scholarly journals Controlling Shipping Along the North European Trade Axis

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-556
Author(s):  
D. J. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Baltic Basin ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
The Baltic

By the North European Trade Axis is meant the trade route from Ushant and Land's End, up the English Channel, through the Dover Strait fanning out to serve eastern England, the north coast of continental Europe and leading to the Baltic Basin. Recent events in this area have left a feeling that some form of tightening of control is not only desirable, but is rapidly becoming imperative. There is a basic conflict between the two forms of shipping using the area: the local users who use the area more or less constantly, and the long-distance traders, usually much larger, which arrive in the area for a brief stay after a prolonged period at sea, which has usually been in good weather conditions. Frequently these latter ships have a very poor notion of the hornet's nest into which they are steaming when they arrive. The net result is all too often the same: the local users, with familiarity breeding contempt, wander about as they see fit, with scant regard for routing or the regulations; all too often the big ships arrive from sea with navigating staffs who are too confused, sometimes too ignorant—and sometimes too terrified—to do much more than blunder forward in a straight line hoping for the best. Quite obviously this is not a total picture, and there are large numbers of ships which navigate perfectly competently, but the minority of those which do not seem to be rising rapidly, and show every sign of continuing to increase.

scholarly journals Neolithic Figurines of Western Europe

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Scarre
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The Baltic

Western Europe has relatively few figurines of Neolithic or Chalcolithic date by comparison with the large numbers known from Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia. Human figurines (mainly of fired clay) are, however, found in Bandkeramik contexts from Central Europe to the North Sea, with others in eastern France. The scarcity of human figurines from areas such as Britain illustrates the diversity of cultural and symbolic practice that privileged human representations in some areas but not others. In the Baltic region, a separate figurine tradition drawing probably on Late Palaeolithic or Mesolithic origins persisted into the Neolithic. It is, however, the Iberian peninsula that stands apart from other regions of western Europe for the abundance and diversity of its human figurines, most of them of Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic date (mid-fourth to late third millennium bc). They include carved schist plaques and ‘eye-idols’ of bone and other materials. The florescence of Iberian figurine production is associated with the emergence of societies on the verge of complexity, characterized by craft specialization and long-distance exchange.

K-Ar dating of the Lower Palaeozoic K-bentonites from the Baltic Basin and the Baltic Shield: implications for the role of temperature and time in the illitization of smectite

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Środoń ◽  
N. Clauer ◽  
W. Huff ◽  
T. Dudek ◽  
M. Banaś
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Shield ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Baltic Basin ◽  
The North ◽  
Lower Palaeozoic ◽  
Fission Track Ages ◽  
The Baltic

AbstractMixed-layer illite-smectite samples from the Ordovician and Silurian K-bentonites of the Baltic Basin and the Baltic Shield (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Poland and Estonia) were dated by K-Ar on several grain fractions and were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), both on oriented and random preparations, in order to reveal the conditions of smectite illitization in the area. Authigenic K-feldspar was also dated. The geographic pattern of the degree of illitization (% smectite in illite-smectite measured by XRD) is consistent with other indicators of palaeotemperatures (acritarchs, conodont alteration index, vitrinite reflectance, apatite fission track ages). It reveals the highest maximum palaeotemperatures (up to at least 200ºC) along the Norwegian and the German-Polish branches of the Caledonides and the lowest palaeotemperatures (120ºC) in the central part of the studied area. The distribution of K-Ar ages is not well correlated with this pattern, revealing a zone of older ages (Lower Devonian-Lower Carboniferous) between Denmark and Estonia, and areas of younger ages (Upper Devonian to Carboniferous/Permian boundary) to the north and south of this zone. The zone of older ages is interpreted as the result of illitization induced by a thermal event in front of the Caledonian orogenic belt (migration of hot metamorphic fluids?). The areas of younger ages are considered as representing deep burial illitization under a thick Silurian-Carboniferous sedimentary cover, perhaps augmented by a tectonic load. The K-Ar dates invalidate the hypothesis of a long-lasting low-temperature illitization as the mechanism of formation of the Estonian Palaeozoic illite-smectite. The ammonium content of illite-smectite from the Baltic K-bentonites reflects the proximity of organic-rich source rocks that underwent thermal alteration at the time of illite crystallization.

scholarly journals The Middle-Dniester Cultural Contact Area of Early Metal Age Societies. The Frontier of Pontic and Baltic Drainage Basins in the 4Th/3Rd-2Nd Millennium Bc.

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-406
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Ivanova ◽  
Gennadiy N. Toschev
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Baltic Basin ◽  
Cultural Contact ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Metal Age ◽  
North Western

Abstract The paper discusses the taxonomy and autogenesis of the cycle of early ‘barrow cultures’ developed by the local communities of the Middle Dniester Area or, in a broader comparative context, the north-western Black Sea Coast, in the 4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC. The purpose of the study is to conduct an analytical and conceptual entry point to the research questions of the Dniester Contact Area, specifically the contacts between autochthonous ‘Late Eneolithic’ communities (Yamnaya, Catacomb and Babyno cultures) and incoming communities from the Baltic basin. The discussion of these cultures continues in other papers presented in this volume of Baltic-Pontic Studies.

The Spread of Elminius Modestus Darwin In North-West Europe

1958 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Crisp
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Competition For Space ◽  
South East England ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

Material collected prior to 1940 indicates that Elminius modestus was not present on British coasts at that time.Elminius increased in abundance in south-east England from 1946 to 1950 and extended its range as far as the Humber, where it halted.Its advance westwards along the south coast was similarly halted at Portland, but by 1948 independent colonies had been established in several of the river systems of Devon and Cornwall, in Milford Haven, and in the Bristol Channel.The first populations in the Irish Sea were in Morecambe Bay. From there Elminius spread rapidly south and west along the north coast of Wales, and more slowly north and west towards Galloway, eventually bridging the sea to the Isle of Man.Detailed observations showed that Elminius advanced along the uniformly favourable north coast of Wales as a definite front moving at a rate of approximately 20–30 km per year. Around Anglesey where tidal currents were stronger it appeared simultaneously in many scattered centres.A distinction is drawn between marginal dispersal taking place under the influence of normal agencies at the boundary of an existing population, and remote dispersal due to an artificial or freak transport over a long distance. In the case of Elminius the maximum distance that is likely to be bridged by marginal dispersal in the absence of strong residual drifts is about 30 miles.Elminius probably first appeared near Southampton, and was introduced into the Thames estuary area probably by remote dispersal. Thence it spread along the east coast and was transported to Holland. Its extension into south Devon, the Bristol Channel, the Irish Sea, and to the French coast must also be attributed to remote dispersal.The main ecological effects of Elminius result from competition for space with Balanus balanoides. Since Elminius breeds in summer, its dominance has a profound effect on the composition of the summer plankton, greatly increasing the number of barnacle nauplii, presumably at the expense of other larvae.

WILDLIFE RESPONSE IN A REMOTE ALASKAN SPILL: TESTING A CENTRALIZED SYSTEM

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Curt Clumpner
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Centralized System

ABSTRACT In 1991 the International Bird Rescue Research Center, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, and Alaska Clean Seas teamed up to design and implement a wildlife response system that could work successfully in a state with an area of nearly 600,000 square miles, more than 6000 miles of coastline, and hundreds of islands. In a state that is spread over more than 15 degrees of latitude and 45 degrees of longitude, the system would need to work in all sorts of weather and at all times of the year in three major climatic zones (marine coastal, subarctic, and arctic). It was decided that the best way to maximize resources and coverage was to design a system with a centralized oiled wildlife rehabilitation center in Anchorage: the Alaska Wildlife Response Center. This would allow one to use resources that would otherwise be unavailable in a timely fashion in many of the areas at greatest risk for an oil spill. It would also maximize cost effectiveness by minimizing the amount of equipment and personnel that would have to be moved and supported in remote areas of the state. A centralized system would, however, potentially require that the affected wildlife be transported long distances to be rehabilitated. In February 1996, a spill off the north coast of St. Paul Island in the Bering Sea provided the first real test of this system. It required the capture, stabilization, and transport of nearly 200 oiled birds under quite difficult and typical Alaska conditions. This paper will discuss the problems and solutions encountered in mounting a wildlife response to an oil spill in a remote area with inclement weather conditions and few local resources. It will focus on what makes responding in Alaska different from responding in most other parts of the United States, and on what was done differently in this response to make it a success. This paper will show how a system based on a centralized facility can work successfully, as was evidenced by the high percentage of released wildlife, when it involves teamwork among all organizations, agencies, and individuals involved.

scholarly journals The non-breeding distribution of Dupont's Lark Chersophilus duponti in Spain

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO SUÁREZ ◽  
JESÚS T. GARCÍA ◽  
FRANCISCO J. SAMPIETRO ◽  
VICENTE GARZA
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Breeding Distribution ◽  
Partial Migrant ◽  
Dupont’S Lark ◽  
Specific Conservation

In this paper, we analyse the non-breeding distribution of Dupont's Lark, one of Europe's most threatened and least known passerines, using breeding and wintering censuses, published and unpublished records of individuals outside their breeding areas, and data on radio-tagged individuals and field observations. Results suggest that most breeding Dupont's Larks remain around the breeding sites during the non-breeding season, including those populations from areas with harsh winter weather conditions. The probability of winter presence of Dupont's Larks in breeding areas was significantly correlated with population size, but the altitude of the locality studied did not influence winter presence. Records outside breeding areas indicate that part of the population moves some distance after breeding, occupying lower sites and principally those with agrarian substrates. We also found several records far from well-known breeding areas during the breeding period. Our results suggest that Dupont's Lark seems to be a partial migrant, wintering in breeding areas in large numbers (probably the adult fraction of the population) but with some part of the populations moving to other areas. The movements are short-distance in most cases, although medium- and long-distance dispersive movements were also detected. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of specific conservation measures for the species.

A Comment on the Breeding and Herding of Llamas and Alpacas on the North Coast of Peru

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Lange Topic ◽  
Thomas H. McGreevy ◽  
John R. Topic
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Northern Peru ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

In presenting a case for the viability of llamas on the desert coast of northern Peru in prehispanic times, Shimada and Shimada (1985) suggest that alpacas might also have been adapted to the coastal environment. Alpacas are primarily wool producers however, best adapted to the high altitude pasturelands of central and southern Peru. Wool yarn used in coastal textiles, it is argued, was imported from the highlands. While coastal llama herding is an aspect of regional self-sufficiency, alpaca wool yarn was important in the long distance exchange networks which, in later Andean prehistory, distributed rare materials and products for elite consumption.

scholarly journals Nemo-Nordic 2.0: Operational marine forecast model for the Baltic Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomas Kärnä ◽  
Patrik Ljungemyr ◽  
Saeed Falahat ◽  
Ida Ringgaard ◽  
Lars Axell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Basin ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. This paper describes Nemo-Nordic 2.0, an operational marine forecast model for the Baltic Sea. The model is based on the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) circulation model and the previous Nemo-Nordic 1.0 configuration by Hordoir et al. [Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 363–386, 2019]. The most notable updates include the switch from NEMO version 3.6 to 4.0, updated model bathymetry and revised bottom friction formulation. The model domain covers the Baltic and the North Seas with approximately 1 nautical mile resolution. Vertical grid resolution has been increased from 3 to 1 m in the surface layer. In addition, the numerical solver configuration has been revised to reduce artificial mixing to improve the representation of inflow events. Sea-ice is modeled with the SI3 model instead of LIM3. The model is validated against sea level, water temperature and salinity observations, as well as Baltic Sea ice chart data for a two-year hindcast simulation. Sea level root mean square deviation (RMSD) is typically within 10 cm throughout the Baltic basin. Seasonal sea surface temperature variation is well captured, although the model exhibits a negative bias of approximately −0.5 °C. Salinity RMSD is typically below 1.5 g/kg. The model captures the 2014 Major Baltic Inflow event and its propagation to the Gotland Deep. The skill analysis demonstrates that Nemo-Nordic 2.0 can reproduce the hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea.

scholarly journals Specific features of the development of Rhopalosiphum padi in connection with migration and transfer of the viral infection to host and non-host plants using potato as an example

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena S Gandrabur ◽  
ALLA B. VERESHCHAGINA
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Persistent Viruses ◽  
Settling Behavior

Abstract. Gandarabur ES, Vereshchagina AB. 2019. Specific features of the development of the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in connection with migration and transfer of the viral infection to host and non-host plants using potato as an example. Biodiversitas 20: 3439-3447. Using Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), which lives in the North-West of the Russian Federation, as an example, the long-term data on the timing of its spring migration from bird cherry to herbaceous plants are summarized and their analysis, related to the wing formation in aphid colonies and the accompanying weather conditions, is given. It was found out, those peculiarities of behavior of spring emigrants of Rh. padi during the host selection depend on the motivation for a long-distance flight, include repeated take-off and testing and may be accompanied by visits to the non-host plants during 4 days. Migration and settling behavior of aphids underlie their ability to transfer non-persistent viruses to host and non-host plants. The obtained data allow adjusting the methods of plant protection including the viral infection.

The breeding and distribution of the grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus Fab.) in the Baltic Sea, with observations on other seals of the area

1972 ◽  
Vol 182 (1066) ◽  
pp. 37-58 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Grey Seal ◽  
Last Deglaciation ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
The North ◽  
Ice Coverage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Baltic

The grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus Fab.) is considered to be one of the rarest species of the seals. The area of greatest abundance is centred around the coasts of the British Isles where the species has been established for a considerable period. The Grey Seals Acts of 1914 and 1932 gave protection to the species in British waters during the breeding months of September to December. But this seal also occurs in other countries in the North Atlantic, notably in Eastern Canada, often on ice (figures 12, 13, plate 4), Iceland, the Faroes, Norway, the Kola peninsular and the Baltic Sea. The total population is estimated (Smith 1966) to be ca . 52500. Since the last deglaciation considerable changes have occurred in the Baltic region, but at the present time in this tideless sea – which embraces the Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland and Riga, and in waters of a salinity as low as 3.75 ‰, of an area of 400000 km 2 – the grey seal breeds in March on ice, as does the ringed seal in the same month and also on ice, though the common seal breeds in June on sandbanks or rocks. Within the area is a valuable and productive fishery and an inevitable conflict has for long existed between man and the seals, both predators of economically valuable fish, e. g. herring, cod, eel, salmon and other species, leading to the imposition of bounty payments for seals killed. Over the years very large numbers of grey and ringed seals have been killed, chiefly by fishermen in Sweden and Finland, to obtain bounties from the authorities. Unlike the planned culling and undertaken in some British colonies, the Baltic killings have been made at random and little is known of its effect upon the survival of the species. In the Baltic it is not possible to undertake counts of seals owing to the scattered nature of their breeding and the unpredictability of the winter ice coverage.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document