The Effects of Punishment on Unpunished Behaviour

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Crosbie
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Response Cost ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Key Press ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Punishment Phase ◽  
Computer Keyboard ◽  
Baseline Levels

The present study examined the effects of response-cost on unpunished free-operant responses. Three university students made key-press responses on a computer keyboard and won and lost money as reinforcement and punishment, respectively. Only one response was ever reinforced or punished, but all responses were recorded. When response-cost was introduced for the target response, both target and non-target responses decreased. Whereas the target response remained at a low level throughout the punishment phase, most non-target responses eventually increased to their baseline levels. Of the three theoretical predictions assessed, support was found only for the proposition that the response that follows the punished response most frequently during baseline is reduced during the punishment phase.

scholarly journals The representations of the regional university students about the “gap year” in conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 08008
Author(s):  
Sergei Kremen ◽  
Kseniya Tsitsikashvili
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Regional University ◽  
Gap Year

The article examines the phenomena of the “gap year” in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to analyze the regional university students’ perceptions of this phenomenon in general and in the context of the pandemic, in particular. The results of the study showed that many students have only a superficial understanding of the “gap year” and most would not want to take a year of gap in education for a number of reasons. The authors conclude that in the Russian reality it is quite difficult to implement the “gap year” due to the low level of awareness about it among schoolchildren and students, weak financial and mobile opportunities for the majority of Russians, and conservative views of most parents.

Response Differentiation in Infants: A Sex Difference in Learning

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vietze ◽  
Martha Foster ◽  
Steven Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Response Differentiation ◽  
Baseline Levels

A visual stimulus was made contingent upon free-operant directional head turns in 10-wk.-old infants. Male infants significantly increased their rate of head turns to the rewarded side while rate of turns in the nonrewarded direction did not change from baseline levels. Female infants, on the other hand, did not demonstrate conditioning. The finding of a significant sex difference in response differentiation is discussed in terms of previous research which suggests that sex differences in conditionability may be a function of mode of reinforcement.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Loneliness among University Students from Five European Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-887
Author(s):  
Andrei Shpakou ◽  
Liudmila Klimatckaia ◽  
Natalia Skoblina ◽  
Joanna Baj-Korpak ◽  
Aelita Skarbalienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Loneliness Scale ◽  
Long Time

At universities for students, the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduced anti-pandemic measures turned out to be psycho-traumatic factors that increased the experience of loneliness. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of the phenomenon of loneliness among university students in five European countries, taking into account the variety of anti-COVID measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the UCLA Loneliness Scale, questionnaires of 2316 students. In Russia, Poland and Ukraine a hard lockdown was introduced during the pandemic. Lithuania (in the first months) did not undertake severe restrictions, and for a long time the danger of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was not recognized in Belarus. The students in Lithuania and Belarus, 33 and 35 points. Students from Poland, Russia and Ukraine: 38, 37, 37 points, respectively. All respondents were classified according to three levels of loneliness experience. A low level (<40) was noted in 1,510 cases (65.2%), medium (40‒60) — 740 people (32.0%), high (>60) experience of loneliness — 66 respondents (2.8%). Among the representatives of Lithuania and Belarus, a low level of subjective feeling of loneliness prevailed (about 70% of respondents), while in Ukraine, Russia and Poland the share of low indicators was significantly less, respectively, 65.2%, 59.8% and 57.8%. University students from five countries who participated in the study do not experience high levels of loneliness. Gradation of the prevalence of feelings of loneliness from minimum to maximum in comparison is as follows: LT — BY — RU—UA—PL. The severity of loneliness is associated with the levels of restrictions in the countries during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Training Need Assessment for the Infusion of Tolerance, Peace and Social Cohesion among University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol V (I) ◽  
pp. 419-427
Author(s):  
Anila Yasmin ◽  
Muhammad Naeem Mohsin ◽  
Muhammad Ayub Buzdar
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Training Need

Tolerance, peace and social cohesion are the most significant and substantial values of society. In the scenario of Pakistan, the existence of above-mentioned values are prominently correlated with each other. The aim of this study was to assess the need of training program to counter the negative effects regarding the existing level of tolerance, peace and social cohesion among university students. Population of this study was consisted of Government College University Faisalabad. A questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative. 280 students were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical test were applied to assess the difference between their opinions. The findings of study demonstrated low level of tolerance, peace and social cohesion among university students and identified various factors affecting low level of tolerance, peace and social cohesion among university students.

scholarly journals Detection of Knowledge Levels Related to Covid-19 Among State University Students, NKRI-RDTL Border Area

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
Yunawati Sele ◽  
Fincensius Oetpah ◽  
Vinsensia Ulia Rita Sila
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
State University ◽  
Border Area ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level

This research was conducted with the aim of revealing the level of knowledge related to COVID-19 among state university students, in the NKRI-RDTL border area. This study includes a qualitative descriptive study involving the population, namely all active students of state universities, Timor University, which are located in the border area of ​​the Republic of Indonesia-RDTL. By using a simple random sampling technique, obtained 1181 students as respondents. The research instrument in the form of a knowledge questionnaire related to covid was distributed to respondents offline and also online using the google form. The results showed that 17.7% of respondents had knowledge at a low level, 62.66% of respondents had knowledge at a moderate level, while 19.64% of respondents had knowledge at a high level. Among the 4 aspects of knowledge, knowledge on the etiology and symptom aspects, as well as aspects of preventing the spread of covid-19, are at a high level with an average value of each aspect, namely 85.61 and 83.09. Meanwhile, knowledge on aspects of risk groups and aspects of the spread of COVID-19 is at a low level with an average value of 51.54 and 54.19. This needs attention because the quality of knowledge basically has a relationship with attitudes and behavior related to COVID-19

scholarly journals Developing vocabulary of hospitality and tourism in university students: Subtitled videos for lexicon generation

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-34
Author(s):  
María A. Rojas Encalada ◽  
◽  
Magaly Arteaga Sarmiento ◽  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
English For Specific Purposes ◽  
Target Language ◽  
State University ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Perceptions Of Students ◽  
Hospitality And Tourism ◽  
Professional Contexts

The present study was conducted in an Ecuadorian state University, with students majoring in Hospitality and Tourism. One subject that students must take in this major is English for Specific Purposes (ESP). It is well noted that students do not have frequent opportunities to listen to English in professional contexts outside of class. Most of them have a low level of English proficiency since they are only required to pass two levels of English at any language institute. Consequently, this study aims to find the perceptions of students about the use of English subtitled videos or movies to develop tourism vocabulary and to explore the benefits of using these videos in a context where there is no practice of the target language outside the classroom.

Reducing Severe Aggressive and Self-Injurious Behavior: A Nonintrusive, Home Based Approach

1982 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The Self ◽  
Response Cost ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Destructive Behavior ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Destructive Behaviors

This study presents data covering the application of a response cost contingency to the self-injurious and aggressive/destructive behaviors of an autistic adolescent boy. The subject's target response rate was reduced from a mean of 29 per day during baseline to a daily mean of 0.3 during the final phase of the treatment condition. The fact that nonintrusive management strategies (such as response cost) are seldom reported in the literature covering aggressive and self-destructive behavior is discussed. Further, advantages of the response cost technique over other more frequently used methods are described.

Genetic variation and structure in endangered populations of Sphagnum palustre L. in Italy: a molecular approach to evaluate threats and survival ability

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 966-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Terracciano ◽  
Simonetta Giordano ◽  
Ilaria Bonini ◽  
Luca Miserere ◽  
Valeria Spagnuolo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
Sphagnum Palustre

The conservation status of endangered Italian populations of the peatmoss Sphagnum palustre L. was evaluated through the study of their intraspecific genetic variation and structure. One-hundred-thirty-eight shoots from four populations were analyzed by 35 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci. Molecular diversity indices highlight a general low level of variation, which is higher in centre-northern populations than in the southernmost one. AMOVA indicates that most variation is partitioned among populations, supporting a low level of gene flow and a severe isolation among them (FST = 0.7071–0.9198; Nm = 0.106). Mantel test gave a significant correlation (0.8634, P = 0.0083) between genetic and geographical distances. A strong association among loci suggests that recombination due to sexual reproduction contributes poorly to genetic variation observed, supported by the lack of sporophytes in the study areas. Both experimental results and theoretical predictions suggest a concrete risk of local extinction for the studied populations, further increased by fragile habitats hosting the species in Italy. The southernmost population is the most threatened, due to combined effects of lower genetic variation and geographic isolation.

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