Structural Transactional Analysis: Ego Selves and Ego States - Cause-Effect and Interventions

This article identifies the physiological, neurological, and psychological determinants that arise from constraints imposed by both genetic and environmental factors, originating human behaviours. The determinants, called Ego Selves, that organise the phenomena that Eric Berne classified, structured, conceptualised, and defined to mould transactional analysis and design instruments to assist professionals and patients to adjust behaviours, are analysed. A different form of presenting the adapted Child, differentiating it from Berne’s model where the adapted Child is shown as a part of the natural Child, is presented. Parent-Adapted Child, and the Adult ego states, adjusting their manifestation and organization to the physiological development of their corres-ponding ego self, are identified, proposing that the Adapted Child is a part of the Parent ego state. Contamination is reviewed and adjusted for cons-istency between cause and effect, identifying that the contaminated ego state is the Parent ego state, creating a delusion based on injunctions that generate an illusion in the adapted Child portion of it which in turn causes the natural child’s emotional reaction, considerably limiting the Adult ego state's capabilities to intervene. Script analysis is reviewed and organised indicating that the script is a life plan initiated at conception and ending at death, and that it is indispensable for survival, having adequate and inadequate segments that may limit lifespan and quality of life. Occurrences, neurophysiological factors, and memories involved in their development and implementation are also identified. Suggestions and examples for the integrated development of intervention strategies and tactics to adjust behaviours and fulfil contracts are presented in the corresponding section.

Cultural Parent and Learning in the Knowledge Society: A Survey with Students of Primary Education

This article describes a research study involving 132 students on a Primary Education Sciences degree course at Roma Tre University. A complexity paradigm was employed for the research, which used group activities to design a questionnaire that was subsequently analysed to provide 8 different perspectives. The underlying theoretical perspective involved investigation of the applicability of the transactional analysis concept of Cultural Parent (and the associated concepts of Frame of Reference, Script and Ego States) as a way of understanding how changes are needed in educational processes to reflect how family, school and societal cultures have changed, with particular reference to Generation App and the increasing impact of technology on virtual spaces, and the need to reflect cultural diversity.

Personality Determinants of Teachers Subjective Career Success

The results of a study of ego states, self-esteem and life positions effects on teachers’ subjective career success are presented. The sample includes 324 teachers between 24 and 65 years. The results obtained present preferences for the ego states Nurturing Parent and Adult, and for the life position „I am OK, you are OK“, which are manifested through characteristics such as affection, friendliness, analyticalness and devotion to others. The established average self-esteem level suggests for positive attitude towards oneself and career satisfaction. The ego states Natural Child, Caring Parent, Adapted Child, the self-esteem and the life positions „I am OK, you are OK“ and „I am not OK, you are not OK“ have significant effects on subjective career success. Personal characteristics such as empathy, concern for others and the promotion of development lead to a sense of subjective career success. The results are applicable for the implementation оf teacher competency improvement programs, which will not only increase their sense of career success, but will also have a positive effect on the quality of the educational process.

Research of relationship of functional-role positions (ego-states) with indicators of future specialists’ independence

The purpose of empirical research is to establish the relationship of functional-role positions (ego-states) with other indicators of future professionals ’independence to establish the level of manifestation of functional ego-states. The investigation contemplated methods are projective methods, psychodiagnostic methods with valid scales, author’s method “Indirect self-assessment of independence” (“ISI”) and the author’s questionnaire “Persuasion in independence” (“PII”). The results indicated that the most important for the respondents the value of independence, the more they are focused on taking into account the actual possibilities and autonomous action on the basis of objective data (ego-state “Adult”), as well as control, management, criticism of other people (ego-state “Parent-controller”). Therefore, the more autonomous respondents, the less interdependent they are, and vice versa.

The Effect of Intra-Generational Differences on the Ego States of Millennial Leaders in Indian Software Industry

Each person has a favorite ego state which they exhibit the most, or prefer the most, depending on the situations they face and the people they interact with. People belonging to different generations react differently to different situations based on their states of ego. This paper has classified the millennial generation into Early millennial leaders (Y1) and Late millennial leaders (Y2) based on suitable findings from the literature. Further, this paper intends to explore whether Millennial generation leaders differ in ego states within their generation. The study is carried out in convenient sampling method by collecting responses from 489 Millennial leaders working in the Indian software industry. Ego State Questionnaire- Revised [ESQ-R] is utilized to survey the sample population and MANOVA is performed to assay the ego differences within the generation. It is found that the Early millennial leaders exhibited parent ego and adult ego states whereas the Late millennial leaders exhibited child ego state. Future studies can be conducted in multi-generational context and can include gender-specific research to probe whether ego states differ between males and females..