scholarly journals Fungi in Surtsey soils – abstract

1988 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
Elisabet Henriksson ◽  
Lars Eric Henriksson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Extract ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Volcanic Island ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Agar Media

The volcanic island of Surtsey in the Westmann Islands, Iceland, was formed by a series of submarine eruptions from 1963 to 1967. It is a natural area, giving scientists the opportunity to study the biological succession without interference from man. In 1972, the occurrence of micro-fungi in soil samples gathered at different locations on the island was assessed by counting and identifying the fungal colonies growing out on different agar media, containing various amounts of soil extract.

scholarly journals Methods for the Assessment of Humic Substances Quality in Forest Soils  

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Mládková Lenka ◽  
Borůvka Marcela Rohošková and Luboš
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acids ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Drift Spectroscopy ◽  
Organic Matter Quality ◽  
C And N ◽  
Drift Spectra ◽  
Humus Quality

This paper is focused on soil organic matter quality assessment in acid forest soils. Soil samples were collected in the Jizera Mountains region. Vegetation cover of sampling sites was formed by spruce or beech monocultures. Humus quality was assessed by the ratio of absorbances of pyrophosphate soil extract at the wavelengths of 400 and 600 nm (A400/A600). Humus fractionation was performed on selected soil samples. DRIFT spectra of individual fractions were measured. Higher pH and lower C and N contents were found in beech forest than in spruce forest. A400/A600 well correlates with C and N contents (r = 0.510*** and 0.615***, respectively). C and N content increases as to humus quality decreases. DRIFT spectra of fulvic acids turned out to be unsuitable for describing differences in humus quality. DRIFT spectra of humic acids and humin were hence more suitable. The difference between spruce and beech forest was found in 1514.cm–1 (C=C bounds of benzene rings) and 1550 cm–1 (N-H bounds in monosubstituted amides) bands intensities. Humic acids and humin coming from the O horizons of beech forest are relatively enriched by nitrogen functional groups. Values of humic acids aromaticity index did not differ between beech and spruce forests. DRIFT spectroscopy was shown as a possible method for detailed humus quality studying.

The Use of Fluorogenic Substrates To Measure Fungal Presence and Activity in Soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Miller ◽  
Ansa Palojärvi ◽  
Andrea Rangger ◽  
Morten Reeslev ◽  
Annelise Kjøller
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fluorogenic Substrates ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Enzyme Substrates ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT Our objective was to determine if 4-methylumbelliferyl-labelled enzyme substrates could be used to detect and quantify specific components of chitinase and cellulase activities as specific indicators of the presence and activity of fungal biomass. The fluorogenic substrates 4-methylumbelliferyl (MUF)N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide and MUF β-d-lactoside were used for the detection and quantification of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30 ) (NAGase) and endo 1,4-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4 )/cellobiohydrolase (EC3.2.1.91 ) (CELase), respectively. Culture screenings on solid media showed a widespread ability to produce NAGase among a taxonomically diverse selection of fungi on media with and without added chitin. NAGase activity was expressed only in a limited number of bacteria and on media supplemented with chitin. The CELase activity was observed only in a limited number of fungi and bacteria. Bacterial CELase activity was expressed on agar media containing a cellulose-derived substrate. In soil samples, NAGase activity was significantly correlated with estimates of fungal biomass, based on the content of two fungus-specific indicator molecules, 18:2ω6 phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and ergosterol. CELase activity was significantly correlated with the PLFA-based estimate of fungal biomass in the soil, but no correlation was found with ergosterol-based estimates of fungal biomass.

Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) can Influence the Microbial Cenosis in Sunflower Rhizosphere

Helia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (71) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
V. A. Lyakh ◽  
N. I. Kostyuchenko ◽  
I. A. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Orobanche Cumana ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Abstract The bacterial and micromycete complexes in the rhizosphere of sunflower plants non-infected and infected with broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) have been compared. The investigations were carried out in the conditions of a stationary infectious field which was annually enriched with infected plant residues and broomrape seeds collected in different regions of Ukraine. Soil is leached, low-humic chernozem with acidic pH. The soil samples selected at the end of vegetation from the rhizosphere of healthy and infected with broomrape plants of sunflower breeding samples. The total number of bacteria found in the rhizosphere of sunflower plants infected by the parasite did not differ significantly from the control and was 11.7 and 12.1 million CFU / g of soil, respectively. The numbers of ammonifiers as well as bacterial microflora, using for its life mineral nitrogen, and pedotrophs and oligotrophs in the compared soil samples did not differ significantly, and generally corresponded to this type of soil. Although in general, both tested samples of soil were characterized by a low content of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, the number of representatives of this genus in the rhizosphere of parasite-infected plants was somewhat less than in control (35 % and 21 %, respectively). However, unlike most bacteria, the number of micromycetes detected on Czapek-Dox and starch-ammonia agar media, in the rhizosphere of plants infected by broomrape almost twice exceeded the number of these microorganisms in the rhizosphere of healthy plants. Analysis of the generic and species composition of microscopic fungi showed that in the rhizosphere of sunflower plants infected by the parasite a very specific mycocenosis was formed that differ from a mycocenosis of healthy plants. This mycocenosis was characterized by a much smaller number of genera and species of micromycetes. At the same time for the structure of the fungal cenosis of diseased plants there was a characteristic increase in the proportion of toxin-forming fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera with active conidiogenesis. The obtained data testify not only to the differences in the microbial complexes in the rhizosphere of sunflower plants non-infected and infected by broomrape, but also indicate the direction of action of this parasite.

Extraction and Cleanup of Soil Arsenical Residues for Analysis by High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic–Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-746
Author(s):  
Rosa Iadevaia ◽  
Nadav Aharonson ◽  
Edwin A Woolson
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Retention Volume ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption

Abstract An analytical procedure for the extraction and cleanup of arsenical residues from soil was developed to meet the specific requirements for separation by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and on-line analysis by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GFAA). Soil samples were extracted with 2M aqueous NH4OH, cleaned on a carbon-Celite chromatographic column, concentrated to 1 g soil extract equivalent per mL, and determined by HPLC-GFAA. Recovery values were as follows: dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid, CA) 90%; methanearsonic acid (MAA) 83%; arsenate 56%; and arsenite 64%. The limit of detection was 0.5 ppm in soil. Additional cleanup on cellulose thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plates improved sensitivity to less than 0.1 ppm and also served for confirmation of identity. The soil extract matrix did not appear to affect GFAA signal response. High salt content in concentrated soil samples altered the dimethylarsinic acid HPLC retention volume. By the time of analysis, arsenite was completely oxidized to arsenate in soil extractant.

PLATE COUNTS OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI IN A SALINE SOIL

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman James
Keyword(s):  
Saline Soil ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Red River ◽  
Replica Plating ◽  
Extract Agar ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Soil Extract Agar

Numbers of bacteria and of fungi in a saline soil were about one-fifth of numbers in a Red River clay soil. Bacterial counts on two soil-extract agar media, one prepared from the saline soil and the other from Red River soil, were the same, and the populations on the two were the same as shown by the replica plating technique. They were larger than counts on sodium albuminate agar or on asparagin–mannitol agar. Likewise, fungal counts on either soil-extract agar, with 0.02% dipotassmm phosphate, 0.1% glucose, and 0.1% peptone, were higher than counts on Waksman's acidified medium, or on Martin's medium, or on Smith and Dawson's medium. Interestingly, fungal counts on a medium with the same three chemicals as the soil-extract media but with the soil extract replaced by water were as high as those on the soil-extract media. Different levels of potassium phosphate were tested in each of the above media. In each medium for bacteria, and in each for fungi, counts varied inversely as the amount of potassium phosphate. The same held true when sodium phosphate was used instead of potassium phosphate in each medium.

Separation of Lead, Cadmium, and Iron in Analyses of Soil Samples

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 938-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Svoboda ◽  
Tomáš Šafařík ◽  
Uwe Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid Concentration ◽  
Chloride Complexes ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Selective Detector ◽  
Aas Method ◽  
Basic Anion

The conditions of sorption of chloride complexes of Pb2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ ions from media of hydrochloric acid have been studied with a strongly basic anion exchanger - Ostion LG AT. The experiments used an exchanger microcolumn connected with atomic absorption spectrometer as a selective detector of metal ions. From the relation found between retention of the ions studied and hydrochloric acid concentration, conditions of separation have been suggested and used for separations of small amounts of lead and cadmium from many times higher amounts of iron and aluminium in soil extract before determination of both the foreign metals by means of AAS method. The yield of separation exceeded 95%.

scholarly journals First Report of Phytophthora cinnamomi on Quercus laurifolia

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Wood ◽  
F. H. Tainter
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
First Report ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Length Width

In May 2001, bleeding cankers were observed on several laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) trees in central Florida. Affected trees had chlorotic leaves, sparse canopies, and little new growth. Multiple cankers were present on the trunk and extended from the soil line up to approximately 5 m. Each canker had a reddish to dark brown or black exudate. From two of the infected trees, tissue samples were taken from beneath the bark around the edge of an actively growing lesion and transferred directly to Phytophthora-selective medium (1), and three soil cores (2 cm in diameter, 20 cm deep) were collected from the base of each tree. A baiting bioassay (with camellia leaf disks and shore juniper and eastern hemlock needles as baits) was used to assay fresh composite soil samples for Phytophthora species (1). P. cinnamomi was recovered from both tissue and soil samples (2). Mycelia were coralloid with abundant hyphal swellings. Sporangia were produced in 1.5% nonsterilized soil extract solution. Sporangia were ovoid to ellipsoid in shape and nonpapillate. Average sporangium size was 72 × 45 μm (length × width). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cinnamomi on laurel oak trees. References: (1) A. J. Ferguson and S. N. Jeffers. Plant Dis. 83:1129, 1999. (2) G. M. Waterhouse. Key to the species of Phytophthora de Bary. Mycol. Pap. 92. CMI. Kew, UK, 1963.

scholarly journals ISOLATION, MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF DIAZOTROPIC BACTERIA FROM VIRGIN SOIL FROM ARAKU VALLEY AND ASSESSMENT OF OF AMMONIA ACCUMULATION AT SALINE CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 824-832
Author(s):  
Simmanna Nakka ◽  
◽  
S. Uday Bhaskar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Virgin Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Ammonia Accumulation ◽  
Agar Media

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are widely distributed in nature where they reduce atmospheric nitrogen in soil or in association with plant. They have been found in a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic habitats in both temperate and tropical regions of the word. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in symbiotic associations with plants free living in soil. The objective of the present research was to isolate free living Nitrogen fixing bacteria from virgin soil samples in araku valley and assessment of their ammonia accumulation at saline conditions. 10 soil samples were collected in different place from virgin areas. For isolation of the free living nitrogen fixing bacteria, Nitrogen free media like Jensens Medium and Azotobacter Agar were used. Serially diluted soil samples were spread on the agar media and incubated for 48 hours. Eleven morphologically different bacteria were separated on made pure colonies on nutrient agar media. All bacteria were under go biochemical characterization which reveals that all these bacteria related to Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Clostridium. High ammonia liberating isolate MGN-10 was molecular characterizes as Azotobacter chroococcum and this soil application increase the plant growth in terms of growth parameters.

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization and Activity Test of Soil Origin Bacteria Amilage

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Monica Kharisma Swandi
Keyword(s):  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Industrial Enzymes ◽  
Determinative Bacteriology ◽  
Genus Bacillus ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Biological Education

This study aimed to obtain amylase-producing potent bacteria from soil and test the amylase activity produced. Soil samples were taken from the Biological Education and Research Forest, Andalas University. The isolation was done by using the stratified dilution technique on agar media. The screening of amylase activity employed the qualitative and quantitative tests on agar starch. From 8 isolated amylolytic bacteria, there were three isolates with amylolytic potential. The results of characterization and identification based on Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology show that isolates A4, A1, and A6 belonged to the genus Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Klebsiella. The bacteria obtained can then be produced and optimized for the needs of industrial enzymes.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates indigenous soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia) and their pathogenicity against oil palm pests Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Pujiastuti ◽  
Arsi Arsi ◽  
Sofia Sandi
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Toxicity Screening ◽  
Oryctes Rhinoceros ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Protein Molecular Weight

Abstract. Pujiastuti Y, Arsi, Sandi S. 2020. Characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates indigenous soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia)  and their pathogenicity against oil palm pests Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Biodiversitas 21: 1287-1294. Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive, entomopathogenic bacterium that could be isolated from soil and be used to control various plant pests. Oryctes rhinoceros is an important pest in oil palm. Application of B. thuringiensis-based bioinsecticides is an alternative in controlling these pests. The purposes of this study were to isolate and identify B. thuringiensis bacteria from the soil of South Sumatra, production of B. thuringiensis-based bioinsecticides and to test their toxicity to O. rhinoceros larvae. The study was conducted in several cities/districts in the province of South Sumatra. Soil samples were taken from various habitats and B. thuringiensis isolates were grown on NGKG agar media. Among 76 soil samples (6 districts and 2 cities) B. thuringiensis colonies were obtained leading to 24 isolates of B. thuringiensis. Toxicity screening tests for armyworm Spodoptera litura were 55.79% (53 isolates) and their mortality to 25.26% O. rhinoceros larvae (24 isolates). From these isolates whose effectively killed O. rhinoceros larvae, 10 isolates were taken and propagated with Nutrient Broth (NB) and biourine enriched with 5% molasses. Number of spores produced was counted during 24, 48 and 72 hours. Furthermore, a bioassay test was carried out on O. rhinoceros larvae for 7 days. Isolate of KJ3P1 caused the highest mortality of O. rhinoceros larvae after 7 days of observation. SDS Page resulted in KJ3P1 and KJ3R5 isolates showing several bands whose content of various types of protein molecular weight. Isolation of B. thuringiensis in South Sumatra produced 2 isolates potentially to be active ingredients in production of bioinsecticides which were effective in killing O. rhinoceros larvae.

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