The English Hospice Of St. George at Sanlucar De Barrameda

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-276
Author(s):  
Michael E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Public Office ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Town ◽  
Point Of Departure

NOT FAR from Cadiz there is an English property that has remained Catholic for close on five hundred years. Its history goes back to pre-reformation days, indeed to the thirteenth century when the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda was recaptured from the Moors by the Guzman family who later became the Dukes of Medina Sidonia. Strategically Sanlucar was an important port because it was at the mouth of the Guadalquivir and as well as capturing the Seville trade it also commanded the traffic from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe and eventually it was the point of departure for ships leaving for the New World. Among the various nations using the port the English were conspicuous and their merchants were granted various privileges by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia during the fifteenth century. By the early sixteenth century there is evidence of a sizeable colony in the town; in fact the English were the largest single group of foreigners and many English names appear in the baptismal registers as both parents and godparents. At least one of them held high public office in the town. On the accession of Henry VIII to the throne of England, the situation further improved as he abandoned the neutrality of his father and allied himself with Spain against France. So it was that in 1517 a new charter of privileges for the English merchants in Sanlucar was drafted. A grant of land by the river was made so as to provide a chapel and a burial place for Englishmen. The chapel was dedicated to St. George and it was to be looked after by a confraternity. The chaplain was to be appointed by the Bishops of London, Winchester and Exeter, since it was from these dioceses that most of the merchants came. Although there have been rebuildings, this site has remained English ever since.

Islamic Monuments as Christian Trophies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Urquízar-Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Medieval Chronicles ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Rodrigo Jimenez De Rada ◽  
The Way

Chapter 3 approaches the notion of trophy through historical accounts of the Christianization of the Córdoba and Seville Islamic temples in the thirteenth-century and the late-fifteenth-century conquest of Granada. The first two examples on Córdoba and Seville are relevant to explore the way in which medieval chronicles (mainly Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada and his entourage) turned the narrative of the Christianization of mosques into one of the central topics of the restoration myth. The sixteenth-century narratives about the taking of the Alhambra in Granada explain the continuity of this triumphal reading within the humanist model of chorography and urban eulogy (Lucius Marineus Siculus, Luis de Mármol Carvajal, and Francisco Bermúdez de Pedraza).

“Don't Die Here:” The Death and Burial of Protestants in the Hispanic Caribbean, 1840-1885

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Martínez-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Hispanic Caribbean ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
The Caribbean

As early as the first decades of the sixteenth century, when English and Dutch corsairs and privateers began to challenge Spain's exclusivist claims to the New World, the struggle for control over the Americas began to be couched in terms of a holy war. The Caribbean, in particular, became the arena in which the commercial, ideological and military forces of Protestant Northern Europe and Catholic Southern Europe clashed. Spanish officials commonly referred to the English and Dutch intruders as “heretics” and “Lutheran corsairs,” while Francis Drake and his fellow Elizabethan sea dogs believed that their penetration of the New World was a crusade against Popery, Catholic fanaticism and idolatry. These rivalries continued for centuries as new actors, the United States in particular, inherited some of the old roles.

scholarly journals Agricultural Treatises in Eurasia before ca. 1500: The Iceberg Method, a Survey, and a Grand Hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-47
Author(s):  
Janken Myrdal
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Agricultural Knowledge ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
History Of ◽  
Longue Duree ◽  
Longue Durée ◽  
The Mediterranean

This article analyzes all extant agricultural treatises produced before the sixteenth century throughout Eurasia, in order to highlight their importance for the study of agricultural praxis, their significance for constructing a transnational intellectual history of the medieval globe, and their relevance for the development of pragmatic literacies. Such texts emerged both in China and around the Mediterranean before 200 BCE, and somewhat later in India, but few have been preserved and many are difficult to date. Thereafter, the medieval transmission of agricultural knowledge moved via several different regional trajectories and traditions, with Anglo-Norman England becoming a fourth and largely independent birthplace of the agricultural treatise genre during the thirteenth century. The proliferation of these texts becomes evident throughout Eurasia around 1000 CE and increases further from the fourteenth onward. Throughout this longue durée, the contents of these treatises reflect real changes in agricultural technologies, dominant crops, and climate.

scholarly journals Trigonometry in Two Sixteenth Century Works; The de Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium and the Sidra Al-Muntahā

1987 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Sevim Tekeli
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The Subject

In Greece, Autolycos (4th cent. B.C.), Aristarchos of Samos (3rd cent.B.C.), Hipparchos (2nd cent.B.C.), Menelaos (1st cent. A.D.), and Ptolemaos (2nd cent. A.D.) are the forerunners of trigonometry. The Greeks used chords and prepared a table of chords.Later, the Hindus produced Siddhāntas (4th cent.A.D.). The most important feature of these works is the use of jyā instead of chords, and utkramajyā (versed sine).In Islam, al-Battānī al-Ṣābī (858-929) used the sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent with clear consciousness of their individual characteristics.As is known, trigonometry developed as a branch of astronomy. Although in the thirteenth century Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (in the Islamic world) and in the fifteenth century Regiomontanus (in the West) established trigonometry as a science independent of astronomy, the essential situation did not change, and the subject went on developing as before.

The Growth of Algebraic Thought in Sixteenth-Century Europe

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Katz ◽  
Karen Hunger Parshall
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Third ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Algebraic Thought

This chapter traces the growth of algebraic thought in Europe during the sixteenth century. Equations of the third and fourth degrees sparked quite a few algebraic fireworks in the first half of the century. Their solutions marked the first major European advances beyond the algebra contained in Fibonacci's thirteenth-century Liber abbaci. By the end of the century, algebraic thought—through work on the solutions of the cubics and quartics but, more especially, through work aimed at better contextualizing and at unifying those earlier sixteenth-century advances—had grown significantly beyond the body of knowledge codified in Luca Pacioli's fifteenth-century compendium, the Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni, e proportionalita. Algebra during this period was evolving in interesting ways.

Holy Leagues and Unholy Alliances, 1500–1550

The Great Sea ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abulafia
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Far North ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Mediterranean

The reshaping of the Mediterranean in the wake of the Black Death was a slow process. In addition to political changes within the Mediterranean, notably the expansion of Ottoman power, events taking place beyond the Straits of Gibraltar would, in the long term, greatly transform the life of those who lived on its shores and in its islands. The opening of the Atlantic had already begun in the decade before plague arrived, with voyages down the coast of Africa to the Canary Islands, and it continued with the discovery and settlement of Madeira and the Azores by the Portuguese in the early fifteenth century. As sugar plantations developed on Madeira, it became possible to supply Flanders and other parts of northern Europe directly from the Atlantic with one of the costly products that had previously been obtained within the Mediterranean. By 1482, with the establishment of a Portuguese fortress at São Jorge da Mina (‘the Mine’) in West Africa, not far north of the Equator, gold was beginning to reach Europe without being channelled across the Sahara and through the Muslim ports of the Maghrib; the opening of this Guinea trade compensated for disappointment at the failure of Ceuta to pay for its upkeep. The Atlantic also became a source of slaves for Mediterranean masters: Canary Islanders, Berbers from the opposite shores of Africa and, increasingly, black slaves carried north from the Mine. Many of these eventually reached Valencia, Majorca and other Mediterranean ports, after passing through Lisbon. Then, with Columbus’s entry into the Caribbean islands in October 1492, Castile also acquired a source of precious metal that was ruthlessly exploited by imposing heavy taxes in gold on the Indians, even though they were supposedly free subjects of the Crown. The Genoese, despite their unpopularity in Spain, installed themselves in Seville and, with royal approval, ran the trans-Atlantic trading operations. At the same time, they turned their hands to finance. Turkish pressure on the Genoese possessions in the eastern Mediterranean increased, and so the Genoese allied themselves more insistently with Spain, the power that seemed best able to stand up to the Turks.

Movement Eastward

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-203
Author(s):  
Robert Chazan
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Soil P ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This chapter details the Jewish movement eastward. Toward the end of the thirteenth century and on into the fourteenth, the more advanced polities of the northwest began to limit and then expel their Jews. The Jews expelled from England and France did not opt to return to the Mediterranean Basin, from which their ancestors had originated. The migration of these banished Jews eastward across northern Europe reflects the extent to which the one-time Jewish newcomers had come to identify with their adopted ambience. Jews were also expelled from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497, following the banishments from England, France, and multiple locales in northcentral Europe. However, the Spanish expulsion had enormous impact on Jewish thinking, and the reason is simple. This was the banishment of an age-old Jewish community, one that saw itself and was seen by non-Jews as profoundly rooted in European soil.

scholarly journals The Story of the Tulip That Went Wild: Tracing the History of Introduction of Tulipa Sylvestris in Sixteenth-Century Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Stefanaki ◽  
Tilmann Walter ◽  
Tinde van Andel
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern France ◽  
As Species ◽  
Botanical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract Tulipa sylvestris, commonly called the “wild tulip”, was introduced from the Mediterranean to northern Europe in the sixteenth century and became widely naturalized. Research has focused on tulips that came from the Orient, but the introduction path of this native European, early ornamental tulip is unclear, and so is its taxonomic status: three subspecies are provisionally accepted, sometimes treated as species. Here we elucidate the history of introduction of T. sylvestris and discuss its taxonomy based on our historical findings. The first bulbs came from Bologna (northern Italy) and Montpellier (southern France) in the 1550s-1570s. Several renown botanists were involved in their introduction, namely Gessner, Wieland, Aldrovandi, De Lobel, Clusius, and Dodoens. There were various introduction routes, including one from Spain which was apparently unsuccessful. The strong sixteenth-century Flemish botanical network facilitated the introduction and naturalization of T. sylvestris across Europe. Based on the latest tulip taxonomy, the diploid subspecies australis is native in the Mediterranean, and the tetraploid sylvestris is naturalized over Europe, but our historical findings show that both sylvestris and australis were introduced. This underlines the need to reconsider the taxonomic status of T. sylvestris, highlighting the importance of botanical history in understanding the complex taxonomy of naturalized cultivated plants.

scholarly journals The Aquila tower: a part of the Renaissance coastal defence system of Pučišća

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snježana Perojević ◽  
Branislav Trifunović
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Coastal Defence ◽  
Ground Floor ◽  
Defence System ◽  
Eastern Side ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal Part ◽  
The Town

At the end of the fifteenth century the Ottoman Empire won the land at the middle of the eastern side of the Adriatic, between the town of Omiš and the Neretva River. Thus exposing the northern settlements of the island of Brač, which were under the Venetian Administration at the time, to immediate danger from the Turkish invasion. The settlement of Pučišća was particularly vulnerable. Therefore, the settlement was intensively fortified, and a series of thirteen individual small coastal towers was built, after which the entire settlement was named Castello Pucischia in 1600. One of these towers –the Aquila tower– had a key role in defending Pučišća during the Ottoman-Venetian War, also known as the War of Cyprus (1570-1573). The Aquila tower was built at the beginning of the sixteenth century and today it is a well-preserved detached building situated on the Pučišća coast. Despite all the damage and transformations endured in the past, all the tower elements have been sufficiently preserved to reconstruct its original appearance, including the residential character of the overall interior: a stone wardrobe and a built-in stone basin (Cro. pilo), a fireplace, stairs, as well as those of a defensive character: mechanisms for lifting the drawbridge, loopholes, cannon openings, channels for extracting gunpowder smoke. The wooden beams’ supports in the walls above the first floor have also been preserved, as well as the barrel vault over the ground floor and the groin vault over the second floor which are still intact even today. On the external of the tower, the original corbels of machicolations as well as the semi-circular cornice above the escarp are partially preserved. By analysing the remains of the tower and by studying historical and bibliographic sources, a reconstruction of the original appearance of the Aquila tower has been made, both for the external and internal part, including transformations that took place over the time, since its construction to the present day. This has contributed to the knowledge of the typology of Renaissance coastal fortifications as well as to providing basis for potential renovation and reconstruction of the Aquila tower.

scholarly journals Shakespeare’s The Tempest Revisited: Nietzsche and the Myth of the New World

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-247
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Burzyńska
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
Combined Analysis ◽  
The Tempest ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Colonial Encounters ◽  
Richard Hakluyt

AbstractThe Tempest is the only play in the Shakespearean canon that is open to a purely “Americanist” reading. Although Prospero’s island is located somewhere in the Mediterranean, numerous critics claimed that it deals with the New World (Hulme & Sherman 2000: 171). The paper revisits the existing interpretations, focusing on the turbulent relationship between Prospero and other inhabitants of the island: Caliban, Miranda, and Ariel. In the article I propose a rereading of their relation in the spirit of Friedrich Nietzsche’s perspectivism, utilising Nietzsche’s key philosophical concepts like the Apollonian/Dionysian elements and der Übermensch (the overman). In his vast canon, Nietzsche refers to Native Americans only once and in passing. However, his call for the revaluation of all values seems to be an apt point of departure for a discussion on early colonial relations. Nietzsche’s perspectivism enables to reread both the early colonial encounters and character relations on Shakespeare’s island. Hence, in an attempt at a “combined analysis”, the paper looks at Prospero as the potential overman and also offers a reading of the English source texts that document early encounters between the English and native inhabitants of North America (Walter Raleigh, Richard Hakluyt, Thomas Harriot, Robert Gray).

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