CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, affects the endocannabinoid system and causes a sustained reduction in body weight (BW) despite the transient nature of the reduction in food intake. Therefore, in a multiple-dose study, female candy-fed Wistar rats were treated with rimonabant (10 mg/kg) and matched with pair-fed rats to distinguish between hypophagic action and hypothesized effects on energy expenditure. Within the first week of treatment, rimonabant reduced BW nearly to levels of standard rat chow-fed rats. Evaluation of energy balance (energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry in relation to metabolizable energy intake calculated by bomb calorimetry) revealed that increased energy expenditure based on increased fat oxidation contributed more to sustained BW reduction than reduced food intake. A mere food reduction through pair feeding did not result in comparable effects because animals reduced their energy expenditure to save energy stores. Because fat oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry increased immediately after dosing in the postprandial state, the acute effect of rimonabant on lipolysis was investigated in postprandial male rats. Rimonabant elevated free fatty acids postprandially, demonstrating an inherent pharmacological activity of rimonabant to induce lipolysis and not secondarily postabsorptively due to reduced food intake. We conclude that the weight-reducing effect of rimonabant was due to continuously elevated energy expenditure based on increased fat oxidation driven by lipolysis from fat tissue as long as fat stores were elevated. When the amount of endogenous fat stores declined, rimonabant-induced increased energy expenditure was maintained by a re-increase in food intake.

The influence of the thermal environment on the voluntary food intake of pigs

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractThe thermal components of the environment, through their effects on the animals' heat exchange, influence growth, metabolism and voluntary food intake. The environmental components considered include air temperature, either constant or fluctuating, air movement, relative humidity, group size, stocking density and atmospheric concentrations of various gases and dusts. For the growing pig, it has been calculated that each 1°C change in temperature is associated with a 0.65 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per day change in energy intake; for the other environmental components the variation was between 0.36 and 0.65 MJ ME per day. From the relation between environmental temperatures, food intake and growth, it was shown that for young pigs the optimum temperature range was between 20 and 25°C; for older animals it was between 10 and 20°C. Knowledge of the extent to which food intake changes with the environmental circumstances, both cold and hot, allows feeding and managemental strategies to be developed to ensure optimum growth and efficiency of food utilization.

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