Salinity Distribution in the Tay Estuary.

1975 ◽  
Vol 75 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Williams ◽  
J. R. West
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Salinity Distribution ◽  
Strong Function ◽  
Tidal Circulation ◽  
Tidal State ◽  
Minimum Depth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tay Estuary

SynopsisSalinity distribution in the Tay estuary measured during the years 1969–70 is influenced by freshwater flow and tidal range. Between Pool and Flisk, tidal-depth-mean salinity is a strong function of river flow but is much less influenced by tidal range. The relationship between salinity range (difference between maximum and minimum depth-mean salinities) and tidal range can be approximated by a linear function. The observed vertical salinity distribution varies with tidal state. The net non-tidal circulation has been estimated at Pool, Broughty Ferry, Newport, Balmerino and Flisk, and found to be dependent on river flow and position.

scholarly journals TIDAL PATTERNS AND RESOURCE USE IN THE MUSI-BANYUASIN COASTAL ZONE OF SUMATRA

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 109-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safwan Hadi ◽  
Arthur J. Hanson ◽  
Koesoebiono ◽  
Musrefinah Mahlan ◽  
Mulia Purba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Tidal Amplitude ◽  
Tidal Variation ◽  
Drainage Canals ◽  
Coastal Hydrology ◽  
Planning Development ◽  
Ecological Concern ◽  
The Relationship

Tidal influence extends 100 km upriver in the coastal swamplands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. In planning development or resource use, description of local tidal variation is important since tides interact with river flow to zone the land and waters into a series of distinctive environments. The coastal swamps are being opened for rice cultivation with tidally-influenced irrigation and drainage canals. There are also forestry and fishery activities plus major shipping activities in these delta areas. The tidal patterns arc studied in the South Sumatra coastal portion of the Musi and Banyuasin River basins. The tides are mixed, predominantly diurnal with a maximum range of 3.5 m near the coast. Significant differences in tidal amplitude and phase exist between rivers separated by deltas often less than 10 km in width. Differences in river water flow atributed to season or basin characteristics influence tidal patterns. On the Musi river the relationship between tidally-influenced resource uses and distance from the sea suggests the greatest variety of activities occurs within the zone of maximum tidal range 0 to 30 km from the delta fronts. This zone should therefore be considered a region of special ecological concern. A mechanism is needed for coordinated planning of infrastructure changes likely to influence hydrology or resource uses. Predictive models should be developed for measuring the likely impact of such development on coastal hydrology.

scholarly journals Analysis Methods for Characterizing Salinity Variability from Multivariate Time Series Applied to the Apalachicola Bay Estuary

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Morey ◽  
Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
River Flow ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Multivariate Time Series ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Apalachicola Bay ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Salinity Variability

Abstract Statistical analysis methods are developed to quantify the impacts of multiple forcing variables on the hydrographic variability within an estuary instrumented with an enduring observational system. The methods are applied to characterize the salinity variability within Apalachicola Bay, a shallow multiple-inlet estuary along the northeastern Gulf of Mexico coast. The 13-yr multivariate time series collected by the National Estuary Research Reserve at three locations within the bay are analyzed to determine how the estuary responds to variations in external forcing mechanisms, such as freshwater discharge, precipitation, tides, and local winds at multiple time scales. The analysis methods are used to characterize the estuarine variability under differing flow regimes of the Apalachicola River, a managed waterway, with particular focus on extreme events and scales of variability that are critical to local ecosystems. Multivariate statistical models are applied that describe the salinity response to winds from multiple directions, river flow, and precipitation at daily, weekly, and monthly time scales to understand the response of the estuary under different climate regimes. Results show that the salinity is particularly sensitive to river discharge and wind magnitude and direction, with local precipitation being largely unimportant. Applying statistical analyses with conditional sampling quantifies how the likelihoods of high-salinity and long-duration high-salinity events, conditions of critical importance to estuarine organisms, change given the state of the river flow. Intraday salinity range is shown to be negatively correlated with the salinity, and correlated with river discharge rate.

Paleoecology of Marine Foraminifera in the Pluvial Estancia Valley, Central New Mexico

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Bachhuber ◽  
W.A. McClellan
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Lake Temperature ◽  
Minimum Depth ◽  
Unusual Occurrence

Two species of marine Foraminifera have been identified in the Quaternary pluvial sequence of the Estancia Valley, central New Mexico. Besides being an unusual occurrence of marine organisms in an inland body of water remote from the marine environment, the Foraminifera yield useful paleolimnological and paleoclimatological information about two major late Wisconsin pluvial lakes. In addition, the geographic location of the Estancia Valley relative to the closest marine environment requires foraminiferal introduction by avian means. Paleontologic evidence verifies the freshwater nature of the pluvial maxima of Late Lake Estancia (18,000-10,500 BP) and Lake Willard (8500-6000 BP) but early lake conditions were considerably different. The occurrence of foraminifers Cribroelphidium selseyense and Protelphidium orbiculare, both extant species, in the sediments from the early part of each pluvial stand indicates that initial lake development was characterized by a salinity range of 25 to 35‰. At these times lake depth approximated 6 m. By comparison, the freshwater maximum of Late Lake Estancia attained a minimum depth of 90 m. The modern holarctic distribution of the Foraminifera could suggest a mean August lake temperature of 10°C during the developmental stages of Late Lake Estancia and Lake Willard. Because of the shallow-water nature of the lake basins it is likely that this temperature was reflective of mean August air temperature. Therefore, a lowering of mean August air temperature of 9.7°C from that of the present is possible.

Marine Mollusca of Islay and Skye

1983 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 195-215
Author(s):  
Shelagh M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Range ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
General Survey ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Additional Work ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Molluscan Fauna ◽  
Single Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SynopsisBaseline surveys of Islay and Skye show that the shores of the latter island have the more diverse mollusc population. Detailed investigation of the Mollusca associated with algae corroborates the general survey. The reason for the comparative paucity of Mollusca on Islay appears to stem from a number of factors of which the lack of variety of habitats and the shorter shores with little tidal range are the most obvious. Additional work carried out by diving and dredging enhanced the data from Skye, supporting the view that a combination of approaches produces the best results in a baseline survey, and helps to minimise any false impression of a marine fauna which may arise in surveys arbitrarily restricted to above or below low water mark or to a single method of obtaining data. The relationship of the marine molluscan fauna of Islay and Skye to that of west Scotland as a whole is briefly discussed.

The tidal circulation and flushing capability of the outer Tay Estuary

1980 ◽  
Vol 78 (3-4) ◽  
pp. s33-s46
Author(s):  
J. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Hydraulic Model ◽  
Tidal Currents ◽  
Tidal Circulation ◽  
Fresh Water Discharge ◽  
Outer Estuary ◽  
Tay Estuary

SynopsisMeasurements of tidal currents in the outer Tay Estuary, and from the hydraulic model of the estuary, are used to present a tidal atlas of the area and to deduce residual tidal circulation. Additional tests on the model show that the volumetric exchange rate with the sea of the outer estuary can be as high as 58 per cent per tide, but may be lowered to about 35 per cent if multiple tide recirculation is considered. Fresh water discharge into the estuary does not materially affect this exchange rate.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Dinoflagellate Cyst Abundance in a Tidal Estuary

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (S1) ◽  
pp. s244-s261 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Balch ◽  
Philip C. Reid ◽  
Sonia C. Surrey-Gent
Keyword(s):  
Wind Stress ◽  
Sediment Trap ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Dinoflagellate Cysts ◽  
Cyst Concentration ◽  
Made In

A study of dinoflagellate cysts was made in an estuary near Plymouth, England for 1 yr. The data show that the cysts were most concentrated in sediments near the entrance of the estuary (3000 cysts (mL∙flocculant−1)) and less concentrated upstream (< 500 cysts (mL∙flocculant−1)). Dinoflagellate cysts were observed in 99% of the plankton samples with an average concentration of 9.2 cysts∙L−1. Thirty percent of the variance in planktonic cyst concentration was associated with tidal range, wind stress, and river flow. The potential for inoculation of nearshore dinoflagellate populations by estuarine populations is discussed.Key words: benthic resting cyst, dinoflagellate, estuary, frontal convergence, sediment trap, spring tides, turbulence

Mathematical tidal model of the Tay Estuary

1980 ◽  
Vol 78 (3-4) ◽  
pp. s171-s182
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Williams ◽  
V. Nassehi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Finite Difference ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Level Curve ◽  
Tidal Level ◽  
Tidal Model ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Implicit Finite Difference Scheme ◽  
Implicit Finite Difference ◽  
Tay Estuary

SynopsisA one-dimensional mathematical model based on an implicit finite difference scheme is used to predict tidal levels and discharges throughout the Tay Estuary. The model accounts for the transformation of the tidal level curve along the estuary and predicts a maximum tidal range near Flisk. There is a measure of agreement between computed velocities and observed data in the upper reaches of the estuary.

Seasonal Variation of the Suspended Solid Matter, off the Coast of North Yorkshire

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Newton ◽  
John S. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Sea State ◽  
Significant Difference

An investigation into the natural regime of coastal suspended solids before discharge of potash mining waste is described. Regular samples of suspended material were taken over the period September 1968 to August 1970. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in suspended solid values between the months and between inshore and offshore sampling stations. There was no significant difference between sampling points along the coast. The inshore suspended solid values were low from May to September. At other months and at the offshore stations there was a gradual change from summer (low) to winter (high) values and vice versa.Sea temperature, sea state, tidal range and river flow correlated significantly with suspended solid values. It is suggested that wave action, tidal currents and river flow control most of the variation in load of suspended matter off the N. Yorkshire coast. The significant negative correlation between temperature and suspended solid values is not regarded as a causal relationship. Low temperatures are associated with high wave activity and high river flow rates; factors which are more likely to have a causal relationship with suspended solid loads than temperature. Thus, suspended matter variations off the Yorkshire coast are probably determined by physical rather than biological temperature-dependent processes.From multiple linear regression analyses, sea state, tidal range and river flow were found to account for 64·1% of the variation of the inshore suspended solid values and 52·4% of the variation of offshore values. Using the multiple regression equations as mathematical models it was possible to derive accurate predictions of the natural suspended solid load.

scholarly journals Fast anisotropic Mg and H diffusion in wet forsterite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Muir ◽  
Feiwu Zhang ◽  
Andrew Walker
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Strong Function ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Mg diffusion, which is important for properties of forsterite such as conductivity and deformation, is a strong function of water content. The mechanism behind this effect, however, has not been fully elucidated. In this study we use Density Functional Theory to predict the diffusivity of 〖(2H)〗_Mg^X and we find that they are around 1000 times slower than H-free Mg vacancies V_Mg^''. In most wet conditions the concentration of 〖(2H)〗_Mg^X is much higher than that of V_Mg^'' and thus the primary effect of water on increasing the Mg-diffusion rate in forsterite is by producing large numbers of H-bearing Mg vacancies. A water induced increase in diffusion rate is predicted to be accompanied by a large increase in diffusional anisotropy primarily in the [001] direction. Using a previously developed model of H distribution in forsterite we predict that the effect of water on Mg diffusion is strongly dependent upon environmental conditions such as pressure or temperature. An exponent (r) describing the relationship of water concentration to Mg diffusion is found to vary between 0.5-1.6 across common experimental conditions with pressure decreasing this exponent and temperature increasing it. With 100 wt. ppm water Mg diffusion rates are predicted to increase by over 2 orders of magnitude at high temperature and low pressure (2000 K, 0 GPa) and by over 3.5 orders of magnitude at low temperature and high pressure (1000 K, 10 GPa) while the anisotropy of diffusion is predicted to increase by ~2/over 5.5 orders of magnitude respectively. A conversion from “dry” to “wet” rheological laws is predicted to occur at <~1 ppm. These results suggest that Mg diffusion in wet forsterite could vary considerably throughout mantle conditions in ways that cannot be captured with a simple one component equation. Finally we considered the effects of the diffusion of H-bearing Mg vacancies on conductivity in forsterite and olivine. We combined our diffusivity results with experimentally determined results for phonon conductivity but this predicted significaly lower conductivities than have been observed experimentally in olivine, particularly at low temperatures (~1000 K). This suggests that the effect of water on olivine conductivity is not primarily due to bulk 〖(2H)〗_Mg^X diffusion and operates via a different unknown mechanism.

scholarly journals Investigation of buffer capacity of the recreational environmental through the self-purification of natural-technogenic hydroecosystems in the Carpathian region

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448
Author(s):  
Victoria I. Hryniuk ◽  
Lyudmyla M. Arkhypova ◽  
Marta V. Korchemlyuk
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
The Self ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of research was to investigate the theoretical and practical aspects of the buffer capacity of the recreational environment of the Carpathian region of Ukraine through the improvement of self-purification assessment on the example of natural-technogenic hydroecosystems. Studies of the self-purification process were carried out on the example of the right tributaries of the river Svicha in the Carpathian region, which are water intakes of wastewater from the oil and gas industry enterprise of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The main factors influencing the natural process of self-purification of natural watercourses are determined. As a result, the indicator of wastewater dilution intensity was improved with the substantiation of the proposed coefficients, which depend on the value of the river flow velocity and water temperature. A scale for assessing surface waters has been developed, that allows to determine the degree of natural self-purification of water from pollutants. Based on the results of the analysis of selected water samples, the pattern of self-purification of natural watercourses from oil products is obtained, which will allow to make forecast maps of the buffer capacity of the recreational environment of the Carpathian region. A regression analysis was performed, which proves the relationship between the content of petroleum products and the distance of their distribution from the source of pollution in the Lushchava River. Fisher's F-test was used to check the significance of the dependence. The reliability of the relationship between the indicators is confirmed by the coefficient of determination (D = r2), which is 0.96. Summarizing the results of the study the scale of estimation of natural self-purification of surface waters from pollutants depending on the calculated indicator of wastewater dilution intensity which’s criteria are the accounting for speed of a river flow and a temperature mode is offered. When establishing the range of n values, the average value of the calculated indicator of the intensity of wastewater dilution for the studied rivers, which is 4, was taken into account. As a result, the proposed scale of assessment of natural self-purification of surface waters allows to determine the degree of self-purification of the right tributaries of the river Svicha, which is necessary for further forecasting of water pollution in the Carpathian region.

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