Public Energy Companies Under the EC Treaty: An Overview of Law and Policy

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-61
Author(s):  
Anna Papaioannou ◽  
P.J. Slot
Keyword(s):  
State Intervention ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Business Organisation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
General Economic Interest ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
Case Basis

This article examines state intervention in the energy sector under the EC Treaty. The analysis focuses upon Articles 37, on state trading monopolies, and 90, on public undertakings, the conferment of exclusive rights and undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest. All these forms of business organisation are very common in the energy sector. The Commission's wish to introduce more competition in the public utilities sector is well served by the application of the Treaty rules on a case-to-case basis. Secondarily, legislation has also been adopted for the energy sector pursuant to Article 100A EC. There is considerable public debate on new proposals for directives which aim at further liberalisation in the energy market.

scholarly journals Digital business models and company growth opportunities in the energy market

2021 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 06006
Author(s):  
Boris Kovalenko ◽  
Elena Kovalenko ◽  
Tamara Yakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Digital Business Models ◽  
Digital Strategy ◽  
Energy Companies

We are currently witnessing significant changes in the global energy market. The energy industry is entering the stage of the 4th energy transition, which is characterized by an increasingly large-scale increase in the use of renewable energy sources and a decrease in the share of fossil fuels. The energy sector is also strongly influenced by the trend of digital transformation and the use of digital technologies. The aim of the work is to study the possibility and conditions of using digital business models by companies in the energy sector to improve competitiveness and market growth. To achieve the goal of the study, the following tasks were set: to analyze the main trends and the state of digitalization of the energy industry; analyze digital business models and assess the possibilities of their use by energy companies; to formulate approaches to transforming the activities of energy companies in the transition to a digital business model. The authors hypothesized that the use of digital business models will allow energy companies to remain competitive and gain access to new markets by introducing new technologies. To conduct the study, the methods of microeconomic and industry analysis, systemic and comparative analysis, and analysis of the organizational behavior of the company were used. The results of the analysis showed that the global energy market is characterized by growth in dynamics and volatility. In order to adapt to changing conditions and maintain competitiveness, energy companies need to take advantage of digitalization and shape a digital strategy. One of the basic elements of an organization’s digital strategy is a successful digital business model. The article discusses the types and features of digital business models, and also formulates approaches to transforming the activities of energy companies in the transition to a digital business model.

State Intervention in Party Politics: The Public Funding and Regulation of Political Parties

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Van Biezen
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Way

This article is concerned with a closer investigation of the growing tendency for the state to intervene in contemporary party politics. It examines two trends. First, it looks more closely at the increased levels of regulation of party activity and behaviour in European democracies, discussing the empirical practice as well as the underlying normative paradigms of party regulation. Second, it examines the increased availability of public funding to political parties from a comparative perspective, while also exploring the motivations for its introduction in light of particular understandings of party democracy. It is argued that both dimensions constitute part of the way in which parties have strengthened their linkages with the state in recent years, and that parties, as a result of the increased involvement of the state in their internal affairs and external behaviour, have become increasingly defined as public utilities or semi-state agencies.

scholarly journals Determinants of Decarbonisation in the Transformation of the Energy Sector: The Case of Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wójcik-Jurkiewicz ◽  
Marzena Czarnecka ◽  
Grzegorz Kinelski ◽  
Beata Sadowska ◽  
Katarzyna Bilińska-Reformat
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Policy Challenge

This paper aims to identify the determinants of the decarbonisation processes in Poland within the scope of energy transformation. The purpose of the study is to identify how the public perceives decarbonisation determinants in order to develop a sustainable energy strategy for Poland. The transition of the energy market to low-carbon technology is a policy challenge. Governments must implement policies that are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, but, most of all, socially acceptable. Social acceptance risk plays a significant role in Poland, influencing the decarbonisation process. In Poland’s case, the coal share is decreasing, but it is still the most important fuel for electricity production. This process of decarbonisation is a fundamental influence on the transformation of the energy sector in Poland. The social perception of solutions that can be applied was examined. The Polish natural environment is poisoned. Poles suffer from diseases related to the burning of coal for energy production. Societal awareness, how people perceive the government’s actions, and what they expect in this regard is crucial.

STRATEGY OF LIBERALIZATION AND PROBLEMS OF STATE REGULATION OF AZERBAIJAN ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
G. Z. Yuzbashieva ◽  
A. M. Mustafayev ◽  
R. A. Imanov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Sectoral Development ◽  
Market Relations

The indicators that determine the change in the macroeconomic situation in the economy of Azerbaijan in 2010–2017, as well as the conditions for increasing the effectiveness of state intervention in solving economic problems are analyzed. It is noted that it is not the size of the public sector that becomes important, but its qualitative component (management and redistribution of resources and revenues, coordination of government intervention in economic relations). The main reasons limiting economic growth are identified, and the mechanisms for overcoming them are disclosed, since economic growth is of particular importance in the transformational period of state development. It substantiates the assertion that the forms and methods of state regulation should be the result of a reasonable combination of the private and public sectors of the economy to more effectively achieve the goal of economic development of the country and increase the welfare of the population. To this end, it is advisable to limit the actions of market forces and find a rational ratio of market and government measures that stimulate economic growth and development.It is shown that in the near future the development of the economy of Azerbaijan should be focused on the transition to the integration of various models of economic transformation; at the same time, “attraction of investments” should be carried out by methods of stimulating consumption, and the concept of a socially oriented economy, which the state also implements, should prevail, thereby ensuring social protection of the population and at the same time developing market relations. Disproportions in regional and sectoral development are also noted, which are the result of an ineffective distribution of goods produced, inadequate investment in human capital, a low level of coordination and stimulation of economic growth and development.

Administrative Responsibility

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-517
Author(s):  
Abdel Rahman Ahmed Abdel Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
General Term ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Bureaucracy ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Administrative Responsibility

Public bureaucracies, a general term including government agenciesand departments in the areas of public utilities, social services, regulatoryservices, security, and law enforcement, are indispensable to our welfare;we need them for the provision of these basic services. To provide theseservices, bureaucracies need such resources as power and money. Thepower of bureaucracies is compounded by their virtual monopoly of technicalexpertise, which puts bureaucrats at the forefront of public policymaking.Indispensable to our welfare though they are, public bureaucracies alsopose a potential threat. In view of the technical knowledge they have andtheir consequent important role in policy making, they may dominate publiclife. In other words, they may develop into a power elite and, as a result,act as masters of the public rather than as its servants. More disturbingly,they may not use the public trust to serve the public or respond to its needs.Still more disturbingly, they may breach the public trust or abuse the powerentrusted to them.All of these possibilities have given rise to a widespread fear ofbureaucracy. In some societies, this fear has reached pandemic levels.Fear of bureaucracy is not unwarranted; there is a consensus and concernin administrative and academic circles that the degree of bureaucraticaccountability has declined in both developed and developingcountries. A central issue with public bureaucracy has always beenhow to make it behave responsibly or in the public interest. Despite aplethora of mechanisms for ensuring administrative responsibility orbureaucratic responsiveness, many public bureaucracies may still be unresponsive and unaccountable ...

SYSTEM OF INDICATORS FOR MANAGEMENT OF PURCHASING ACTIVITY OF THE FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX ENTERPRISE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
I. V. BRATKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
Energy Complex ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
Fuel And Energy Sector

In modern realities, the number of fuel and energy companies managed on corporate principles is increasing every year. Accordingly, we are talking about the transition of state command management of the fuel and energy sector to private, competition-based and corporate governance. The study proposed a system of "balanced key performance indicators procurement", aimed at optimization of performance to meet the principles of the classic system of Kaplan-Norton and focused on the strategic orientation reflects the characteristics of the processes of production and consumption of services of energy companies. It is concluded that in a balanced system, it is necessary to distinguish between indicators that measure the results achieved and indicators that reflect the processes that contribute to the achievement of these results.

User Property, User Rights, and User Privileges

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Chapdelaine
Keyword(s):  
Public Law ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
User Property

This chapter proposes two principles that should inform the development of copyright law and policy and of user rights. The first calls for more cohesion between copyright law, private law, and public law, and for less exceptionalism in copyright law. The second requires that the balance in copyright law be adjusted for its future application as a mediation tool between the competing interests of copyright holders, users, intermediaries, and the public. Instituting positive obligations for copyright holders in relation to users and steering freedom of contract toward the objectives of copyright law are necessary regulatory changes to rectify ongoing imbalances. The principle of technological neutrality should guide the judiciary in its application of copyright’s objective of promoting a balance in copyright law. The proposed guiding principles lead to the creation of a taxonomy and hierarchy of copyright user rights that take into account the myriad ways users experience copyright works.

scholarly journals Does the Law Determine What Heritage to Remember?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Sophie de Clippele
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Political Will ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Law ◽  
Ideological Manipulation

AbstractCultural heritage can offer tangible and intangible traces of the past. A past that shapes cultural identity, but also a past from which one sometimes wishes to detach oneself and which nevertheless needs to be remembered, even commemorated. These themes of memory, history and oblivion are examined by the philosopher Paul Ricoeur in his work La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli (2000). Inspired by these ideas, this paper analyses how they are closely linked to cultural heritage. Heritage serves as a support for memory, even if it can be mishandled, which in turn can affect heritage policies. Memory and heritage can be abused as a result of wounds from the past or for reasons of ideological manipulation or because of a political will to force people to remember. Furthermore, heritage, as a vehicule of memory, contributes to historical knowledge, but can remain marked by a certain form of subjectivism during the heritage and conservation operation, for which heritage professionals (representatives of the public authority or other experts) are responsible. Yet, the responsibility for conserving cultural heritage also implies the need to avoid any loss of heritage, and to fight against oblivion. Nonetheless, this struggle cannot become totalitarian, nor can it deprive the community of a sometimes salutary oblivion to its own identity construction. These theoretical and philosophical concepts shall be examined in the light of legal discourse, and in particular in Belgian legislation regarding cultural heritage. It is clear that the shift from monument to heritage broadens the legal scope and consequently raises the question of who gets to decide what is considered heritage according to the law, and whether there is something such as a collective human right to cultural heritage. Nonetheless, this broadening of the legislation extends the State intervention into cultural heritage, which in turn entails certain risks, as will be analysed with Belgium’s colonial heritage.

scholarly journals Differences in Disclosure of Integrated Reports at Energy and Non-Energy Companies

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
Maja Piesiewicz ◽  
Marlena Ciechan-Kujawa ◽  
Paweł Kufel
Keyword(s):  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Value Creation Process

Integrated reports combine financial and non-financial data into a comprehensive report outlining the company’s value creation process. Our objective is to find the completeness of disclosures, which is a crucial aspect of an integrated report’s quality. This study contributes to the integrated reporting examination by identifying quantitative and qualitative gaps when applying Integrated Reporting standards, focusing on the energy sector. We conducted the study on 57 published integrated reports of listed companies in Poland. The content of each report was examined for 49 features divided into eight areas. We identify the strengths and weaknesses of current reporting performance and the impact of the company’s sector on reports’ quality. We noted that there are significant differences among the areas. The major problems concern implementing IIRC’s framework on the connections between the business model and the organization’s strategy, risks, opportunities, and performance. Our research also noted that the level of specific disclosures might be related to a company’s ownership structure. We investigated the significance of differences among companies from the energy and non-energy sectors using statistical methods. As a result of the study, we obtained that disclosures’ completeness depends on the operation sector. The companies in the energy sector publish higher-quality integrated reports than companies in the other sectors.

scholarly journals The Corporate Social Responsibility of Polish Energy Companies

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3815
Author(s):  
Magdalena M. Stuss ◽  
Zbigniew J. Makieła ◽  
Agnieszka Herdan ◽  
Gabriela Kuźniarska
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Csr Strategies ◽  
Warsaw Stock Exchange ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Energy Companies

If corporate social responsibility (CSR) is expected to work efficiently, there should be a standardised approach for implementation of the CSR concept for all businesses, including companies operating in the energy sector. Although many companies declare compliance with CSR standards, further investigation should be undertaken to evaluate if and how those standards have been applied in practice. The aim of this research is to examine the level of standardisation of the CSR activities within Polish energy companies and explore the good practices developed by those companies. The Polish energy companies have been selected for the investigation as the literature review we conducted demonstrates that there is limited research in this area and there is a knowledge gap regarding how Polish energy companies apply CSR regulation in practice. To accomplish the stated aims, the following research questions were developed: (1) What is the essence of applying the CSR concept in Polish energy companies, and at what level of development is the concept applied? (2) To what extent do Polish energy companies have a common approach to the CSR concept, and in what areas are there differences? (3) To what extent have Polish energy companies applied global CSR standards and solutions? (4) Is there a gap between the declared measures of CSR and their actual implementation in Polish energy companies? The research methodology of this study is based on a systematic literature review of the sources acquired from databases such as ProQuest, Emerald, SCOPUS and the Jagiellonian University Library. The multiple case study approach was identified as the most suitable research tool. Companies for the study were selected according to their affiliation to the energy sector and listing on the main market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange. These two assumptions allowed us to base this study on the largest Polish energy companies that have international status. Six areas of CSR annual report disclosures have been identified and used for the investigation and analysis. This research looks at similarities and difference between these six aspects of CSRs disclosed by Polish energy companies. The investigation allows us to conclude that the top three energy companies use similar tools to build their CSR strategies: formalised CSR concept, published CSR reports, disclosure of CSR information on the company website, CSR related activities offered to stakeholders, obtained CSR certificates, and CSR awards. This indicates the existence of a standardised approach to CSR across Polish energy companies.

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