Epidemiology of measles in Blantyre, Malawi: analyses of passive surveillance data from 1996 to 1998

Measles surveillance data in Blantyre, Malawi were reviewed for 1996–8 to describe the epidemiology of infection and to estimate vaccine efficacy (VE) by the screening method. A total of 674 measles cases were reported to the Blantyre District Health Office during this period. Age distribution showed that 108 (16.1%) of the cases were aged less than 1 year. The median age was 5 years. Eighty percent of the cases between 1 and 19 years had been previously vaccinated. VE was 68.6% (95% CI, 52.7–79.2) for children 12–23 months of age and 67.3% (95% CI, 48.3–79.3) for infants 9–11 months of age. Reasons for this low vaccine efficacy are discussed. Previous vaccination history was negatively associated with the risk for developing cough during measles infection (odds ratio (OR), 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09–0.91), diarrhoea (OR, 0.64; CI, 0.44–0.95) and pneumonia (OR, 0.40; CI, 0.25–0.62). Logistic regression analysis showed that pneumonia in adults was negatively associated with vaccination history. The passive surveillance system for measles in Malawi was useful to describe the epidemiology of measles.

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TBE in Romania

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/26613980_12b26-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Surveillance System ◽

Epidemiological Survey ◽

Passive Surveillance ◽

Notifiable Disease ◽

Territorial Expansion ◽

Country Level ◽

Regular Screening ◽

Passive Surveillance System ◽

Natural Foci ◽

Risk Areas

Based on an epidemiological survey,1 human TBEV neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps.2,3 TBE has been a notifiable disease since 1996. Surveillance of TBE is not done at the country level, only regionally in some counties (northern/central/western part, close to Hungary). The passive surveillance system was implemented in 2008. However, there is no regular screening and the relative risk of contracting this disease is unknown. In 1999, an outbreak of TBE in humans was recorded with a total of at least 38 human cases.4

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HOSTED—England’s Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset: preliminary findings from a novel passive surveillance system of COVID-19

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyab057 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J A Hall ◽

R J Harris ◽

A Zaidi ◽

S C Woodhall ◽

G Dabrera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surveillance System ◽

Household Composition ◽

Passive Surveillance ◽

Household Contacts ◽

Household Transmission ◽

The North ◽

Passive Surveillance System ◽

Evaluation Dataset ◽

Households With Children ◽

Lower Transmission

Abstract Background Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is an important component of the community spread of the pandemic. Little is known about the factors associated with household transmission, at the level of the case, contact or household, or how these have varied over the course of the pandemic. Methods The Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset (HOSTED) is a passive surveillance system linking laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases to individuals living in the same household in England. We explored the risk of household transmission according to: age of case and contact, sex, region, deprivation, month and household composition between April and September 2020, building a multivariate model. Results In the period studied, on average, 5.5% of household contacts in England were diagnosed as cases. Household transmission was most common between adult cases and contacts of a similar age. There was some evidence of lower transmission rates to under-16s [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66–0.74). There were clear regional differences, with higher rates of household transmission in the north of England and the Midlands. Less deprived areas had a lower risk of household transmission. After controlling for region, there was no effect of deprivation, but houses of multiple occupancy had lower rates of household transmission [aOR 0.74 (0.66–0.83)]. Conclusions Children are less likely to acquire SARS-CoV-2 via household transmission, and consequently there was no difference in the risk of transmission in households with children. Households in which cases could isolate effectively, such as houses of multiple occupancy, had lower rates of household transmission. Policies to support the effective isolation of cases from their household contacts could lower the level of household transmission.

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Analysis of adverse events following immunization in Zhejiang, China, 2019: a retrospective cross-sectional study based on the passive surveillance system

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics ◽

10.1080/21645515.2021.1939621 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Xuejiao Pan ◽

Huakun Lv ◽

Fuxing Chen ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Hui Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Events ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Passive Surveillance ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Passive Surveillance System

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Factors Related to the Incidence of Typhoid Fever in the Work Area Health Office of Jayawijaya Regency

JOURNAL FOR QUALITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH ◽

10.30994/jqph.v5i1.248 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 49-56

Author(s):

Rahmad Suryawan Ura ◽

Yuly Peristiowati

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Case Group ◽

District Health Office ◽

District Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

Work Area ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Test Result

Typhoid fever is a disease that is prone to occur in Indonesia, because of the characteristics of the climate that is very prone to diseases related to the seasons. The purpose of this study is to analyze factors related to the incidence of typhoid fever in the Working Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. The research design used is quantitative analytics method using quantitative data. The type of approach used is case control. The population is 74 patients with typhoid fever. The large sample taken as many as 37 respondents, with a large comparison of samples between the number of respondents in the case group is 37 respondents, and 37 respondents as a control group, so the total number of samples is 74 respondents. Sampling techniques used in this study is a simple random sampling technique. Based on the results of the study, it is known that there is no relationship between age and the incidence of typhoid fever in the Working Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. Chi-square test result obtained p-Value Sig (0.445) > α (0.05). While it is known that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge, the level of education, hygiene of individual respondents with the incidence of typhoid fever in the Work Area of the Health Office of Jayawijaya Regency. Chi-square test results obtained p- value (0.000) < α (0.05) and environmental sanitation with the incidence of Typhoid Fever in the Work Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. Chi-square test result obtained p-value (0.001) < α (0.05). Based on the results of the study is expected to increase kinship with patients as well as by providing health services visits to the patient's home.

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Use of the moving epidemic method (MEM) to assess national surveillance data for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2017

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.20.1800469 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (20) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Laura M Vos ◽

Anne C Teirlinck ◽

José E Lozano ◽

Tomás Vega ◽

Gé A Donker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Age Groups ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Laboratory Surveillance ◽

Syncytial Virus

Background To control respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes acute respiratory infections, data and methods to assess its epidemiology are important. Aim We sought to describe RSV seasonality, affected age groups and RSV-type distribution over 12 consecutive seasons in the Netherlands, as well as to validate the moving epidemic method (MEM) for monitoring RSV epidemics. Methods We used 2005−17 laboratory surveillance data and sentinel data. For RSV seasonality evaluation, epidemic thresholds (i) at 1.2% of the cumulative number of RSV-positive patients per season and (ii) at 20 detections per week (for laboratory data) were employed. We also assessed MEM thresholds. Results In laboratory data RSV was reported 25,491 times (no denominator). In sentinel data 5.6% (767/13,577) of specimens tested RSV positive. Over 12 seasons, sentinel data showed percentage increases of RSV positive samples. The average epidemic length was 18.0 weeks (95% confidence intervals (CI): 16.3–19.7) and 16.5 weeks (95% CI: 14.0–18.0) for laboratory and sentinel data, respectively. Epidemics started on average in week 46 (95% CI: 45–48) and 47 (95% CI: 46–49), respectively. The peak was on average in the first week of January in both datasets. MEM showed similar results to the other methods. RSV incidence was highest in youngest (0–1 and >1–2 years) and oldest (>65–75 and > 75 years) age groups, with age distribution remaining stable over time. RSV-type dominance alternated every one or two seasons. Conclusions Our findings provide baseline information for immunisation advisory groups. The possibility of employing MEM to monitor RSV epidemics allows prospective, nearly real-time use of surveillance data.

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Spotlight on measles 2010: Measles outbreak in a mainly unvaccinated community in Essen, Germany, March – June 2010

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.15.26.19605-en ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (26) ◽

Author(s):

H Roggendorf ◽

A Mankertz ◽

R Kundt ◽

M Roggendorf

Keyword(s):

District Health Office ◽

District Health ◽

Spring Break ◽

Measles Outbreak

On 15 March 2010, a case of measles was reported to the District Health Office in Essen. In total 71 cases occurred from 15 March to 19 May (four cases hospitalised), with the majority linked to a Waldorf school. Only one case had been vaccinated twice, two cases had been vaccinated once. Immediate and consequent exclusion of non-immune children from classes for two weeks as well as the adjacent spring break prevented the wider spread of the virus.

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Gambaran Kasus Difteri Tahun 2009-Agustus 2019 di Kabupaten Bojonegoro

Media Gizi Kesmas ◽

10.20473/mgk.v8i2.2019.67-76 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

Kiki Famalasari

Keyword(s):

Secondary Data ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Age Group ◽

District Health Office ◽

District Health ◽

Work Area ◽

Serious Infections ◽

Life Threatening ◽

History Of

Pendahuluan : Difteri adalah suatu infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Corybacterium diphteriae, yang menyerang selaput lendir pada hidung dan tenggorokan, serta dapat mempengaruhi kulit. Penyakit ini sangat menular dan termasuk infeksi serius yang berpotensi mengancam jiwa.Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola distribusi kasus difteri di Kabupaten Bojonegoro pada tahun 2009– 2019 (Agustus 2019).Metode : Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tanggal l5 Agustus-18 September 2019 di Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan data sekunder berupa laporan bulanan kasus difteri yang dilaporkan oleh Puskesmas atau Rumah Sakit di Wilayah kerja Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Bojonegoro dan hasil wawancara dengan Kepala Seksi Surveilans dan Imunisasi, serta Penanggungjawab Program Surveilans Difteri di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Bojonegoro.Hasil : Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan usia kasus difteri di Kabupaten Bojonegoro tertinggi terjadi pada kelompok usia 5-9 tahun (29,16%). Berdasarkan jenis kelamin sebagian besar terjadi pada jenis kelamin laki-laki (61,84%). Berdasarkan status imunisasi, kejadian difteri terjadi pada kelompok usia < 1tahun. Berdasarkan tempat, kejadian difteri di Kabupaten Bojonegoro sering terjadi di Kecamatan Bojonegoro. Berdasarkan waktu, kejadian difteri terjadi pada periode Januari-Maret dan Agustus-Desember.Kesimpulan : Kasus penyakit difteri di Kabupaten Bojonegoro dari tahun 2009 sampai dengan Agustus 2019 cenderung fluktuatif. Pada tahun 2009 hingga tahun 2012 kasus difteri di Kabupaten Bojonegoro mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan dan mengalami penurunan di tahun 2013 dan 2014. Kemudian pada tahun 2015, kasus difteri mengalami peningkatan kembali dan penemuan kasus terbanyak ada di tahun 2018 yaitu sebanyak 15 kasus.Penderita difteri paling banyak adalah anak usia 5-9 tahun yaitu sebanyak 21 anak. Beberapa penderita difteri memiliki riwayat imunisasi yang tidak lengkat maupun yang tidak pernah imunisasi sama sekali. Sedangkan penemuan kasus difteri terbanyak sering terjadi pada laki-laki.ABSTRACTBackground: Diphtheria is an infection caused by the Bacterium Corybacterium diphteriae, which attacks the mucous membranes of the nose and throat,then can affect the skin. This disease is very contagious and includes serious infections that are potentially life-threatening. Objectives: This study to analyze the distribution patterns of diphtheria cases in Bojonegoro Regency in 2009 - 2019 (August 2019). Methods This research was conducted on August 5-September 18, 2019 in Bojonegoro Regency. This research is a descriptive study using secondary data in the form of monthly reports of diphtheria cases reported by Puskesmas or Hospitals in the Work Area of the Bojonegoro District Health Office and the results of interviews with the Head of the Surveillance and Immunization Section, and the Person in Charge of the Diphtheria Surveillance Program at the Bojonegoro District Health Office. Result: The results showed that the highest age of diphtheria cases in Bojonegoro District occurred in the 5-9 years age group (29.16%). Based on sex, the majority occurred in male sex (61.84%). Based on immunization status, the incidence of diphtheria occurs in the age group <1 year. Based on location, diphtheria events in Bojonegoro Regency often occur in Bojonegoro District. By time, diphtheria events occurred in the January-March and August-December periods. Conclusions: Cases of diphtheria in Bojonegoro Regency from 2009 to August 2019 tended to be volatile. In 2009 until 2012 diphtheria cases in Bojonegoro Regency experienced a significant increase and decreased in 2013 and 2014. Then in 2015, diphtheria cases increased again and the most cases found were in 2018 which were 15 cases. The most diphtheria sufferers many are children aged 5-9 years, as many as 21 children. Some diphtheria sufferers have a history of immunizations that are not complete or have never been immunized at all. Whereas most cases of diphtheria are often found in men.

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EVALUATION OF MONITORING HYPERTENSION CASE BASED ON NINE SURVEILLANCE ATTRIBUTES IN JOMBANG DISTRICT HEALTH OFFICE IN 2018

The Indonesian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.20473/ijph.v16i1.2021.89-100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 89

Author(s):

Dewi Lestari

Keyword(s):

Evaluation Method ◽

Qualitative Evaluation ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Research Subject ◽

District Health Office ◽

District Health ◽

Data Collection Technique ◽

Reported Data ◽

Primary Healthcare Centers

Hypertension is still a global problem, therefore, even affecting the citizens of Indonesia. Among 10 most common diseases in Jombang regency, hypertension was ranked second in 2017. One of the efforts in overcoming hypertension was by monitoring hypertension cases through Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) surveillance system strengthening. However, the completeness of the MSS hypertension reports in Jombang region was low.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the monitoring of hypertension cases based on surveillance attributes in the Jombang District Health Office throughout 2018. This study was conducted using the qualitative evaluation method. The research subject was NCD surveillance, specifically in monitoring hypertension cases in the Jombang District Health Office. The determination of the informants used purposive sampling. The research informants consist of NCD officers in Jombang District Health Office, and NCD officers in 2 selected primary healthcare centers. The data collection technique used interview guidelines and document observation where data analysis was performed descriptively. The results show in the assessment of surveillance attributes of simplicity, acceptability, positive predictive value, data quality, and stability the results were low. While, flexibility, sensitivity, representativeness, and timeliness cannot be assessed. The conclusion was that the assessment of the surveillance attributes was quite good, but there are still obstacles in its implementation, namely incomplete reports, no attendance records, and so on. This study suggests to implement attendance records in each unit allowing the reported data to be used for planning in preventing hypertension.Keywords: evaluation, hypertention, surveillance attribute.

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