Assessing the potential for synergies in the implementation of payments for environmental services programmes: an empirical analysis of Costa Rica

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEI ZHANG ◽  
STEFANO PAGIOLA
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Watershed Conservation ◽  
Conservation Funding ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Payment Rate

SUMMARYPayments for environmental services (PES) have been recognized as a promising mechanism for conservation, with the potential to contribute to social objectives such as poverty reduction. This paper outlines a simple framework for assessing the potential for synergies in the implementation of PES programmes, used to analyse the new watershed conservation funding (WCF) channelled through Costa Rica's national PES programme, Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA). The WCF financing can only be used in a limited number of watersheds. Given this constraint, the paper examines the mechanisms by which the WCF may potentially contribute to biodiversity conservation and to reducing social development gaps. Although there is significant spatial correlation among the priority areas targeted for the objectives of watershed conservation, biodiversity conservation and social development, the availability of the WCF per unit of land in most watersheds is limited compared to the PSA programme's prevailing payment rate of US$ 64 ha−1, potentially hindering the impact of the WCF on conservation and social development. The analysis helps guide the allocation of the PSA budget in a way that complements the WCF and improves the cost-effectiveness of the PSA budget.

scholarly journals Payments for Environmental Services: A New People Centric Approach for Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
Lina Chalise
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Payment For Environmental Services ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) in its preliminary stage is gaining much attention. The worth of many valuable environmental services is undermined from centuries due its free access. But now with the advancing time the blind conservation practices seem to be unreal. Thus, PES mechanism provides an attractive and convincing package in conservation and valuation of most of the indirect services of environment. This is a review article based on the introductory queries on emerging issue of valuation of environmental services via PES mechanism. Key Words: Environmental services, Global biodiversity, Conservation practices DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2529 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp99-103

scholarly journals Estimate the Impact of Payments for Environmental Services on Local Livelihoods and Environment: An Application of Propensity Scores

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110407
Author(s):  
Thang Quyet Nguyen ◽  
Nguyen Tan Huynh ◽  
Wen-Kai K. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Local Livelihoods ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
Hired Labor ◽  
The Impact

Payments for environmental services (PES) are usually considered as a useful tool to both protect the environment and generate multiple income streams for mountainous households who receive the payments, and thus, it has been widely implementing in many developing countries so far; however, the impact of it on local livelihoods and environment has been questioned. Therefore, the article aimed to evaluate the Vietnamese PES scheme’s effect on both environment and local livelihoods by surveying 282 households living in Quang Nam, Vietnam, and utilized the propensity score matching (PSM) technique to investigate the intervention policy’s influence. Furthermore, to evaluate PES’s effect on the environment, the article used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a measure of the photosynthetic level of forest trees. The calculation of NDVI relied on satellite images downloaded from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. The results indicated that (a) the natural forest status has been improved during PES implementation compared with that of pre-PES period regarding total forest areas, percentage of forest coverage, and vegetation cover; and (b) PES-participants have got a significantly lower income than nonparticipants regarding total annual income, agricultural income, and hired labor income. The limitation is that the impact of interventions on livelihoods and the environment is determined by the mutual combination of implemented programs rather than only the PES regime. So, we highly recommend that the future study separate the PES scheme’s actual impact to precisely evaluate the PES project’s effect on financial and environmental outcomes.

scholarly journals Forests and poverty: how has our understanding of the relationship been changed by experience?

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
G. Shepherd ◽  
K. Warner ◽  
N. Hogarth
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Forest Governance ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Address Climate Change ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Change Mitigation

Understanding of the relationship between forests and the poor has grown enormously, especially in the last twenty years. Aid donors worked on poverty reduction in the forest sector in the 1990s and into the early 2000s, but thereafter broadened their attention to address climate change mitigation, better forest governance and timber legality, and payments for environmental services. There has so far been an incomplete integration of new insights into the nature of poor people's reliance on forests, of their own efforts to use that reliance to escape from poverty, and of current forestry aid concerns. Future projects need to choose interventions which make better use of the results now available about forestpoverty relationships, both for the better conservation of forests, and for better focus on the livelihoods of the forest-reliant poor as they continue to try to move out of poverty.

scholarly journals СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ФАКТОРИ УЗБЕКИСТАНУ В УМОВАХ ПАТОЛОГІЧНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ І ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Konstantin Pavlov ◽  
Nailya Asadullina
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Formulation of the problem. Formulation of the problem. In the context of an increased level of uncertainty and variability of the organizational and economic environment, the significance and influence of various kinds of pathologies of a social nature (for example, the COVID-19 pandemic, all kinds of color revolutions, etc.), which have significant negative consequences for the functioning of society and its most important structures, has increased. The purpose of the article is to characterize the set of socio-economic factors in Uzbekistan in the context of pathological challenges and digitalization. The object of the research is the socio-economic processes of the development of the economy of Uzbekistan in the context of pathological challenges and digitalization. The methods used in the research are logical, comparative, analytical, scientific and methodological. The research hypothesis is based on the assumption that there is a dependence of the cost of restoring the ecological balance on the volume of national non-financial production assets. Presentation of the main material. The use of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress, such as comprehensive digitalization and modeling of the most important factors and trends of social development, can resist the impact of modern negative challenges. The article analyzes and simulates some of the most important parameters of the functioning of the Uzbek economy, the results of which can be used in developing a strategy of actions in priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The originality and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the author substantiates the relationship between the diseases of a modern person and unfavorable environmental conditions arising from his own fault. Conclusions of the study. Thus, as a result of the studies, it became obvious that the factors of social development and the socio-economic trends arising as a result of their action can be divided into two large groups: the first should include factors and trends of a negative nature associated with the action of all kinds of social pathologies; the second group, on the contrary, includes positive factors and trends, primarily associated with the progressive influence of scientific and technological progress, including with such an important modern direction as the all-round digitalization of society.

Evidence of the likely negative effect of the introduction of the minimum wage on the least skilled and poor through “labor-labor” substitution

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to test one hypothesis regarding the impact of the minimum wage on poverty: an increase or the introduction of the minimum wage raises the cost of hiring relatively unskilled workers, and makes inputs that are good substitutes for such workers more attractive. Design/methodology/approach Placebo analyses confirmed that a labor–labor substitution is induced by the introduction of the minimum wage. Findings This study found a labor–labor substitution within low-skill groups induced by the introduction of the minimum wage for domestic and farming work in South Africa. Practical implications The evidence implies that the minimum-wage policy may not be as effective for poverty reduction as some governments in emerging and developing countries claim. Originality/value No studies were found on labor–labor substitution in the context of emerging or developing countries. The clear contribution of this paper using South African data clearly lies here.

scholarly journals Poverty Reduction and Human Development: Impact of ENRICH Programme on Income Poverty in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-31
Author(s):  
Farhana Nargis
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multiple Intervention

This article aims to analyse the impact of the ENRICH programme (a holistic microfinance programme with multiple intervention) in poverty alleviation. It is based on a survey of 1,800 households selected both in programme implemented and control areas. The cost of basic needs method was used in this study to calculate the poverty lines for the year 2015. This study shows that there has been a significant impact of the ENRICH programme on poverty. The programme has resulted in an additional 10 percentage point poverty reduction in the programme areas, besides contributing to a decrease in the number of extremely poor households over time. Moreover, it has contributed to social and community development with its participants feeling more respected and dignified than before.

scholarly journals Payments for ecosystem services and poverty reduction: concepts, issues, and empirical perspectives

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERWIN H. BULTE ◽  
LESLIE LIPPER ◽  
RANDY STRINGER ◽  
DAVID ZILBERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Policy Innovation ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Recent Policy ◽  
International Aid Agencies

Paying for the provision of environmental services is a recent policy innovation attracting much attention in both developed and developing countries. This innovation, referred to as ‘payments for ecosystem services’ (when the emphasis is on enhancing ‘nature’ services) or ‘payments for environmental services’ (when amenities provided by the built environment are also included) is referred to here as PES. PES programs aim to harness market forces to obtain more efficient environmental outcomes. Since so many opportunities for PES programs could involve farmers in poor regions, international aid agencies and private donors, looking for a double dividend, increasingly consider using PES programs as a potential way of meeting both social and environmental objectives.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

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