scholarly journals What do climate change winners owe, and to whom?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Kian Mintz-Woo ◽  
Justin Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Negative Externality ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Theoretical Virtues ◽  
Climate Ethics ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Beneficiary Pays ◽  
Peter Principle

Abstract Climate ethics have been concerned with polluter pays, beneficiary pays and ability to pay principles, all of which consider climate change as a single negative externality. This paper considers it as a constellation of externalities, positive and negative, with different associated demands of justice. This is important because explicitly considering positive externalities has not to our knowledge been done in the climate ethics literature. Specifically, it is argued that those who enjoy passive gains from climate change owe gains not to the net losers, but to the emitters, just as the emitters owe compensation to the net losers for the negative externality. This is defended by appeal to theoretical virtues and to the social benefits of generating positive externalities, even when those positive externalities are coupled with far greater negative externalities. We call this the Polluter Pays, Then Receives (‘PPTR', or ‘Peter') Principle.

scholarly journals Guns, Latrines, and Land Reform: Dynamic Pigouvian Taxation

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kremer ◽  
Jack Willis
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Dynamic Game ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Growing Economy

Dynamically and statically optimal Pigouvian subsidies and taxes on durables will differ in a growing economy. In a dynamic game, consumers may delay purchasing durables with positive externalities, such as latrines, anticipating greater future subsidies. Governments can most cheaply induce optimal purchasing by commiting to make subsidies temporary. Foreign donors may make commitment impossible, generating delays in private investment that more than fully offset the social benefits of transfers. Anticipated future taxes or regulation of durables with negative externalities, such as guns, may encourage current purchase, potentially causing policymakers who would otherwise prefer taxes or regulation to abandon such policies.

Have You Benefitted from Carbon Emissions? You May Be a “Morally Objectionable Free Rider”

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-296
Author(s):  
J. Spencer Atkins ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Climate Ethics ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle ◽  
Beneficiary Pays ◽  
Compensatory Justice

Much of the climate ethics discussion centers on considerations of compensatory justice and historical accountability. However, little attention is given to supporting and defending the Beneficiary Pays Principle as a guide for policymaking. This principle states that those who have benefitted from an instance of harm have an obligation to compensate those who have been harmed. Thus, this principle implies that those benefitted by industrialization and carbon emission owe compensation to those who have been harmed by climate change. Beneficiary Pays is commonly juxtaposed with Polluter Pays Principle and the Ability to Pay Principle in the relevant literature. Beneficiary Pays withstands objections that raise suspicion for the latter two.

scholarly journals Korzyści zewnętrzne prowadzenia zrównoważonych winnic w Polsce w warunkach zmian klimatu

2019 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
Mariusz Maciejczak
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Network Effect ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Potential Development

The research aimed to determine the types of external benefits associated with running the vineyard in accordance to with the principles of sustainable production, and then, based on conclusions from the assessment of the development of vineyards growing in Poland under climate change conditions, to examine consumer opinions on their willingness to pay for wine originating from crops that generate positive externalities. It was found that the cultivation of grapes in a sustainable manner is characterized by the existence of external benefits. These benefits result from the local character of public goods, which include primarily the ecosystem described as terroir and related elements such as biodiversity and landscape. They interact in a synergistic way to other external social benefits, such as tourist attractiveness or cultural heritage. It has been shown that viticulture for wine and wine production in Poland is growing rapidly, and climate change will affect further potential development opportunities for this sector. The surveyed consumers pointed out that the wine attributes such as the organic way of production or practices responding to climate change are important for them. For the most part, they are willing to pay for it more than for features related to other external benefits, i.e. biodiversity or landscape. It is argued, that orientation of Polish vineyards to produce in a way that generates external benefits, ie. organically, will allow to take advantage of the network effect which may translate into the desire of consumers to pay a higher price for wine.

scholarly journals POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES OF MANAGEMENT ILLUSTRATED BY THE CASE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Gołębiewska ◽  
Tomasz Pajewski
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Green Business ◽  
The Subject

This study investigates the problems of convergence between objectives of agricultural producers and consumers. It states that nowadays, increasingly often, the farmers’ products have no market price (are not marketed) but are either demanded by the society (positive externalities) or the society is interested in discontinuing their production (negativeexternalities). This study also outlines the key problems that arise from costs and benefits associated with agricultural externalities. The social costs that may be generated by modernagriculture, and the solutions used to restrict the same, were covered by this analysis. The literature on the subject and the Polish FADN databases were used. It was found thatfarms of environmentally friendly producers failed to collect enough payments to compensate for running a green business.

scholarly journals Quantifying the social benefits and costs of reducing phosphorus pollution under climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 293 ◽  
pp. 112838
Author(s):  
Jesse D. Gourevitch ◽  
Chris Koliba ◽  
Donna M. Rizzo ◽  
Asim Zia ◽  
Taylor H. Ricketts
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Phosphorus Pollution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Climate Ethics

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Gardiner ◽  
Simon Caney ◽  
Dale Jamieson ◽  
Henry Shue
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
General Reference ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Climate Ethics ◽  
Climate Economics ◽  
Intergenerational Ethics

This collection gathers a set of seminal papers from the emerging area of ethics and climate change. Topics covered include human rights, international justice, intergenerational ethics, individual responsibility, climate economics, and the ethics of geoengineering. Climate Ethics is intended to serve as a source book for general reference, and for university courses that include a focus on the human dimensions of climate change. It should be of broad interest to all those concerned with global justice, environmental science and policy, and the future of humanity.

Double-edged development, 1767–

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Toye
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Commercial Society ◽  
Albert Hirschman ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Friedrich Engels ◽  
Authentic Community

Many writers on development are extremists, either venerating it as the source of economic cornucopia and human fulfilment or denouncing it as bringing loss of authentic community and culture, greater exploitation, and the curtailment of liberty. A minority, however, have taken a more nuanced and ambivalent position—that, like the curate’s egg, development is good in parts. For example, Adam Ferguson acknowledged the benefits of commercial society but warned against the infinite expansion of human wants, increasing inequality, and the loss of community cohesion. Similar emphasis on the mixed results of development arises in the work of J. S. Mill, Friedrich Engels, and Joseph Schumpeter (‘creative destruction’). In more recent times Albert Hirschman pointed out the negative externalities such as environmental pollution caused by economic production growth—but man-made global climate change is a newer version. All change creates both winners and losers and this fuels the extreme evaluation of it.

scholarly journals An Attack on the Separation of Powers? Strategic Climate Litigation in the Eyes of U.S. Judges

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8335
Author(s):  
Jasmina Nedevska
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Climate Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
Research Plan

Climate change litigation has emerged as a powerful tool as societies steer towards sustainable development. Although the litigation mainly takes place in domestic courts, the implications can be seen as global as specific climate rulings influence courts across national borders. However, while the phenomenon of judicialization is well-known in the social sciences, relatively few have studied issues of legitimacy that arise as climate politics move into courts. A comparatively large part of climate cases have appeared in the United States. This article presents a research plan for a study of judges’ opinions and dissents in the United States, regarding the justiciability of strategic climate cases. The purpose is to empirically study how judges navigate a perceived normative conflict—between the litigation and an overarching ideal of separation of powers—in a system marked by checks and balances.

scholarly journals Implementation of a performance-based financing scheme in Malawi and resulting externalities on the quality of care of non-incentivized services

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Brenner ◽  
Caterina Favaretti ◽  
Julia Lohmann ◽  
Jobiba Chinkhumba ◽  
Adamson S. Muula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Performance Based Financing ◽  
A Performance

Abstract Background Countries in Africa progressively implement performance-based financing schemes to improve the quality of care provided by maternal, newborn and child health services. Beyond its direct effects on service provision, evidence suggests that performance-based financing can also generate positive externalities on service utilization, such as increased use of those services that reached higher quality standards after effective scheme implementation. Little, however, is known about externalities generated within non-incentivized health services, such as positive or negative effects on the quality of services within the continuum of maternal care. Methods We explored whether a performance-based financing scheme in Malawi designed to improve the quality of childbirth service provision resulted positive or negative externalities on the quality of non-targeted antenatal care provision. This non-randomized controlled pre-post-test study followed the phased enrolment of facilities into a performance-based financing scheme across four districts over a two-year period. Effects of the scheme were assessed by various composite scores measuring facilities’ readiness to provide quality antenatal care, as well as the quality of screening, prevention, and education processes offered during observed antenatal care consultations. Results Our study did not identify any statistically significant effects on the quality of ANC provision attributable to the implemented performance-based financing scheme. Our findings therefore suggest not only the absence of positive externalities, but also the absence of any negative externalities generated within antenatal care service provision as a result of the scheme implementation in Malawi. Conclusions Prior research has shown that the Malawian performance-based financing scheme was sufficiently effective to improve the quality of incentivized childbirth service provision. Our findings further indicate that scheme implementation did not affect the quality of non-incentivized but clinically related antenatal care services. While no positive externalities could be identified, we also did not observe any negative externalities attributable to the scheme’s implementation. While performance-based incentives might be successful in improving targeted health care processes, they have limited potential in producing externalities – neither positive nor negative – on the provision quality of related non-incentivized services.

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