The Impact of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds on Kansas Agriculture

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dallas E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
The Impact

Herbicides are important components of weed management programs for most Kansas farmers. Monocropping systems and repeated use of the same or similar herbicides in some areas of the state have resulted in the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. The development of herbicide-resistant weed populations can have an immediate and a long-term effect on the cost, implementation, and effectiveness of weed control programs. In Kansas, resistance to triazine herbicides has been confirmed in kochia (Kochia scoparia), redroot pigweed, common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), and downy brome (Bromus tectorum) populations, and resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides has been confirmed in kochia, Russian thistle (Salsola kali), common waterhemp, Palmer amaranth, common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), shattercane (Sorghum bicolor), and common sunflower (Helianthus annum). The frequency and distribution of herbicide resistance varies among species. Producers who experience herbicide resistance problems adjust their weed control program accordingly. Producers that have not encountered an herbicide resistance problem tend to continue with a successful herbicide program until it fails. The recommended management strategies for herbicide-resistant weed populations include an integrated system of crop rotation, rotation of herbicide modes of action, tank-mixes of herbicides with different modes of action, and cultivation. The greatest direct cost to the producer occurs during the first year of poor weed control. The first response to an herbicide failure often is to reapply the same herbicide that has worked well previously. By the time the producer realizes that the treatment is not going to work, it usually is too late for any other remedial action. Consequently, the farmer experiences reduced crop production from weed competition, high herbicide costs, and a tremendous increase in the seed bank. The increase in seed bank may cost the farmer the most in the long run because the increased weed pressure often requires an intensified control program for several years.

Biotypes of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) are Resistant to Imazethapyr and Thifensulfuron

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Dallas E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Typical Pattern ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use

Seeds of suspected herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp were collected in Clay County and Douglas County, KS, respectively. An experiment was established in a greenhouse to determine if these species had developed resistance to imazethapyr and thifensulfuron. Imazethapyr was applied pre- (PRE) and postemergence (POST) at 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× the suggested use rate (70 g/ha), and thifensulfuron was applied POST at 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× the suggested use rate (4.5 g/ha). Both species had developed resistance to all rates of these herbicides. The occurrence of resistance at the Clay County site (Palmer amaranth) fit the typical pattern for the development of herbicide resistance, i.e., multiple applications of the same class of herbicide for several years. However, the Douglas County (common waterhemp) site had a limited history of use of ALS-inhibiting herbicides and did not follow typical models of resistance development.

scholarly journals Pollen-mediated gene flow and transfer of resistance alleles from herbicide-resistant broadleaf weeds

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Zahoor A. Ganie ◽  
Lynn M. Sosnoskie ◽  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Giant Ragweed

Abstract Pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) refers to the transfer of genetic information (alleles) from one plant to another compatible plant. With the evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds, PMGF plays an important role in the transfer of resistance alleles from HR to susceptible weeds; however, little attention is given to this topic. The objective of this work was to review reproductive biology, PMGF studies, and interspecific hybridization, as well as potential for herbicide resistance alleles to transfer in the economically important broadleaf weeds including common lambsquarters, giant ragweed, horseweed, kochia, Palmer amaranth, and waterhemp. The PMGF studies involving these species reveal that transfer of herbicide resistance alleles routinely occurs under field conditions and is influenced by several factors, such as reproductive biology, environment, and production practices. Interspecific hybridization studies within Amaranthus and Ambrosia spp. show that herbicide resistance allele transfer is possible between species of the same genus but at relatively low levels. The widespread occurrence of HR weed populations and high genetic diversity is at least partly due to PMGF, particularly in dioecious species such as Palmer amaranth and waterhemp compared with monoecious species such as common lambsquarters and horseweed. Prolific pollen production in giant ragweed contributes to PMGF. Kochia, a wind-pollinated species can efficiently disseminate herbicide resistance alleles via both PMGF and tumbleweed seed dispersal, resulting in widespread occurrence of multiple HR kochia populations. The findings from this review verify that intra- and interspecific gene flow can occur and, even at a low rate, could contribute to the rapid spread of herbicide resistance alleles. More research is needed to determine the role of PMGF in transferring multiple herbicide resistance alleles at the landscape level.

History of Identification of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodie S. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Triazine Herbicides ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successful Transfer

At least 57 weed species, including both dicots and monocots, have been reported to have biotypes selected for resistance to the triazine herbicides. In addition, at least 47 species have been reported to have biotypes resistant to one or more of 14 other herbicides or herbicide families. These herbicides include the aryloxyphenoxypropionics, bipyridiliums, dinitroanilines, phenoxys, substituted areas, and sulfonylureas, with two or more resistant biotypes each, as well as several other herbicides in which resistance is less well documented. Although evolved resistance presents a serious problem for chemical weed control, it has also offered new potential for transferring herbicide resistance to crop species. Mechanisms of resistance that are due to single or a few genes have become the focus of biotechnology, as the probability of their successful transfer to crop species is high.

The influence of soybean population and POST herbicide application timing on in-season and subsequent-season Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control and economic returns

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Denis J. Mahoney ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Andrew T. Hare ◽  
Nilda Roma-Burgos ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
High Density ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Density Population

Abstract Overreliance on herbicides for weed control has led to the evolution of herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth populations. Farm managers should consider the long-term consequences of their short-term management decisions, especially when considering the soil weed seedbank. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine how soybean population and POST herbicide application timing affects in-season Palmer amaranth control and soybean yield, and (2) how those variables influence Palmer amaranth densities and cotton yields the following season. Soybeans were planted (19-cm row spacing) at a low-, medium-, and high-density population (268,000, 546,000, and 778,000 plants ha–1, respectively). Fomesafen and clethodim (280 and 210 g ai ha–1, respectively) were applied at the VE, V1, or V2 to V3 soybean growth stage. Nontreated plots were also included to assess the effect of soybean population alone. The following season, cotton was planted into these plots so as to understand the effects of soybean planting population on Palmer amaranth densities in the subsequent crop. When an herbicide application occurred at the V1 or V2 to V3 soybean stage, weed control in the high-density soybean population increased 17% to 23% compared to the low-density population. Economic return was not influenced by soybean population and was increased 72% to 94% with herbicide application compared to no treatment. In the subsequent cotton crop, Palmer amaranth densities were 24% to 39% lower 3 wk after planting when following soybean sprayed with herbicides compared to soybean without herbicides. Additionally, Palmer amaranth densities in cotton were 19% lower when soybean was treated at the VE stage compared to later stages. Thus, increasing soybean population can improve Palmer amaranth control without adversely affecting economic returns and can reduce future weed densities. Reducing the weed seedbank and selection pressure from herbicides are critical in mitigating resistance evolution.

Tolerance of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Seedlings to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides with Four Modes of Action

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kendig ◽  
R. L. Nichols ◽  
G. A. Ohmes
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Residual Herbicide ◽  
Over The Top

The current dominant weed control program in cotton relies heavily on glyphosate. Typical glyphosate-based weed control programs require repeat applications. A residual herbicide might reduce the number of herbicide applications needed, and potentially reduce costs. Residual herbicides that can be used postemergence in cotton are limited in number, and there are few studies evaluating the response of cotton to over-the-top application of herbicides. A greenhouse study evaluated response of cotton to fluometuron, propazine, metolachlor, pyrithiobac, and glyphosate. Most of these herbicides caused minimal crop injury; however, fluometuron and propazine caused significant visual injury when applied over-the-top at the cotyledon and two-leaf stages, but less injury when applied preemergence. Accepted for publication 5 July 2007. Published 8 November 2007.

Controlling Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Cotton with Resistance to Glyphosate, 2,4-D, and Glufosinate

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rand M. Merchant ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper ◽  
Peter M. Eure ◽  
John S. Richburg ◽  
L. Bo Braxton
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Consistent Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Current Systems

Field experiments were conducted in Macon County, Georgia, during 2010 and 2011 to determine the impact of new herbicide-resistant cotton and respective herbicide systems on the control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. Sequential POST applications of 2,4-D or glufosinate followed by diuron plus MSMA directed at layby (late POST-directed) controlled Palmer amaranth 62 to 79% and 46 to 49% at harvest when the initial application was made to 8- or 18–cm-tall Palmer amaranth, in separate trials, respectively. Mixtures of glufosinate plus 2,4-D applied sequentially followed by the layby controlled Palmer amaranth 95 to 97% regardless of Palmer amaranth height. Mixing glyphosate with 2,4-D improved control beyond that observed with 2,4-D alone, but control was still only 79 to 86% at harvest depending on 2,4-D rate. Sequential applications of glyphosate plus 2,4-D controlled Palmer amaranth 95 to 96% following the use of either pendimethalin or fomesafen. Seed cotton yield was at least 30% higher with 2,4-D plus glufosinate systems compared to systems with either herbicide alone. The addition of pendimethalin and/or fomesafen PRE did not improve Palmer amaranth control or yields when glufosinate plus 2,4-D were applied sequentially followed by the layby. The addition of these residual herbicides improved at harvest control (87 to 96%) when followed by sequential applications of 2,4-D or 2,4-D plus glyphosate; yields from these systems were similar to those with glufosinate plus 2,4-D. Comparison of 2,4-D and 2,4-DB treatments confirmed that 2,4-D is a more effective option for the control of Palmer amaranth. Results from these experiments suggest cotton with resistance to glufosinate, glyphosate, and 2,4-D will improve Palmer amaranth management. At-plant residual herbicides should be recommended for consistent performance of all 2,4-D systems across environments, although cotton with resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate, and 2,4-D will allow greater flexibility in selecting PRE herbicide(s), which should reduce input costs, carryover concerns, and crop injury when compared to current systems.

scholarly journals The Influence of Nozzle Type on Peanut Weed Control Programs

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.W. Carter ◽  
E.P. Prostko ◽  
J.W. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Auxin Herbicides ◽  
Nozzle Type

ABSTRACT The increase in herbicide-resistant weeds over the past decade has led to the introduction of crops that are resistant to auxin herbicides. Strict application procedures are required for the use of auxin herbicides in auxin-resistant crops to minimize off-target movement. One requirement for application is the use of nozzles that will minimize drift by producing coarse droplets. Generally, an increase in droplet size can lead to a reduction in coverage and efficacy depending upon the herbicide and weed species. In studies conducted in 2015 and 2016, two of the potential required auxin nozzle types [(AIXR11002 (coarse) and TTI11002 (ultra-coarse)] were compared to a conventional flat-fan drift guard nozzles [DG11002 (medium)] for weed control in peanut herbicide systems. Nozzle type did not influence annual grass or Palmer amaranth control in non-crop tests. Results from in-crop tests indicated that annual grass control was 5% to 6% lower when herbicides were applied with the TTI nozzle when compared to the AIXR or DG nozzles. However, Palmer amaranth control and peanut yield was not influenced by coarse-droplet nozzles. Peanut growers using the coarse-droplet nozzles need to be aware of potential reduced grass control.

Herbicide efficacy for control of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) is influenced more by wheat seeding rate than row spacing

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre Lemerle ◽  
Peter Lockley ◽  
Eric Koetz ◽  
Simon Diffey
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
The Impact

Conservation cropping systems with no-till and stubble retention improve soil condition and water conservation. However, tillage is replaced by herbicides for weed control in these systems, increasing the threat of herbicide resistance. In the medium to high rainfall zones of the southern wheatbelt of Australia and under irrigation, wider row spacing is used to enable seeding into heavy stubble loads and to avoid stubble burning. Some evidence suggests that wider rows lead to reduced crop competitive ability and crop yields, greater herbicide dependence, and increased spread of resistance. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that increasing seeding rate compensated for reduced competitive ability at wider row spacings, especially when herbicide performance was suboptimal. We examined the impact of two wheat row spacings (18 and 36 cm) and five seeding rates (resulting in a range of densities of ~80–700 plants/m2) on control of Lolium rigidum with five rates of post-emergence application of diclofop-methyl (Hoegrass®), ranging from label rate to lower rates, over two growing seasons. In the presence of L. rigidum, wheat grain yield was unaffected by row spacing but was significantly reduced at low seeding rates, especially at lower herbicide rates. Lolium rigidum was suppressed at higher crop densities but was also unaffected by row spacing. Grain yield was maximised when post-emergence herbicide was applied at 60–100% of the recommended dose at wheat densities >~300 plants/m2. Significant levels of the weed remained in the crop at anthesis in all treatments. Weed dry matter ranged from 525 g/m2 at low crop densities and with no herbicide to 150 g/m2 with the recommended rate of herbicide and high wheat densities. The implications of manipulating crop competitive ability to improve weed control are discussed, especially in conditions where herbicide performance is unreliable due to weeds developing herbicide resistance or adverse environmental conditions.

Weed Control and Selectivity of Pethoxamid Alone and in Mixture as a Delayed Preemergence Application to Rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-543
Author(s):  
John Godwin ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Robert C. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Sites Of Action

AbstractThe evolution of herbicide resistance is making it extremely difficult for US rice producers to use chemical control on weed species such as barnyardgrass and red rice. To combat herbicide resistance, it is imperative that alternative herbicide sites of action (SOAs) be incorporated into rice whenever possible. There are currently no very-long-chain fatty acid–inhibiting herbicides (WSSA Group 15) labeled for use in US rice; however, pethoxamid is one such herbicide currently under development. If appropriate rice tolerance and weed control can be established, pethoxamid would represent a unique herbicide SOA for use in US rice. We conducted field trials near Stuttgart, AR, in 2015 and near Colt and Lonoke, AR, in 2016 to assess selectivity of pethoxamid and weed control alone and in combination with other herbicides as a delayed preemergence (DPRE) application in drill-seeded rice. Pethoxamid was applied at 0, 420, or 560 g ai ha–1 alone and in combination with clomazone, imazethapyr, pendimethalin, and quinclorac. Minimal rice injury occurred with any treatment assessed. A reduction in rice shoot density and plant height compared to the nontreated control followed the use of pethoxamid; however, no decrease in yield resulted. The highest levels of barnyardgrass control followed the use of imazethapyr at 91% and quinclorac at 89% regardless of the presence of pethoxamid near Lonoke; however, pethoxamid applied at both rates in combination with clomazone and quinclorac increased barnyardgrass control compared to clomazone and quinclorac applied alone. Near Colt, barnyardgrass control of 92% and 96% resulted from pethoxamid alone, averaged over the high and low rates. Based on these data, rice can tolerate pethoxamid when applied DPRE, and adequate levels of barnyardgrass control can be achieved at the rates evaluated within a program; hence, pethoxamid appears to be a viable option for use in rice to allow for increased rotation of herbicide SOAs to combat herbicide-resistant and difficult-to-control weeds.

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