Diurnal food intake patterns of broiler chickens offered a choice of feed varying in protein content

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 85-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Shariatmadari ◽  
J.M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meal Patterns ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Regulate Protein ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
Food Intake Patterns

The ability of broiler chickens to regulate protein intake when given a choice of high- and low-protein feeds has been demonstrated (Shariatmadari and Forbes, 1990). However, it is not know whether birds take several meals from one feed and then several from the other, or whether both feeds are taken in mixed meals. Therefore, to determine how protein intake regulation operates on a meal-to-meal basis, the meal patterns of broiler chickens were automatically recorded when they were offered two feeds of different protein content.

scholarly journals The effects of condensed tannins supplementation of foods with different protein content on parasitism, food intake and performance of sheep infected withTrichostrongylus colubriformis

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiridoula Athanasiadou ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis ◽  
Frank Jackson ◽  
Robert L. Coop
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance

The aims of the present study were to investigate (1), the potential anthelmintic properties and (2), the nutritional consequences of commercially available condensed tannins on parasitised sheep fed,ad libitum, either a high- or a low-protein food. For this purpose, forty-eight previously parasite-naïve sheep (n12) were infected with 2000Trichostrongylus colubriformislarvae/d for a 67-d experimental period. Two experimental foods were made: a low (L), formulated to be inadequate in meeting the requirements of growing sheep for metabolisable protein (MP), and based on wheat, citrus pulp, and oatfeed; a high (H), expected to be above the requirements of growing sheep for MP, based on similar ingredients but supplemented with protected soyabean meal. Two additional foods were made by adding 60 gQuebracho(a condensed tannins (CT) extract)/kg fresh matter to foods L and H (foods LQ and HQ respectively). This level ofQuebrachosupplementation has been previously shown to reduce the level of parasitism in restrictedly fed, parasitised sheep. The experiment was divided into two periods: period 1 (P1, day 1–38) and period 2 (P2, day 39–67), each one associated with different phases of an intestinal parasitic infection. Six sheep from each group were slaughtered at the end of P1, and the remaining sheep were slaughtered at the end of P2(day 67). Although faecal egg counts (FEC; number of parasite eggs/g faeces) and total egg output were reduced in sheep offered the supplemented foods during P1(P<0·05), worm burdens on day 38 were unaltered. NeitherQuebrachosupplementation nor food protein content during P2affected FEC and worm burdens. Food intake and performance were higher in sheep offered food HQ compared with sheep offered food H (P<0·05); no differences were observed in sheep offered foods LQ and L throughout the experiment. The previously shown anthelmintic properties of CT were not observed followingad libitumintake of either low- or high-protein foods supplemented withQuebrachoextract. Higher levels of CT supplementation may be required to reduce parasitism and consequently improve the performance of parasitised sheep, when fedad libitum. Supplementation with CT conferred advantages on the performance of parasitised sheep on a high- but not on a low-protein food.

TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS FOR SEGREGATING CANADIAN WHEAT BY PROTEIN CONTENT

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. DUNNE ◽  
J. A. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Magnetic Tape ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Original Proposal ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Western Division ◽  
Computer Studies

Studies prerequisite to introduction of protein segregation of wheat were undertaken in collaboration with the Canadian Grain Commission. The principal data comprised a 5% stratified sampling of all carlots of wheat unloaded in the Western Division since 1 August, 1939, with records of origin, destination, unloading date, grade, protein content, etc.. Nine crop years were selected with protein levels of 14.4, 14.1, 13.7, 13.7, 13.6, 13.5, 13.4, 13.1, and 12.2%, and data for the 94,894 carlots were read onto magnetic tape for computer studies. Nos. 1 and 2 Northern were combined to simulate the new grade of No. 1 Canada Western. The Commission’s original proposal, that this grade be divided into three subgrades by protein content, namely, over 14.2%, 13.0 to 14.2%, and under 13.0%, was then examined by superimposing it on data for the 9 selected yr. The middle subgrade was reasonably satisfactory, containing 40–60% of the main grade in all but extreme years, and with a protein level varying between 13.75 and 13.35%; but the other two subgrades varied in amount from less than 10% to over 50%, and the protein level of the upper subgrades varied from 14.5 to 15.1%. In accordance with revised thinking, systems were then examined for guaranteeing subgrades at 15.0, 14.0 and 13.0%, or at 14.5, 13.5 and 12.5% (and at higher or lower levels when available). If boundaries are set low enough to meet guarantees in low protein years, levels 0.25–0.6% above guarantees occur in high protein years. Three subgrades, though not necessarily the same three, differing in protein level by 1.0% were feasible in all years, but strict uniformity in protein level could not be achieved within subgrades with systems involving constant boundaries between subgrades. Promotion of carlots from one subgrade to the next, on unload at terminal elevators, was then examined. In effect, this involves moveable boundaries, e.g. to guarantee 14.0% protein, the middle subgrade would have boundaries of 13.8–14.8% when the main grade has a mean of 13.0% protein, and of 13.9–14.3% with a mean of 14.5%. By comparison with constant boundary systems, from 8 to 25% of all carlots would be promoted by one subgrade, and strict uniformity of protein levels is achieved for all but the bottom subgrade. New data were collected to examine the practicability of systems involving moveable boundaries, and these studies will be reported in a second paper.

Influence of protein and amino acids on food intake in the rat

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Krauss ◽  
Jean Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Safety Valve ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Catabolic Activity ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Intake ◽  
Hypothalamic Mechanism

The depression of food intake by high levels of dietary protein and by an excess of l-leucine in a low-protein diet was found to be independent of the presence of the hypothalamic mechanism regulating food intake. At extremely high levels of protein or amino acid intake, the amount of diet ingested was restricted to a similar level in normal and hyperphagic rats. The fact that hyperphagic rats consumed a relatively constant amount of casein in diets containing 60– 90% of protein suggested the possibility that a physiological "safety valve" operated to limit dietary intake so that protein intake did not exceed a certain threshold. An accumulation of amino acids that could not be metabolized or diverted into protein synthesis may have mediated the appetite effects. This suggestion was consistent with the finding that prefeeding high levels of protein (40 or 60% of casein), a procedure which is known to enhance amino acid catabolic activity, temporarily eliminated the appetite depression normally caused by subsequent ingestion of a high-leucine diet.

scholarly journals Carotid or jugular amino acid infusions and food intake in the cockerel

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tobin ◽  
K. N. Boorman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Food Intake Regulation ◽  
Intake Regulation

1. Infusions of histidine into the carotid arteries of cockerels receiving a histidine-limiting, imbalanced diet caused an increase in food intake, whereas similar infusions into the jugular veins did not.2. Infusions of lysine into the carotid arteries or jugular veins of young cockerels receiving a balanced, low-protein diet caused decreases in food intake. There was evidence of a more marked effect of carotid infusion.3. The mechanisms of food intake regulation by amino acids in mammals are applicable to birds and excesses of single amino acids do seem to affect food intake directly.

scholarly journals The influence of muscle work on metabolism in varying conditions of diet

1926 ◽  
Vol 99 (699) ◽  
pp. 405-426 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Muscle Work ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The One ◽  
Abundant Supply ◽  
Scientific Argument

One of the most widespread of common beliefs is that when hard muscular work is to be done an abundant supply of protein in the diet is desirable, if not, indeed, necessary. This belief has been most energetically combated from various points of view. It has been held by many that, although muscle is admittedly largely composed of protein and other nitrogen-containing materials, in the course of muscle work these substances do not participate in any way and hence there is no necessity to make good a store that is not depleted. Others, like Chittenden (1) and Hindhede (2), attack the belief on what might almost be called social grounds. Both of these workers dissent from even the commonly accepted standards of protein intake, advocating an intake on a much lower level, on the ground that low protein intake conduces to health and happiness. Despite the chill of scientific argument on the one hand, and the warmth of a fervent belief on the other, the man in the street consistently refuses to accept the dicta of either party. And the interesting fact emerges from the study of investigations like those of McCay (3) that there does seem to be some connection between race virility and racial dietetic habits. Campbell (4) in his work at Singapore confirmed the more comprehensive work of McCay, viz., that the more virile peoples are large consumers of protein. Whether or no it was based on the actual needs of the soldiers, the dietaries of the various allied armies, as regards their protein content, followed more or less closely the results of the experimental investigations of the food requirements of soldiers engaged in marching carried out by Melville and his coworkers (5). These investigators used two diets, one containing per day 190 grams of protein, of which 100 grams was in the form of corned beef and 75 grams in the biscuit consumed, and the other contained 145 grams, supplied mainly in the form of fresh meat and bread. Melville stated that in his opinion the 190 grams allowance was ample, if not over generous, but that the 145 gram diet was “as low as it is advisable to go and might well be increased, especially when hard work is demanded of men under conditions of exposure.” Rubner (6), in one of his contributions to the general problem of dietetics, when discussing the Voit standard of 118 grams of protein, admitted that although he thought this allowance gave an excess of protein in the average diet, yet it might be considered a factor of safety, and maintained that this standard should be adopted when fixed general diets had to be constructed.

The digestion of two diets of differing protein content but with similar capacities to sustain wool growth

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 973 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wool Growth

Measurements were made of the digestion in sheep of two diets of differing protein content but known to support similar levels of wool growth. When offered to the sheep at 500 g/day, the high protein (HP) diet provided 13.8 g nitrogen (N), while the low protein (LP) diet provided 5.5 g. With the HP diet, approximately 8.8 g N in forms other than ammonia passed daily through the pylorus; 6.8 g of this N was apparently digested in the intestines. The corresponding values for the LP diet were 8.1 and 6.2. The similarity in wool growth recorded with these diets, despite large differences in dietary protein intake, is consistent with the hypothesis that wool growth is limited by the quantity of amino acid N absorbed from the alimentary tract. The stomach was the site of 72–73 % of the organic matter digestion and more than 90% of the cellulose digestion that occurred in the whole alimentary tract. In addition, approximately 90% of the dietary soluble carbohydrate was apparently digested in the stomach. It was calculated, by making several assumptions, that the quantity of microbial crude protein synthesized in the rumen did not exceed 44–49 g/day, equivalent to 15–16 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen. The implications of this calculation in the protein nutrition of ruminants are discussed. The retention time of a soluble marker in the rumen was 15–18 hr, and rates of flow of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were comparatively low.

Phosphorus and the ruminant

1967 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Retarded Growth

Phosphorus insufficiency in the ruminant is reflected in retarded growth, poor reproductive performance, reduced milk yield and wool growth, and impaired skeletal and dental health. Geographically widespread, it is associated with soils deficient in available phosphorus, with a preponderance of poorer grasses and a paucity of legumes in the herbage and in general with a low protein content in the food intake. Aphosphorosis may be corrected by supplementary feeding with phosphatic minerals.

Meal patterns of two spanish sheep breeds with different types of food

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 199-199
Author(s):  
J. Amor ◽  
J.P. Barrio ◽  
F.F. Bermúdez
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recording Device ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Meal Patterns ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Ad Libitum

The intake of fibrous food by ruminants are mainly regulated by physical means. When different forages are offered, intake level is related to rumen fill capacity, being the rate of digestion and disappearance of food particles from the rumen also important factors.On the other hand, there have been some reports on the differences in food intake between sheep breeds (Arnold, 1975). Breeds adapted to different nutritional environments could have developed differences in digestive physiology and intake potential.The aim of this experiment was to study the infuence of the type of roughage offered on meal patterns, as well as the differences in these parameters between two Spanish sheep breeds.Ad libitum food intake of non-pregnant and non-lactating ewes (six Churra and six Merino sheep per food) was daily monitored using an automatic recording device that allowed calculation of meal size and duration.

Factors influencing food intake of rats fed low-protein rations

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 1350-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Meyer ◽  
W. A. Hargus
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Innate Ability

Rats fed low-protein rations increased food intake, weight gain and gain in lean body mass when forced to expend energy by low environmental temperature or exercise (swimming). Rats fed low-protein rations with a higher proportion of fat in their weight gain had a greater food intake and gain in lean body mass. Therefore, gain in lean body mass was improved not only by stimulating energy loss by cold environment or exercise but by an innate ability to deposit more fat in the weight gain, because of an increased food intake, and hence protein intake.

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