Verification of AIS Data by using Video Images taken by a UAV

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (06) ◽  
pp. 1345-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhou ◽  
Shengda Pan ◽  
Jingjing Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Target Image ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
Traffic Regulation ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Positioning Algorithm ◽  
Vibe Algorithm

Effective technical methods for verifying the authenticity and accuracy of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, which are important for safe navigation and traffic regulation, are still lacking. In this study, we propose a new method to verify AIS data by using video images taken by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). An improved ViBe algorithm is used to extract the ship target image from the video images and the ship's spatial position is calculated using a monocular target-positioning algorithm. The positioning results are compared with the position, speed and course data of the same ship in AIS, and the authenticity and accuracy of the AIS data are verified. The results of the experiment conducted in the inland waterways of Huangpu River in Shanghai, China, show that AIS signals can be automatically checked and verified by a UAV in real time and can thus improve the supervision efficiency of maritime departments.

Securing the Automatic Identification System (AIS): Using public key cryptography to prevent spoofing whilst retaining backwards compatibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gareth Wimpenny ◽  
Jan Šafář ◽  
Alan Grant ◽  
Martin Bransby
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Public Key Cryptography ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Abstract The civilian Automatic Identification System (AIS) has no inherent protection against spoofing. Spoofed AIS messages have the potential to interfere with the safe navigation of a vessel by, amongst other approaches, spoofing maritime virtual aids to navigation and/or differential global navigation satellite system (DGNSS) correction data conveyed across it. Acting maliciously, a single transmitter may spoof thousands of AIS messages per minute with the potential to cause considerable nuisance; compromising information provided by AIS intended to enhance the mariner's situational awareness. This work describes an approach to authenticate AIS messages using public key cryptography (PKC) and thus provide unequivocal evidence that AIS messages originate from genuine sources and so can be trusted. Improvements to the proposed AIS authentication scheme are identified which address a security weakness and help avoid false positives to spoofing caused by changes to message syntax. A channel loading investigation concludes that sufficient bandwidth is available to routinely authenticate all AIS messages whilst retaining backwards compatibility by carrying PKC ‘digital signatures’ in a separate VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) side channel.

Classification of vessel motion pattern in inland waterways based on Automatic Identification System

2018 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijun Chen ◽  
Jie Xue ◽  
Chaozhong Wu ◽  
LingQiao Qin ◽  
Liqun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Motion Pattern ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
Vessel Motion

scholarly journals A Multi-Feature and Multi-Level Matching Algorithm Using Aerial Image and AIS for Vessel Identification

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supu Xiu ◽  
Yuanqiao Wen ◽  
Haiwen Yuan ◽  
Changshi Xiao ◽  
Wenqiang Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Aerial Image ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
Surface Vessels ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Multi Level

In order to monitor and manage vessels in channels effectively, identification and tracking are very necessary. This work developed a maritime unmanned aerial vehicle (Mar-UAV) system equipped with a high-resolution camera and an Automatic Identification System (AIS). A multi-feature and multi-level matching algorithm using the spatiotemporal characteristics of aerial images and AIS information was proposed to detect and identify field vessels. Specifically, multi-feature information, including position, scale, heading, speed, etc., are used to match between real-time image and AIS message. Additionally, the matching algorithm is divided into two levels, point matching and trajectory matching, for the accurate identification of surface vessels. Through such a matching algorithm, the Mar-UAV system is able to automatically identify the vessel’s vision, which improves the autonomy of the UAV in maritime tasks. The multi-feature and multi-level matching algorithm has been employed for the developed Mar-UAV system, and some field experiments have been implemented in the Yangzi River. The results indicated that the proposed matching algorithm and the Mar-UAV system are very significant for achieving autonomous maritime supervision.

scholarly journals Maritime Lighthouses in the Republic of Croatia – Safety of Navigation and/or Tourist Attraction

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Stanivuk ◽  
Ivan Juričević ◽  
Jelena Žanić Mikuličić
Keyword(s):  
Market Research ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
Remote Control System ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Increasing Demand

The lighthouses are the most important navigation aids enabling safe navigation. Today, in the Republic of Croatia there are 46 maritime lighthouses in function. All the lighthouses are automated and controlled through the remote control system. In the Republic of Croatia, Plovput company is responsible for their maintenance. In recent years maritime lighthouses have increasingly been used for tourism. Still, their primary role has not been forgotten. The proof of this is the incorporation of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) in the lighthouses, raising the safety of navigation to a higher level. Interesting has been the market research in recent years, since there has been an increasing demand for lighthouses as tourist facilities. This is of great importance, as it provides additional financial resources for their maintenance. Unfortunately, the statistical data on renting and the availability of accommodation capacities indicates that there is space for improvement.

scholarly journals A Vessel Positioning Algorithm Based on Satellite Automatic Identification System

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shexiang Ma ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Xin Meng ◽  
Junfeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Satellite System ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Additional Measurement ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
Interactive Multiple Model ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Positioning Algorithm ◽  
Model Algorithm

Vessels can obtain high precision positioning by using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), but when the ship borne GNSS receiver fails, the existence of an alternative positioning system is important for the navigation safety of vessel. In this paper, a localization method based on the signals transmitted by satellite-based automatic identification system (AIS) is proposed for vessel in GNSS-denied environments. In the proposed method, the positioning model is a modification on the basis of time difference and frequency difference of arrival measurements by introducing an additional measurement, and the measurement is obtained through the interactive multiple model algorithm. The performance of the proposed strategy is evaluated through simulations, and the results validate the feasibility and reliability of vessel localization based on satellite-based AIS.

Research on the safe distance between passing ship and offshore drilling platform based on theory and statistics

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-650
Author(s):  
Haibo Xie ◽  
Zhengjiang Liu ◽  
Xingkang Xu ◽  
Jiping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Offshore Drilling ◽  
Oil And Gas Exploration ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
Drift Model ◽  
Calculation Results

The offshore drilling platform is the main equipment for oil and gas exploration. The increase in offshore drilling platform results in the apparently increased contradiction between oilfield exploitation and safe navigation of ships. In order to ensure safe navigation and the normal exploitation of oil and gas fields in a limited space, it is necessary to quantify the distance between ships and coastal drilling platforms. In this investigation, the relevant theoretical calculation models were developed, including a drift model for ship out of control and a ship emergency stopping model. By selecting appropriate ship samples, theoretical safe distances under different models can be obtained. With the use of statistical correlation theory based on the Automatic Identification System data of ship, the safe distance between passing ship and platform was further studied. Finally, the recommended safe distance in different waters was summarized by comparing different model calculation results and data statistics results. Research results are beneficial for the safety of ship navigation, safe operation of the platform, and the revision of relevant standards.

scholarly journals Low Cost Ais System for Safe Navigation

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Gucma
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
Navigational Aid ◽  
Transfer Of Information

Low Cost Ais System for Safe Navigation Automatic Identification System (AIS) ensures automatic transfer of information between sea going vessels and land based monitoring centers. AIS transceivers are obligatory on board vessels of 300 gross register tones and over. System supports safe navigation at confined and open areas, whilst on the former mentioned is especially helpful due to limited range of radar. Article presents low cost AIS system for small vessels and leisure crafts where AIS is not obligatory but might be valuable navigational aid. Some aspects concerning accuracy are presented as well.

scholarly journals AIS Data Vulnerability Indicated by a Spoofing Case-Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5015
Author(s):  
Andrej Androjna ◽  
Marko Perkovič ◽  
Ivica Pavic ◽  
Jakša Mišković
Keyword(s):  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Source Of Information

This paper takes a close look at the landscape of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) as a major source of information for maritime situational awareness (MSA) and identifies its vulnerabilities and challenges for safe navigation and shipping. As an important subset of cyber threats affecting many maritime systems, the AIS is subject to problems of tampering and reliability; indeed, the messages received may be inadvertently false, jammed, or intentionally spoofed. A systematic literature review was conducted for this article, complemented by a case study of a specific spoofing event near Elba in December 2019, which confirmed that the typical maritime AIS could be easily spoofed and generate erroneous position information. This intentional spoofing has affected navigation in international waters and passage through territorial waters. The maritime industry is neither immune to cyberattacks nor fully prepared for the risks associated with the use of modern digital systems. Maintaining seaworthiness in the face of the impact of digital technologies requires a robust cybersecurity framework.

Utilizing Agent-Based Modeling to Evaluate Operational Impacts of an Incident and Possible Alternatives on U.S. Waterways

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (10) ◽  
pp. 951-962
Author(s):  
Janey Camp ◽  
Katherine Nelson ◽  
Craig E. Philip ◽  
Miguel Moravec ◽  
Douglas W. Scheffler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
General Slowing ◽  
Operational Impacts

Operations along inland waterways are particularly vulnerable to severe weather events which can create adverse conditions for towboat operators to manage, resulting in increased risk of accidents. However, it is challenging to know or understand the extent to which new regulations or policies on tow operating procedures may reduce impacts from a given scenario. An agent-based model (ABM) representing actual river operating procedures was developed previously to evaluate emergent characteristics and system-wide impacts arising from the interactions between disruptions, towboat operator responses, and regulations. In this work, we validate the effectiveness of the ABM model for improved decision support by comparing it with observed waterway traffic as captured by Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, then apply the model to a case study based on a 2005 incident on the Ohio River. A series of counterfactual scenarios are simulated to better understand potential impacts of the incident on waterway system performance and potential alternative outcomes given different operational responses and regulations. The analysis indicates that imposing tow movement restrictions, such as waiting for a helper towboat, under adverse river conditions can result in a general slowing of the system but with potentially lesser impacts than what would be caused if the system operates as normal and results in an incident that lasts multiple days. The analysis also indicates that the waterway system can return to normal operations within a matter of weeks.

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