Phosphorus and the ruminant

Phosphorus insufficiency in the ruminant is reflected in retarded growth, poor reproductive performance, reduced milk yield and wool growth, and impaired skeletal and dental health. Geographically widespread, it is associated with soils deficient in available phosphorus, with a preponderance of poorer grasses and a paucity of legumes in the herbage and in general with a low protein content in the food intake. Aphosphorosis may be corrected by supplementary feeding with phosphatic minerals.

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Diurnal food intake patterns of broiler chickens offered a choice of feed varying in protein content

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600021978 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 1992 ◽

pp. 85-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F. Shariatmadari ◽

J.M. Forbes

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Protein Content ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

The Other ◽

Meal Patterns ◽

Low Protein ◽

Regulate Protein ◽

Intake Regulation ◽

Food Intake Patterns

The ability of broiler chickens to regulate protein intake when given a choice of high- and low-protein feeds has been demonstrated (Shariatmadari and Forbes, 1990). However, it is not know whether birds take several meals from one feed and then several from the other, or whether both feeds are taken in mixed meals. Therefore, to determine how protein intake regulation operates on a meal-to-meal basis, the meal patterns of broiler chickens were automatically recorded when they were offered two feeds of different protein content.

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The effects of condensed tannins supplementation of foods with different protein content on parasitism, food intake and performance of sheep infected withTrichostrongylus colubriformis

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2001468 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

pp. 697-706 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Spiridoula Athanasiadou ◽

Ilias Kyriazakis ◽

Frank Jackson ◽

Robert L. Coop

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Protein Content ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Food Protein ◽

Protein Food ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

Low Protein ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

And Performance

The aims of the present study were to investigate (1), the potential anthelmintic properties and (2), the nutritional consequences of commercially available condensed tannins on parasitised sheep fed,ad libitum, either a high- or a low-protein food. For this purpose, forty-eight previously parasite-naïve sheep (n12) were infected with 2000Trichostrongylus colubriformislarvae/d for a 67-d experimental period. Two experimental foods were made: a low (L), formulated to be inadequate in meeting the requirements of growing sheep for metabolisable protein (MP), and based on wheat, citrus pulp, and oatfeed; a high (H), expected to be above the requirements of growing sheep for MP, based on similar ingredients but supplemented with protected soyabean meal. Two additional foods were made by adding 60 gQuebracho(a condensed tannins (CT) extract)/kg fresh matter to foods L and H (foods LQ and HQ respectively). This level ofQuebrachosupplementation has been previously shown to reduce the level of parasitism in restrictedly fed, parasitised sheep. The experiment was divided into two periods: period 1 (P1, day 1–38) and period 2 (P2, day 39–67), each one associated with different phases of an intestinal parasitic infection. Six sheep from each group were slaughtered at the end of P1, and the remaining sheep were slaughtered at the end of P2(day 67). Although faecal egg counts (FEC; number of parasite eggs/g faeces) and total egg output were reduced in sheep offered the supplemented foods during P1(P<0·05), worm burdens on day 38 were unaltered. NeitherQuebrachosupplementation nor food protein content during P2affected FEC and worm burdens. Food intake and performance were higher in sheep offered food HQ compared with sheep offered food H (P<0·05); no differences were observed in sheep offered foods LQ and L throughout the experiment. The previously shown anthelmintic properties of CT were not observed followingad libitumintake of either low- or high-protein foods supplemented withQuebrachoextract. Higher levels of CT supplementation may be required to reduce parasitism and consequently improve the performance of parasitised sheep, when fedad libitum. Supplementation with CT conferred advantages on the performance of parasitised sheep on a high- but not on a low-protein food.

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The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 3. Food intake and milk production

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800055259 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 401-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

R. H. Phipps ◽

J. D. Sutton ◽

D. E. Beever ◽

A. K. Jones

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Protein Yield ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Milk Protein Content ◽

Crop Maturity

AbstractFifty-five multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a 20-week continuous design study to determine the effect of maize silage maturity on food intake and milk production. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was harvested and ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230 (T23), 280 (T28), 330 (T33) and 380 (T38) g per kg fresh weight (FW). The mean values for volatile-corrected DM (VCDM), starch, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein and predicted metabolizable energy (ME) content of the four maize silages were 226, 290, 302 and 390 g/kg FW, 114, 274, 309 and 354 g/kg VCDM, 574, 447, 431 and 448 g/kg VCDM, 96, 80, 74 and 75 g/kg VCDM and 10·3, 11·5, 11·6 and 11·2 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Grass silage containing 296 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. At week 3 of lactation cows were allocated to one of five forage treatments offered ad libitum. The forage treatments were either grass silage alone (TGS) or a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize and grass silage designated as T23, T28, T33 and T38. All cows also received 8·7 kg DM per day of a dairy concentrate. Forage VCDM intake for TGS was lower (P < 0·001) than for T23 to T38. Increasing maize silage DM content from 226 (T23) to 290 (T28) g/kg increased (P < 0·05) forage VCDM intake from 10·9 to 13·3 kg/day but a further increase to 390 (T38) g/kg tended to reduce VCDM intake. When compared with TGS, the inclusion of maize silage increased milk yield from 28·0 kg/day to 29·4, 32·7, 33·0 and 30·8 kg/day for T23 to T38, respectively, the increases being significant for T28 to T38. However, milk yield was reduced (P < 0·05) when the DM content of the maize silage increased from 302 to 390 g/kg. Increasing maize silage DM content from T23 to T33 reduced (P < 0·05) milk fat content from 45·8 to 41·8 g/kg, which was also lower (P < 0·05) than for TGS. The inclusion of maize silage increased fat yield with a significant difference (P < 0·05) between TGS and T28. The inclusion of maize silage increased milk protein content (P < 0·05) and protein yield (P < 0·001) when compared with TGS. While increasing maize silage maturity did not affect (P > 0·05) milk protein content, protein yield was higher (P < 0·05) for the two intermediate DM contents. There were no treatment effects on body condition score. It is concluded that the changes in composition of maize silage with increasing maturity, which are associated with increased starch and reduced NDF content, resulted in large increases in food intake and yield of milk and protein as crops matured from T23 to T33. However, when crop maturity increased further to T38 there was a tendency for DM intake and yield of milk and protein to decline.

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Effects of protein concentration in the diet on milk yield, change in body composition and the efficiency of utilization of body tissue for milk production in ewes

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100040538 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 111-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

R. T. Cowan ◽

J. J. Robinson ◽

I. McHattie ◽

K. Pennie

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Food Intake ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Milk Protein ◽

The Body ◽

Low Protein ◽

Dietary Concentration

ABSTRACTTwenty-five mature Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes, each suckling two lambs, were used to measure the effects of dietary concentration of crude protein on food intake, milk yield and changes in body composition during the first 6 weeks of lactation. Diets were complete mixes of milled hay and concentrates, and the amounts of barley and fish meal were altered to give crude protein concentrations of 116 and 143g/kg dry matter. Ten ewes were slaughtered at 5 to 7 days of lactation and the remaining ewes were slaughtered at 40 to 43 days of lactation.The higher concentration of crude protein in the diet did not alter food intake or digestion. Milk yield was not altered in the first 3 weeks of lactation but was increased in weeks 4 and 5 (P<0·05). Production of milk protein was increased by a higher protein concentration in the diet (P<0·01) and this effect was evident from the 2nd week of lactation. Weight of chemically determined fat in the body decreased from 179 to 13-0kg from 6 to 42 days of lactation (P<0·001) for ewes on diets of both concentrations of crude protein.It was concluded that the higher level of protein intake during early lactation increased yields of milk and milk protein. The data suggest that the energy lost from the body was used more efficiently by ewes given the diet of high, rather than low, protein content.

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The digestion of two diets of differing protein content but with similar capacities to sustain wool growth

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9670973 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 973 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

JP Hogan ◽

RH Weston

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Protein Content ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Cellulose Digestion ◽

Low Protein ◽

Wool Growth

Measurements were made of the digestion in sheep of two diets of differing protein content but known to support similar levels of wool growth. When offered to the sheep at 500 g/day, the high protein (HP) diet provided 13.8 g nitrogen (N), while the low protein (LP) diet provided 5.5 g. With the HP diet, approximately 8.8 g N in forms other than ammonia passed daily through the pylorus; 6.8 g of this N was apparently digested in the intestines. The corresponding values for the LP diet were 8.1 and 6.2. The similarity in wool growth recorded with these diets, despite large differences in dietary protein intake, is consistent with the hypothesis that wool growth is limited by the quantity of amino acid N absorbed from the alimentary tract. The stomach was the site of 72–73 % of the organic matter digestion and more than 90% of the cellulose digestion that occurred in the whole alimentary tract. In addition, approximately 90% of the dietary soluble carbohydrate was apparently digested in the stomach. It was calculated, by making several assumptions, that the quantity of microbial crude protein synthesized in the rumen did not exceed 44–49 g/day, equivalent to 15–16 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen. The implications of this calculation in the protein nutrition of ruminants are discussed. The retention time of a soluble marker in the rumen was 15–18 hr, and rates of flow of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were comparatively low.

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Studies on the supplementary feeding of sheep consuming mulga (Acacia aneura). 1. The provision of phosphorus and molasses supplements under grazing conditions

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9740316 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 14 (68) ◽

pp. 316 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

NP McMeniman ◽

DA Little

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Supplementary Feeding ◽

Initial Degree ◽

Wool Growth ◽

Acacia Aneura ◽

Skeletal Mineralization

An examination was made of the effects of molasses and phosphorus supplements, either singly or combined, on the liveweight, wool growth, and reproductive performance of ewes grazing mulga, (Acacia aneura) a leguminous shrub, in the field near Charleviile, Queensland. Unsupplemented ewes lost 4.4 kg liveweight on average during the 14-month experiment, and bone analyses indicated that their dietary intake was insufficient to maintain the initial degree of skeletal mineralization. The provision of supplementary molasses increased liveweight and wool growth, and enhanced reproductive performance, but phosphorus supplements increased liveweight and wool growth only when fed in conjunction with molasses. Skeletal mineralization was not increased by a supplement of phosphorus except when molasses was also given.

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Some factors affecting voluntary food intake in buffaloes. 3. Effect of concentrate feeding on intake of roughages fed to lactating buffaloes

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600029403 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 165-173

Author(s):

A. L. Taparia ◽

V. V. Sharma

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Latin Square ◽

Supplementary Feeding ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Partial Regression Coefficient ◽

Lactating Buffaloes

SummaryThree experiments, each with six lactating Mehsana-Surti buffaloes, were conducted to investigate the effect of supplementary feeding of concentrates on intake of basal rations of berseem hay, maize silage or wheat straw and on the total intake of feeds in 3 × 3 latin square designs.In the berseem hay experiment, concentrate feeding at 16·8 or 26·1% of hay drymatter intake (DMI) resulted in a decrease of hay DMI by 0·77 and 0·65 kg/kg concentrate D.M., respectively. Intake of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP) of buffaloes receiving concentrates in addition to hay were not different from those receiving hay alone. The possibility of some chemical factor limiting feed intake has been indicated for these rations in buffaloes. Supplementary feeding had a little effect on milk production.In the maize silage experiment, concentrate feeding at 14·5 and 27·7% of the silage DMI resulted in a similar increase of total DMI, thereby increasing the TDN intake and DCP intake. Appreciable increases in milk yield and solids-not-fat (SNF) content due to supplementation were noted, although milk-fat content tended to be low.Voluntary intake of rations comprising wheat straw fed free choice with three levels of concentrates at 28·7, 48·0 and 68·8 % of straw DMI was studied in the third experiment. Concentrate supplementation had little effect on straw DMI with the result that intakes of total D.M., TDN and DCP on the medium and high proportions of supplements were higher than those on the low proportion. The milk yield, of buffaloes receiving medium and high proportions of concentrates with wheat straw increased significantly over those receiving the low proportion of concentrates. The SNF and milk-fat contents were similar on all the three treatments. The implication of physical factors limiting intake is discussed in the case of maize silage and wheat straw diets.The lactating buffaloes failed to maintain their weights on either sole berseem hay or sole maize silage rations. Supplementary feeding helped buffaloes to register small weight gains on hay rations and substantial gains on silage rations. The buffaloes on wheat straw fed with three proportions of concentrates tended to put on a little weight. Multiple regression using pooled data of Expts 1 and 3 showed that the partial regression coefficient of metabolic body weight (kgW0·76) on TDN intake was not significant but that of 6% fat-corrected milk on TDN intake was, suggesting a close relationship between milk yield and food intake.

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Effect of Increasing the Dietary Protein Content of Breakfast on Subjective Appetite, Short-Term Food Intake and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Children

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3025

Author(s):

Nick Bellissimo ◽

Tammy Fansabedian ◽

Vincent C.H. Wong ◽

Julia O. Totosy de Zepetnek ◽

Neil R. Brett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Food Intake ◽

Protein Content ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Short Term ◽

Low Protein ◽

Repeated Measures Designs ◽

Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽

And Control

Dietary protein affects energy balance by decreasing food intake (FI) and increasing energy expenditure through diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) in adults. Our objective was to investigate the effects of increasing the dietary protein in an isocaloric breakfast on subjective appetite, FI, blood glucose, and DIT in 9–14 y children. Two randomized repeated measures designs were used. In experiment 1, 17 children (9 boys, 8 girls) consumed isocaloric meals (450 kcal) on four separate mornings containing: 7 g (control), 15 g (low protein, LP), 30 g (medium protein, MP) or 45 g (high protein, HP) of protein. Blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured at baseline and regular intervals for 4 h, and FI was measured at 4 h. In experiment 2, 9 children (6 boys, 3 girls) consumed the control or HP breakfast on two separate mornings, and both DIT and subjective appetite were determined over 5 h. In experiment 1, all dietary protein treatments suppressed subjective appetite compared to control (p < 0.001), and the HP breakfast suppressed FI compared with the LP breakfast and control (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, DIT was higher after HP than control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing the dietary protein content of breakfast had favorable effects on satiety, FI, and DIT in children.

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Milk productivity of the cows of Holstein and Simmental breeds in environment of the Novosibirsk region

Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding) ◽

10.33920/sel-03-2004-06 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Zheltikov ◽

N. Kostomakhin ◽

D. Adushinov ◽

O. Zaiko ◽

V. Dementev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Live Weight ◽

Fat Content ◽

Milk Productivity ◽

Holstein Breed ◽

Novosibirsk Region ◽

Daily Milk Yield

The characteristic of milk productivity of cows of Holstein and Simmental breeds in LLC “Sibirskaya Niva” in the Maslyaninsky district in the Novosibirsk region has been given. It has been revealed that under the natural and climatic environments of the Western Siberia, when creating favorable conditions for feeding and housing for cows of Holstein and Simmental breeds have sufficiently high milk productivity. It has been found that Holstein first-calf heifers surpassed their Simmental herdmates by 959 kg in milk yield for the first 305 days of lactation under the same conditions of housing and feeding, by 3,1 kg in daily milk yield, by 38,2 kg in milk fat yield, and by 28,3 kg in milk protein yield (P < 0,001). There were no statistically significant differences between animals of Holstein and Simmental breeds in terms of fat and protein content in milk, which amounted to 3,94 and 2,96 % in Holstein breed and 3,97 and 2,98 % in Simmental breed, respectively. Both breeds have shown high milk productivity during the first 3 lactations. Thus, the milk yield of Holstein cows for the first 3 lactation was 6475–9290 kg, Simmental cows it was 5516–7680 kg, fat content was 3,93–3,99 and 3,96–3,97 %, respectively. The protein content in the milk of cows of both breeds did not exceed 3,0 %. High variability has been found in milk yield, yield of milk fat and protein, the coefficient of milk content and duration of lactation, the lowest in the content of protein and fat in milk and live weight. The correlation coefficients between the fat and protein content in milk were generally positive, but did not exceed 0,28. Therefore, breeding in the herd of cows in LLC “Sibirskaya Niva” have to be conducted not only by fat content, but also by protein content in milk.

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