The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (05) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bumrungsri ◽  
Andrew Harbit ◽  
Charles Benzie ◽  
Kristine Carmouche ◽  
Kitichate Sridith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Pollination Experiments ◽  
Bat Pollination ◽  
Canopy Trees ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
First Time ◽  
Effective Pollinator

Abstract:Although the floral traits ofParkiaconform to the bat-pollination syndrome, many visitors other than bats have been observed at their flowers. Some chiropterophilous plants are also pollinated by other animals; the syndrome is therefore best regarded as a hypothesis for which field observations and pollination experiments are required. The present study aimed, for the first time, to determine the breeding system of the economically important canopy trees,Parkia speciosaandP. timoriana, and to identify their pollinators. Pollination experiments carried out in Trang and Songkhla Provinces, in 28 trees ofP. speciosaand fourP. timorianaindicated that they are self incompatible. Open pollination resulted in the highest fruit set (average 60–67% of inflorescences per tree) although this was not significantly different from hand-crossed pollination (48–60%). Insect pollination resulted in fruit set in only 12% ofP. speciosainflorescences. Fruit bats, mainlyEonycteris spelaea, visit flowering plants continuously from dusk till after midnight. Nocturnal and diurnal insects (moths and stingless bees respectively) visit capitula, mostly at the nectar zone. Nectarivorous bats are the most effective pollinator forP. speciosaandP. timoriana. The fact that populations ofE. spelaeaappear to be declining throughout their distribution is therefore a matter of increasing concern.

The pollination ecology of durian (Durio zibethinus, Bombacaceae) in southern Thailand

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bumrungsri ◽  
Ekapong Sripaoraya ◽  
Thanongsak Chongsiri ◽  
Kitichate Sridith ◽  
Paul A. Racey
Keyword(s):  
Floral Biology ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Pollination Experiments ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Frequent Visitor

Abstract:The floral biology and pollination ecology of durian, Durio zibethinus, were determined in eight semi-wild trees in mixed-fruit orchards in southern Thailand during April-May 2003 and 2005. Flowers open fully at 16h00–16h30 and most androecia drop around 01h00. Anthers dehisce at 19h30–20h00 when the stigmata are already receptive. In a series of pollination experiments, fruit was set in all treatments within 10 d. The greatest pollination success occurred after hand-crossed (76.6%), open (54.4%) and emasculation pollination (53.3%). Consistently, hand-crossed (12.2%), emasculation (8.7%) and open pollination (5.1%) yielded a substantial fruit set 2 mo after the pollination experiments. Very low pollination success in facilitated autogamy suggests that most durian trees are highly self incompatible. No mature fruit was found after insect pollination and automatic autogamy. Fruit bats, especially Eonycteris spelaea, are the major pollinators of this durian although the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) was the most frequent visitor to the flowers. Bats visited durian flowers at the rate of 26.1 (SD = 20.7) visits per inflorescence per night. Since this semi-wild durian depends on fruit bats as its pollinator, protecting fruit bat populations and their roosts is vital for the production of the durian fruit crop.

Bees are supplementary pollinators of self-compatible chiropterophilous durian

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanuengnit Wayo ◽  
Chama Phankaew ◽  
Alyssa B. Stewart ◽  
Sara Bumrungsri
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Apis Dorsata ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Insect Pollinator ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Floral Visitors

Abstract:Nocturnally foraging insects may be supplementary pollinators to chiropterophilous plant species when bats are scarce. Given that insects are much smaller than bats, they may be more effective at transferring pollen for plant species with similar stamen and pistil lengths, such as the ‘Monthong’ durian cultivar. The present study clarifies the role of insects in pollinating the ‘Monthong’ cultivar by examining the floral biology, conducting pollination treatments on 19 trees and observing floral visitors in southern Thailand. Stigmas were receptive by 17h00, and over 50% of ‘Monthong’ anthers had dehisced by 17h30. Several bee species began foraging on flowers during the late afternoon, and the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) continued to visit throughout the night. Our results show that at 4 wk after pollination, the highest fruit set occurred from hand-crossed pollination (13.5%), followed by open pollination (5.5%), insect pollination (3.3%) and automatic autogamy (2.0%), indicating that this cultivar is highly self-incompatible. Moreover, insects appear to be important pollinators of ‘Monthong’ durian in areas where nectar bats visit infrequently. One bee species in particular,Apis dorsata, commonly foraged on flowers at dusk and appears to be the most effective insect pollinator of durian. Our findings highlight that nocturnally foraging bees are capable of securing pollination for night-blooming plant taxa, even those typically considered to be bat-pollinated.

scholarly journals Phylogeny and Systematics of Crescentieae (Bignoniaceae), a Neotropical Clade of Cauliflorous and Bat-Pollinated Trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-228
Author(s):  
Audrey C. Ragsac ◽  
Susan O. Grose ◽  
Richard G. Olmstead
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Sister Relationship ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Bat Pollination ◽  
Center Of Diversity ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
Understory Trees

Abstract—The tribe Crescentieae includes Amphitecna (21 species), Crescentia (six species), and Parmentiera (10 species), three genera of understory trees with a center of diversity in Central America and a small number of species in the Antilles and northern South America. Species in Crescentieae are united by their fleshy, indehiscent fruit and cauliflorous, bat-pollinated flowers. To lay a foundation for examining morphological, ecological, and biogeographic patterns within the tribe, we inferred the phylogeny for Crescentieae using both chloroplast (ndhF, trnL-F) and nuclear markers (PepC, ITS). The most recent circumscription of Crescentieae, containing Amphitecna, Crescentia, and Parmentiera is supported by our phylogenetic results. Likewise, the sister relationship between Crescentieae and the Antillean-endemic Spirotecoma is also corroborated by our findings. This relationship implies the evolution of fleshy and indehiscent fruits from dry and dehiscent ones, as well as the evolution of bat pollination from insect pollination. Fruits and seeds from species in Crescentieae are consumed by humans, ungulates, birds, and fish.

scholarly journals Uncovering Olive Biodiversity through Analysis of Floral and Fruiting Biology and Assessment of Genetic Diversity of 120 Italian Cultivars with Minor or Marginal Diffusion

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lombardo ◽  
Fila ◽  
Lombardo ◽  
Epifani ◽  
III ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time ◽  
Homogeneous Data ◽  
Modest Effect

The primary impetus behind this research was to provide a boost to the characterization of the Italian olive biodiversity by acquiring reliable and homogeneous data over the course of an eight-year trial on the floral and fruiting biology of 120 molecularly analyzed cultivars, most of which have either low or very low diffusion. The obtained data highlighted a considerable variability to almost all of the analyzed parameters, which given the uniformity of environment and crop management was indicative of a large genetic variability in the accessions under observation, as confirmed through the molecular analysis. Several cases of synonymy were reported for the first time, even among plants cultivated in different regions, whilst all of the varieties examined, with only one exception, showed very low percentages of self-fruit-set, indicating a need for the employment of suitable pollinator plants. Eventually, a fitted model allowed us to evaluate the clear effects of the thermal values on blossoming, particularly in the months of March and April, whereas the climatic conditions during the flowering time had only a modest effect on its duration.

scholarly journals Characterization of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteria from Fruit Bats in an Unprotected Area of Makokou, Gabon

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Philippe Mbehang Nguema ◽  
Richard Onanga ◽  
Guy Roger Ndong Atome ◽  
Jean Constant Obague Mbeang ◽  
Arsène Mabika Mabika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
First Time

In Gabon, terrestrial mammals of protected areas have been identified as a possible source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Some studies on antibiotic resistance in bats have already been carried out. The main goal of our study was to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) that are produced by enterobacteria from bats in the Makokou region in Gabon. Sixty-eight fecal samples were obtained from 68 bats caught in the forests located 1 km from the little town of Makokou. After culture and isolation, 66 Gram-negative bacterial colonies were obtained. The double-disk diffusion test confirmed the presence of ESBLs in six (20.69%) Escherichia coli isolates, four (13.79%) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, and one (3.45%) Enterobacter cloacae isolate. The analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of the ESBL resistance genes showed that all cefotaximase-Munichs (CTX-Ms) were CTX-M-15 and that all sulfhydryl variables (SHVs) were SHV-11: 41.67% CTX-M-15-producing E. coli, 16.67% CTX-M-15+SHV-11-producing E. coli, 8.33% CTX-M-15-producing K. pneumoniae, 25% CTX-M-15+SHV-11-producing K. pneumoniae, and 8.33% CTX-M-15-produced E. cloacae. This study shows for the first time the presence of multiresistant ESBL-producing enterobacteria in fruit bats in Makokou.

scholarly journals Wind and insect pollination (ambophily) of Mallotus spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in tropical and temperate forests

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Yamasaki ◽  
Shoko Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Pioneer Tree ◽  
Pioneer Plants ◽  
Study Sites

Relatively few flowering plants show ambophily (pollination by both wind and insects), and whether and when ambophily is advantageous has not been studied well. In the present study, we report ambophily in two dioecious pioneer tree species, Mallotus japonicus Müll.Arg. in a temperate forest of Japan, and Mallotus wrayi King ex Hook.f. in a tropical forest of Borneo, and discuss the conditions that contribute to the maintenance of ambophily. Both species are pollinated by wind because they set fruits even when flower visitors were excluded and because substantial amounts of airborne pollen reached female trees. Insects may also contribute to fruit set, because insects with body pollen visited female inflorescences. Because M. japonicus and M. wrayi exhibit floral characteristics that are adapted to both wind and insect pollination, ambophily may be actively maintained in the two species at the study sites and perhaps elsewhere. Whereas previous studies have indicated that ambophily is advantageous for pioneer plants because of changing wind conditions during forest succession, our preliminary data suggest that changes in population density also contribute to the maintenance of ambophily in M. japonicus.

Pollination and breeding system of a neotropical palm Astrocaryum vulgare in Guyana: a test of the predictability of syndromes

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
TRISHA K. CONSIGLIO ◽  
GODFREY R. BOURNE
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Wind Pollination ◽  
System Study ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Insect Visitors ◽  
Oviposition Sites

A pollination and breeding system study was conducted on a neotropical palm, Astrocaryum vulgare, in Guyana, South America, to better understand its reproductive character evolution, and test the predictability of pollination syndromes. The pollination syndrome approach was used because it integrates characteristics of flowers and their pollinators into an evolutionary framework that allowed experimental testing of predictions. The flowers of A. vulgare displayed traits that were typical of both beetle and wind pollination syndromes. The protogynous inflorescences produced heat and odour during nocturnal anthesis, had numerous stamens with copious, light pollen, and were visited by hordes of beetles that used the inflorescences as feeding, mating and oviposition sites. In contrast, some of these features, such as numerous stamens with copious, light pollen, a high pollen to ovule ratio, and no obvious production of visitor rewards, were also typical of the wind pollination syndrome. However, floral rewards appeared to be tissues of the fleshy staminate petals and pollen that were readily devoured by the beetles. In addition to the Coleoptera, insect visitors to A. vulgare inflorescences included several species of Hymenoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera. However, only Nitidulidae and Curculionidae beetles were effective insect pollinators. Pollination treatments showed that wind pollination was possible, but fruit set was significantly higher for female flowers visited by beetles. Although a pollen/ovule ratio of 50 000:1 and outcrossing index confirmed an outcrossing breeding system, pollination experiments suggested that A. vulgare had the potential for self pollination. Therefore, the breeding system might be best classified as facultatively xenogamous (cross fertilizing). The predictive value of potential pollinator agents for A. vulgare was inadequate because its floral traits were indicative of both cantharophilous and anemophilous pollination syndromes.

Flower drop and fruit set in field beans, Vicia faba L.

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Kambal
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Cross Fertilization ◽  
Field Beans

SUMMARYThe percentage of the total buds produced that dropped before reaching the mature pod stage was estimated as 86·7% in Baladi, a local strain of field beans, and 93·7% in Giza 1, a variety introduced from Egypt. The drop was appreciable both before and after fertilization. There were indications that both inadequate insect pollination and inter-ovary competition contributed to the reduction of pod yield.Self pollen was detected on the stigma in the bud stage 2–3 days before the flower was open. Estimates of natural cross-fertilization ranged from 35·8 to 42·1%, indicating that self-pollination did not lead to complete self fertilization. Hand manipulation of the flowers increased pod set in most of the cases but the line 1W did not respond to this treatment and proved to be highly autofertile.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of commercial pumpkin yield to potential decline among different groups of pollinating bees

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 170102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja C. Pfister ◽  
Philipp W. Eckerter ◽  
Jens Schirmel ◽  
James E. Cresswell ◽  
Martin H. Entling
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Pollen Receipt ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pollinator Fauna

The yield of animal-pollinated crops is threatened by bee declines, but its precise sensitivity is poorly known. We therefore determined the yield dependence of Hokkaido pumpkin in Germany on insect pollination by quantifying: (i) the relationship between pollen receipt and fruit set and (ii) the cumulative pollen deposition of each pollinator group. We found that approximately 2500 pollen grains per flower were needed to maximize fruit set. At the measured rates of flower visitation, we estimated that bumblebees (21 visits/flower lifetime, 864 grains/visit) or honeybees (123 visits, 260 grains) could individually achieve maximum crop yield, whereas halictid bees are ineffective (11 visits, 16 grains). The pollinator fauna was capable of delivering 20 times the necessary amount of pollen. We therefore estimate that pumpkin yield was not pollination-limited in our study region and that it is currently fairly resilient to single declines of honeybees or wild bumblebees.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology of a highly endemic species: Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi (Cactaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Ordones Rego ◽  
Edivani Villaron Franceschinelli ◽  
Daniela Cristina Zappi
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Bat Pollination ◽  
Internal Part ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Trigona Fulviventris

Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi is an endemic species from the Serra do Caraça, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In order to propose conservation strategies for this species, its reproductive strategies were investigated, including reproductive phenology, floral biology, floral visitors and breeding system. The flowering and fruiting period extends from May to October. Few flowers per plant open each night, producing up to 0.4 ml nectar, but 30% of them are nectarless. Probably pollen is also offered as a resource. Fruiting efficiency of C. laniflorus (47%) is close to that found in other Cactaceae species. Pollen of this species was detected in Anoura geoffroy, Soricina glossophaga and Pygoderma bilabiatum bats. Amongst the characteristics related to bat-pollination syndrome found in C. laniflorus, the cream-white colouring of the internal part of the flower, the numerous stamens and the nocturnal anthesis of short duration can be highlighted. Flowers of C. laniflorus are also visited by Nitidulidae beetles, Trigona fulviventris bees and hummingbirds, however bats are the main pollinators of this species. Finally, as a self-sterile species, C. laniflorus needs a pollinator and is more susceptible to the risk of extinction if local disturbances affect its pollination system.

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