The Lapps in Finland

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
T Modeen
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
The Government ◽  
Positive Results

The Lapps of Scandinavia constitute a small indigenous ethnic community divided between four states: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. The Lapps used to depend on reindeer farming and lacked their own schools. Because of their low social status and the lack of governmental understanding for their cultural needs, most of the Finnish Lapps had been assimilated with the majority population. Only in recent years an effort has been made by the government to encourage the preservation of the Lapp language and the Lapp civilization. A Lapp parliament has been created and the Lapp Language Act makes it possible for the Lapps to communicate in their own language with the authorities. It is to be hoped that these measures will bring positive results in a situation where only few Lappish speaking people remain in Finland, many of them having difficulties finding a livelihood in their homeland, the northernmost part of Finland.

Ransoming Russians from Tatars: Justification and Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Donald Ostrowski
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Sliding Scale ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Russian

The early modern Russian government and Russian Orthodox Church identified as one of their main duties the ransoming of Russian Christians from Muslim Tatar captors. The process of ransoming could be an involved one with negotiations being carried on by different agents and by the potential ransomees themselves. Different amounts of ransom were paid on a sliding scale depending upon the ransomee’s social status, gender, and age. One of our main sources for the justification of this practice was the Stoglav (100 Chapters) Church Council in 1551, which discussed the issue of ransom in some detail. The Law Code (Ulozhenie) of 1649 specifies the conditions and amounts to be paid to redeem captives. Church writers justified the ransoming of Christian captives of the Muslim Tatars by citing Scripture, and they also specified that the government should pay the ransom out of its own treasury.

scholarly journals Tuareg-Rebellion, Islamismus und Staatskrise in Mali

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (170) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Greven
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationship ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
The North ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
Spontaneous Reaction

The root causes of the ongoing crisis in Northern Mali lie in the region’s underdevelopment, exacerbated by longstanding, if recently decreasing, neglect of the central government; the complex social relationship between the largest minority, the Tuareg, and the majority population, which has worsened since a largely unresolved crisis in the 1990s; and the growing interest of a small but growing number of actors involved in the drug trade and other criminal activities in the absence of the state. Among the latter have been a growing number of Jihadists, at first mostly from Algeria, who have been taking Western citizens hostage and therefore caused the US and France to pressure the Malian government to re-establish a presence of the state in the North. The clash was all but inevitable when several thousand heavily armed Tuareg fighters came to Mali after the defeat of Gaddafi in Libya. A new element of the crisis is the growing number of jihadists among the Tuareg rebels and other Malians, but neither Tuareg irredentism nor Islamic fundamentalism has more than minority support in Mali, Northern Mali, or among the Tuareg. The coup d’état against the president, while most likely a spontaneous reaction to the inability of the government to fight the rebellion, uncovered a structural crisis of Malian democracy and society. The disintegration of Mali’s long-praised formal democratic institutions after the coup showed fundamental problems. However, political supporters of the coup who assumed that the population’s tacit support of the coup could be turned into a movement for fundamental social change, had to find that it was largely an opportunistic and diffuse expression of general discontent.

A Review of Development Planning in Guatemala

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don R. Hoy
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
The Political ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
The Government ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Positive Results

Planning is often analogous to weather in that everyone discusses it but little is really done. Such, at least, is the case in Guatemala where individuals, groups, and the government espouse a need for development planning in eloquent terms but produce few positive results. In Guatemala, however, it is increasingly recognized that planning can be a logical and relatively scientific method of improving resource utilization. The purpose of this paper is to appraise a few general aspects of development planning in Guatemala and to characterize its organizational structure and the political constraints imposed upon the process.Governments are assuming a more dominant role in development, particularly in the less advanced areas. Public opinion has generally supported this trend by criticizing development programs or blaming the lack of development on the government.

The Pizza of Love

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Tarulevicz
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
The Government ◽  
Racial Harmony ◽  
National Cuisine

This chapter examines how cookbook authors tried to use food and food preparation to define a Singaporean national identity by looking at cookbooks that claim to represent authentic Singaporean cuisine. The range of recipes—specifically, their method and explanation—across time reveals a shifting national cuisine, reflecting demographic and class shifts yet working to establish rules about what constitutes national food. However, in a society where the kitchen has a diminished role, the purchase of a cookbook takes on a new meaning. When a cookbook is not being used to provide recipes, its function as an indicator of social status or of aspirationalism and as a signifier of traditional values becomes more prominent. The chapter then shows how food gives people an illusion of cultural connection that ultimately serves the government by endorsing a notion of racial harmony based on multiracialism, not multiculturalism.

Structure, Audience and Soft Power in East Asian Pop Culture

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beng Huat Chua
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Target Location ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
The Government ◽  
Consuming Country

The emergence of East Asian Pop Culture as an integrated regional media cultural economy is a result of the penetration of Japanese and Korean pop cultures into the historically well established distribution and exhibition networks of Chinese languages pop culture in locations where ethnic-Chinese constitutes the majority population; namely, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the People’s Republic of China and Singapore. Regionalization has produced transnational and transcultural audience communities of different scale in different reception locations, from those looking merely to be entertained to conventional fan clubs to sub-fan community who translates and subtitles foreign programs for free distribution on the Internet, bypassing state censorship and circuits of profit for the producers. In regional political economy, pop culture has become both a vehicle of transnational collaboration for co-production and market expansion and an instrument of competition in soft power diplomacy, which aims to produce positive sentiments towards the exporting nation among the target audiences. The exporting nation’s achievement in engendering such positive influence is limited by the fragmented nature of the audiences who respond differently to the same products; by backlash from local mobilization against ‘foreign cultural invasion’ in ‘defence’ of the national culture, among the non-consumers in the target location and, finally, by the government of the PRC, the largest consuming country, to control the flow of import, restrict exhibition time and encourage co-production which enables it to shape the content of the co-produced programs.

Food Taboos in Precolonial and Contemporary Cameroon: A Historical Perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
forka leypey mathew fomine
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Cultural Contact ◽  
Food Taboos ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pork Consumption

Food taboos are observed in all traditional societies, especially in Cameroon where certain ethnic groups attach a lot of importance to them due to cultural reasons. Taboos related to culture are more subject to change (due to the level of literacy that prevails in the society and cultural contact) than those related to religion, which sparingly change. For instance, all Cameroonian Muslims avoid eating pork due to the belief that pork consumption will defile them. The taboos related to royal status also change sparingly. For example, among the Mbo, any hunter who kills the leopard compulsorily hands it to the paramount chief; and similarly among the Wawa, any hunter who kills a python is compelled to give it to the chief. These royal animal gifts are indicative of the prerogatives that traditional rulers enjoy in Cameroon. This study of Cameroon food taboos has revealed the tremendous change that has occurred in women's social status in Cameroon. Cameroonian women no longer observe the precolonial taboo imposed on them that forbade them from eating eggs, gizzards, and other foods. They have moved from their marginalized positions and even serve as ministers in the Government of Cameroon.

scholarly journals Religious Education Policy in Public Schools During the New Order

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-409
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kosim
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Political Support ◽  
New Order ◽  
Religious Educators ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

The new order government policy about religious education in state schools gradually led to an accommodative policy. If the old order government made religious education a facultative subject, then at the beginning of the new order the government strengthened the position of religious education by removing facultative provisions, even though they were not obligatory. Until finally, through Law number 2 (1989), the government required religious education to be taught in all channels, types, and levels of education. And the right of every student to get religious lessons by their religion and is taught by religious educators. This research includes historical research and policy studies, because it relies on past data,  whose steps consist of four main activities, namely heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. This accommodative policy is influenced by several factors, including; the government’s determination to implement Pancasila purely and consistently after it was diverted in the old order era; the weakening of the government’s power at that time so that it required the political support of muslims as the majority population; There is an intellectual transformation of muslim thinkers and political activists towards harmonious and complementary political relations between Islam and the state so that Islamic ideas are more easily accepted; and muslims experience a process of rapid social, educational, economic and political mobilization and so that more and more people are involved in government and can influence policies in a pro-muslim direction.

scholarly journals TRACKING DOWNS CHRISTIAN DIOR IN AMERICAN POST-WWII FASHION UNTIL EARLY 1950s

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Nurina Aulia Haris
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Human Being ◽  
World War ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
American Society ◽  
The Times

This article studied the accomplishment of Christian Dior during his business venture in American market by using his autobiography as the main source of the research and qualitative research used as the method of study. Graves’s thought on Consumer Behavior are used as the approach of study under the umbrella of Transnational American Studies.The success of Dior in the American market is not solely because of his dresses but there are other factors that support the success of his business especially the post-World War II situation where people need something new that can make them remember the times before the war, in addition, the promotion and assessment of fashion experts through fashion and lifestyle magazines also affect people's assessment of Dior's dresses and make them affected to own his collections. Based on the theory described by Graves, people tendency to imitate others is capable to influence one's expenses and this can be seen from the phenomena occurring in American society toward Dior’s works.Concisely, the result of this research shows that the success of Dior in American market happened because of 2 things. First is the nature of human being that loves beauty, neatness, and things which make them happy. Second is the timing of his debut which was post war era where people were researching the pride they lost during the war caused by the limitation applied by the government and the condition itself therefore when Dior came with his collections they saw it as if it was their way to get back their pride as by wearing Dior’s collection it can show their social status. Keywords: Christian Dior, Fashion, Societies, World War II

scholarly journals PENDIDIKAN KAUM MINORITAS

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irzum Farihah ◽  
Afina Izzati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
The Government

<p>Masih   terjadinya  kesenjangan  dalam   dunia  pendidikan formal seperti perbedaan status sosial, perbedaan agama atau kepercayaan/keyakinan membuat di  beberapa daerah terjadi kesenjangan yang mengakibatkan  berbedanya suatu kebijakan. Salah satu fenomena yang terjadi dialami siswa yang berasal dari keluarga Samin. Permasalahan  yang muncul adalah belum diakuinya kepercayaan  warga samin dalam sistem administrasi sehingga munculah keresahan warga Samin atas aturan yang berlaku. Melihat problem tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan melihat sejauhmana proses pendidikan yang didapatkan kaum samin (sedulur sikep) yang tergolong masyarakat minoritas. Penelitian ini berjenis kualitatif  dengan pendekatan grounded research. Teknik pengumpulan data  menggunakan snowball  sampling dengan mengambil beberapa informan kunci. Hasil dari kajian ini didapatkan bahwa kaum Samin (Sedulur Sikep) sendiri sudah mulai terbuka dan menerima aturan-aturan dari pemerintah, mulai bisa menerima agama mayoritas dan mengikuti aturan yang berlaku di masyarakat meskipun dalam benak hati mereka tetap ingin memperoleh hak yang sama dan dihargai atas kepercayaan yang diyakininya.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci: pendidikan formal, minoritas,  samin</strong></p><p><em>M</em><em>I</em><em>NORITY </em><em>E</em><em>DU</em><em>C</em><em>A</em><em>TI</em><em>O</em><em>N</em><em>.</em><em> </em><em>The disparities in formal education </em><em>s</em><em>u</em><em>c</em><em>h </em><em>as social status, religion or belief/faith  </em><em>di</em><em>fferences make gaps </em><em>i</em><em>n some areas. It leads the different policy. One of the phenomena  is experienced by students who come from Samin family. The problem is that their belief is not admitted  by administrative  system so they are still anxious with the applicable rules. Based on that problem, this study aims to examine  the extent of the educational process that obtained by Samin (Sedulur Sikep) belonging to minority. This research was qualitative research  with grounded approach. Data collection techniques  used snowball sampling which took several key informants. The results of this study showed that Saminists (Sedulur  Sikep) itself has begun to open and accept the rules of the government, the religion of the majority and follow the rules that are applied in the community. Even in their minds of hearts, they still want to acquire the same rights and their belief can be appreciated.</em></p><p><strong><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>:  formal education, minority, Samin.</em><br /></strong></p>

scholarly journals PERAN GREEN SUKUK DALAM MEMPERKOKOH POSISI INDONESIA DI PASAR KEUANGAN SYARIAH GLOBAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Yulia Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Development ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract: This research was motivated by the development of sukuk in Indonesia from an international perspective in 2016 which gave positive results. Where Indonesia is the big issuer of sukuk with a total issuance of USD 10, 5 billion from the total issuance of sukuk by the government from all over the world. In the midst of the development of sukuk instruments, there are also instruments such as green bonds that offer investments in environmental development. With the presence of green bonds as investment instruments in the environment, a sharia investment instrument has emerged which has the same concentration as a green bond. The instrument is then called green sukuk. Indonesia is listed as a pioneer in the issuance of green bonds in the Southeast Asia region. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of sukuk green publishing in Indonesia to strengthen Indonesia's position in the global sharia financial market. This study uses a qualitative approach using historical methods. الملخص: يتم تحفيز هذا البحث من خلال نظرة إيجابية من المنظور الدولي حول تطوير الصكوك في إندونيسيا في عام 2016. حيث تعد إندونيسيا المصدر الكبير للصكوك بإجمالي ,510 دولارات أمريكية من إجمالي إصدارات الصكوك من قبل الحكومة من جميع أنحاء العالم. في خضم تطوير أدوات الصكوك، هناك أدوات مثل green bond  التي تقدم استثمارات في التنمية البيئية.بعد وجود هذه الأدوات كأداة استثمار في البيئة ، تظهر أداة استثمار الشريعة التي لها نفس تركيز له  يسمى الصكوك الخضراء green sukuk. ومن هنا تم إدراج إندونيسيا كرائد في إصدار السندات الخضراء في منطقة جنوب شرق آسيا. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد إمكانات النشر الأخضر للصكوك في إندونيسيا لتعزيز مكانة إندونيسيا في السوق المالية الشرعية العالمية. تستخدم هذه الدراسة منهجًا كميًا باستخدام الطريقة التاريخية.. Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh adanya perkembangan sukuk di Indonesia dari kacamata internasional pada tahun 2016 yang memberikan hasil positif. Dimana Indonesia merupakan the big issuer sukuk dengan total penerbitan USD 10, 5 Milyar dari total penerbitan sukuk oleh pemerintah dari seluruh dunia. Ditengah perkembangan instrumen sukuk telah hadir juga instrumen berupa green bond yang menawarkan investasi pada pembangunan lingkungan. Dengan hadirnya green bond sebagai instrumen investasi pada lingkungan telah muncul sebuah instrumen investasi syariah yang konsentrasinya sama dengan green bond. Instrumen tersebut kemudian disebut green sukuk. Indonesia tercatat sebagai pionir dalam penerbitan obligasi hijau di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Tujuan  dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi potensi penerbitan green sukuk di Indonesia memperkokoh posisi Indonesia di pasar keuangan syariah global. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode historis.

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