Studies on the rearing of calves weaned from milk between two and four weeks of age

1956 ◽  
Vol 1956 ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Population ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Considerable Saving ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Calf Rearing

To wean calves early and then feed them dry meal, hay and water is thought to have a number of advantages over more conventional methods of calf rearing. These advantages include: a considerable saving of milk or milk substitutes, an early build-up of the microbial population of the rumen (thus permitting the use of simple inexpensive foods), and the saving of labour concomitant with early weaning.Accordingly, a number of small experiments were set up to test the practicability of early weaning, the effect of different dry feeds and of a variety of types of flooring for calf pens.

A note on the effect of giving milk substitute only once a day to early-weaned calves

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. A. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Labour Demand ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Considerable Saving ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Calf Rearing

Early weaning is now a well recognized and widely practised system of calf rearing which saves considerable labour compared with the former practice of giving liquid milk or milk substitutes in buckets twice daily to the age of 12 weeks.One of the practical difficulties of bucket feeding calves twice daily is that the feeding times need to be close to the beginning and end of the stockman's working day to maintain reasonable intervals between intakes of liquid. Each feed must be followed by further time spent washing utensils. The labour demand for this can often conflict with that for milking and feeding other stock. It seemed possible that the whole of the liquid milk substitute intake of calves destined for early weaning might be provided in one feed daily with considerable saving of labour and increase in convenience.

A note on the effect of certain variables on the performance of early-weaned calves

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence ◽  
J. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Calf Rearing

Although numerous studies on the early weaning system of calf rearing have given information concerning the composition of milk substitutes and concentrate rations which may be used, and the subsequent growth rates which may be expected, few have given information concerning either the relative effects on subsequent growth rate of initial weight, weaning weight, concentrate and hay intakes, or the relationships which exist among these factors themselves.

The effect of previous microbial experience on the gas production profiles in the Gas Pressure Transducer system.

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 170-170
Author(s):  
A T Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Population ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Feed Samples

A technique involving the measurement of the gas production from the microbial fermentation of a specified substrate in sealed conditions has recently been proposed as a method of assessing the fermentation kinetics of tropical feeds (Theodorou et al, 1992). In this technique the feed under test is the sole source of nutrients to the microbes and therefore it is possible that the nutrient release profile may have an influence on the microbial population leading to a modified gas production profile. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of previous microbial experience on gas production.One gram air dried feed samples were placed with 95 ml of modified van Soest media and 5 ml of strained rumen liquor in 150 ml serum bottles and sealed under anaerobic conditions. The rumen liquor was obtained from fistulated yearling wethers fed a maintenance diet of 0.9 good hay: 0.1 commercial 16% CP compound feed). Four replicates of fish meal (FM) and eight of spring barley grain (SPB) were set up together with control blanks.

Application of Sulfate-Reducing and Sulfide-Oxidizing Bacterial Symbiosis for Wastewater Treatment

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Tare ◽  
P.C. Sabumon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Bacterial Symbiosis ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Microbial System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Abstract This investigation attempted to advance the state of the art of the process which utilizes the symbiotic relationship between the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB) for degradation of organic matter present in wastewater. Major emphasis has been on the development of the desired microbial system without any external seed and comparative evaluation of the two types of multistage reversing flow bioreactor (MRB) systems. Biological vessels (BVs) in the MRB systems simulate conditions which correspond to configurations described as upflow sludge blanket and stationary fixed film. Two bench-scale models – one designed to achieve self granulation of sludge (SGS), and the second designed to promote growth of SRB/SOB on additional nonreactive surface – were set up and operated over a period of 4 months. Domestic wastewater supplemented with organic matter from sugar cane molasses was used as feed to develop the desired microbial population. Several visual and microscopic observations confirmed the presence of a significant number of SRB and SOB in all the biological vessels. Results indicated that it is possible to develop SGS and a microbial population of SRB and SOB which could attach to the nonreactive surface without any external seeding. Domestic wastewater could serve as a source of these organisms. Immobilized growth conditions and suspended growth conditions in BVs yield similar results in terms of organic matter utilization. The empirical formula for MRB biomass can be expressed as C11O12H36N5S.

Feeding the young ruminant

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
A. I. Frost
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Young Calf ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Dry Diet

AbstractYoung calves and lambs are weaned early to reduce the amount of milk products consumed and potentially improve the profitability of rearing enterprises. At weaning the pre-ruminant must make a number of adjustments to cope with the change in dietary substrate. The microbial population in the rumen must develop and metabolic changes are required in order for the young ruminant to metabolize the end products of microbial digestion. It is recognized that early weaning poses a stress to the calf but it is generally considered that the calf rapidly adjusts to the change in diet composition. A number of factors indicate that considerable advantage would be gained from delaying the weaning of calves and indeed that the calf is not physiologically capable of adapting to an early-weaning regime. Work has indicated that a diverse anaerobic microbial population can be identified in the developing rumen of the calf. More recent results show that the presence of a faculative anaerobic population, which exists for a considerable period of time, has an adverse effect on the development of a mature anaerobic population. Low rumen pH is a problem in the young calf. The level of rumen pH verges on that which would be described as acidosis in the adult ruminant. The young calf is unable to stabilize rumen pH and increasing the level of dry food intake at weaning may further depress rumen pH if the salivary buffering capacity of the calf is not adequately developed. Results indicate that the ability to utilize volatile fatty acids is not fully developed in the young calf and that early weaning can result in high levels of VFAs in the circulation.The composition of the dry diet has a major effect on the response of the calf to weaning. Choice of the ingredients can affect the buffering capacity of the rumen and the physiological development of the digestive tract. Strategies to limit the nutrient intake from dry food to levels commensurate with the developing physiology of the calf may result in a more uniform transition to full ruminant status with consequent benefits in growth rate and health.

The effect of different concentrates on the performance of Holstein-Friesian bull calves

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 123-123
Author(s):  
John Martin ◽  
P. J. Caffrey ◽  
F. P. O'Mara ◽  
P. O. Brophy
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Calf Rearing

In early weaning calf rearing systems, intake and nutritive value of the concentrate are the main determinants of performance. A possible way of increasing the nutritive value of concentrates is to increase the oil level, either by adding oil/fat or full fat oilseeds. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect on calf intake and performance of the addition of full fat rapeseed or full fat soyabean to a calf starter concentrate.

Project Decision-Making for Conceptual Design Based on Rough Set

2014 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. 402-410
Author(s):  
Ming Hai Yuan ◽  
Shuo Cheng ◽  
Zhi Yong Dai ◽  
Ai Min Ji
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Rough Set ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Decision Table ◽  
Rapid Design ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Project Decision

Rough set has been applied into the conceptual design of products in order to choose the structure correct project rapidly according to the users’ demand. First of all, using rough set, the relation between features has been found out to set up the simple decision-making table and get the regulations of the project decision-making. According to the decision table, the redundant project is deleted to choose the correct project rapidly in the stage of conceptual design. The example of the rapid design of an astronomical doom shows this method is more objective and concise than those conventional methods and the processing speed is much faster.

Interactions between concentrations of Metabolizable Energy in calf milk replacers and calf starter diets

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 119-119
Author(s):  
J.R. Newbold ◽  
J.S. Blake ◽  
N.G. Haggis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Calf Rearing ◽  
Intake Control

One classical theory of food intake control suggests that, within limits, food intake is regulated to ensure that requirements for energy are just met. Two of the prime objectives of the calf rearer are to achieve rapid growth and early intake of solid food (to allow early weaning). The optimum concentration of energy, therefore, will be sufficiently low to maximise intake of solid food, yet high enough to maximise total intake of energy. A complication is introduced by the fact that the pre-ruminant calf receives two foods simultaneously; a daily allowance (usually fixed) of milk replacer supplemented by ad libitum access to solid starter feed. Theory predicts that intake of starter will be determined by concentrations of energy in both starter and milk replacer (assuming other nutrients supplied in excess of requirements). If the calf is able to select a level of intake of starter which allows requirements for energy to be met, rate of growth will be independent of concentrations of energy in both starter and milk replacer. Our objective was to test these predictions in a conventional calf rearing system.

scholarly journals Advantages and disadvantages of microarrays to study microbial population dynamics a minireview

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Everett ◽  
J. Rees-George ◽  
I.P.S. Pushparajah ◽  
B.J. Janssen ◽  
Z. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Microarray Chip ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Microbial Population Dynamics ◽  
Conventional Methods

Microbial ecology is challenging because of practical problems associated with detecting and quantifying populations Bacteria and yeasts are not easily identified using conventional methods such as dilution plating and biochemical tests Those methods lack sensitivity are extremely timeconsuming and cannot account for unculturable organisms New DNAbased technology such as microarrays offers solutions to those problems However identification of microorganisms using DNA methodology is becoming increasingly complicated due to the variation revealed in sequenced microbe genomes Identification is no longer considered reliable when only one area of the genome is targeted and recent publications consider that sequences from six or seven different genes are required to resolve species or pathovars of fungi and bacteria reliably A large number of probes from different genes can be included on a single microarray chip The advantages and disadvantages of microarrays versus other DNA methods for studying microbial ecology of fruit surfaces are discussed

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