Assessment and simulation of the implementation of brucellosis control programme in an endemic area of the Middle East

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (10) ◽  
pp. 1436-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. M. HEGAZY ◽  
A. L. RIDLER ◽  
F. J. GUITIAN
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Official Control ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Probable Impact ◽  
Stochastic Simulation Model ◽  
Simulation Results

SUMMARYBrucellosis is an important zoonosis in Middle Eastern countries. In this study we assessed the extent of the application of planned official brucellosis control programmes in Kafr El Sheikh governorate, Egypt and we used a stochastic simulation model to assess the probable impact of changes to the official control strategy on the dynamics of small-ruminant brucellosis. Our results show that <7% of female livestock were tested in any given year in the study area and that quarantine was not consistently applied to infected herds. Simulation results revealed the inability of the applied control measures to reduce the prevalence of small-ruminant brucellosis. Given our assumptions, the intensity with which infected animals are removed under the actual levels of implementation of test-and-slaughter programmes would permit brucellosis to remain endemic at a level >8% of the sheep and goat population.

Reports on Recent Activities of European Food Safety Authority

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Official Control ◽  
National Programmes ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Risk Managers

This report provides an overview of the 2017 official control activities on pesticide residues carried out in the European Union (EU) Member States, Iceland and Norway. It summarises the results of both the 2017 EU-coordinated control programme (EUCP) and the national control programmes (NP). While the NPs are mostly risk based (so called enforcement samples) focusing on pesticides or products originating from countries where a number of exceedances have been observed in the past, the EUCP aims to present a statistically representative snapshot of the situation of pesticide residues in food products that are mostly consumed in the EU following a random sampling procedure. The report includes the outcome of a dietary risk assessment based on the results of the overall 2017 control programmes. The comprehensive analysis of the results of all reporting countries provides risk managers with sound-based evidence for designing future monitoring programmes, in particular for taking decisions on which pesticides and food products should be targeted in risk-based national programmes.

The impact of farmer and veterinary surgeon concordance on the effectiveness of a lameness control programme for primiparous dairy heifers

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 194-194
Author(s):  
N.J. Bell ◽  
M.J. Bell ◽  
T.G. Knowles ◽  
A.J.F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
Foot Lesions ◽  
The Impact

Lameness in dairy cattle is a multifactorial problem involving a complex interaction of stockperson, environmental and animal-related hazards. With over 100 potential hazards for lameness, and a multiplicity of control measures arising from each of these hazards, decision making for intervention programmes can be complex. Furthermore, control of foot lesions such as digital dermatitis and claw horn disease may require a detailed understanding of veterinary pathogenesis and epidemiology. Therefore, in order for lameness control programmes to be effective, veterinary involvement may be necessary. This paper examines effect of vet and farmer attitude towards a lameness control programme for primiparous dairy heifers on lameness prevalence.

scholarly journals A 5-year review of malaria surveillance in Kuching, Sarawak

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haironi Y ◽  
Kamaliah MD
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Blood Film ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Passive Case Detection ◽  
Control Programmes

Introduction: Malaria is endemic in Sarawak contributing to the highest incidence rate in Malaysia. Kuching division consists of three main areas, namely Kuching district, Lundu and Bau. This review aims to highlight the trends of malaria over the past five years in terms of demographic characteristics and vector control programmes and to identify factors that contribute to the difficulty in malaria control programme in this state. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive review of malaria cases based on surveillance data compiled from 2000 to 2004. Data is analysed based on demographic background, malaria species, type of malaria infection and vector control activities between the three districts. Results: Lundu has the highest average 5-year incidence rate per 10,000 population of 121.97 as compared to the national figure of 4.10. Malaria is more prevalent in males (14.3%) than females (5.7%). Among the race, Dayaks had the highest prevalence rate (66.5%). Peak age affected is between 15 to 40 years. The predominant species was Plasmodium vivax (65.4%) followed by Plasmodium falciparum (32.8%). For occupation, the majority of cases were among villagers (55.2%) followed by foreign workers (19.0%). Cases were detected mainly by passive case detection (82.7%) and blood film for malarial parasites was positive in 2.67%. For malaria control activities, focal spraying were successfully done in 94.4% of the structures, regular spraying in 89.5% structures, impregnated bednet distribution among 38.2% population and mass drug administration distributed among 80.7% of the population. Conclusion: Results analysis has shown that the incidence rate of malaria in Kuching division is very high, particularly in Lundu district. Although activities conducted by the malaria control programme is sufficient, it has not been able to successfully reduce the incidence of malaria in this region. Problems identified include difficulty in accessing the affected areas, movements of illegal immigrants, financial constraints and lack of training of field staff involved in malaria control. Recommendations include integrating malaria control measures with cross border agents, community participation, aggressive surveillance programmes and improvement of vector control.

Prevalence and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among Orang Asli schoolchildren: new insights into the epidemiology, transmission and diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in Malaysia

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (12) ◽  
pp. 1602-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi ◽  
Nabil A. Nasr ◽  
Yvonne A. L. Lim ◽  
Fatin Nur Elyana ◽  
Hany Sady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Orang Asli ◽  
Direct Smear

AbstractThis cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of S. stercoralis infection among 1142 Orang Asli primary schoolchildren in six different states of Peninsular Malaysia. Fecal samples were examined using direct smear, formalin-ether sedimentation (FES), agar plate culture (APC) and PCR techniques. Overall, 15.8% of the children were found to be infected with S. stercoralis. The prevalence was 0.2, 1.3, 15.2 and 13.7% by direct smear, FES, APC and PCR, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that an age of >10 years, being male, belonging to a Proto-Malay tribe, belonging to the Senoi tribe, indiscriminate defecation, using an unimproved water source for drinking water and not wearing shoes when outside were the significant risk factors of infection among these children. In conclusion, we provide new evidence on the occurrence of S. stercoralis in Malaysia to show that there is a relatively high prevalence of infection among Orang Asli schoolchildren. Therefore, the use of specific methods for detecting S. stercoralis should be considered when screening these children for intestinal parasites. Moreover, prevention and control measures specific to S. stercoralis should be integrated into the intestinal parasitic infections control programme in Malaysia.

The decline of the Desert Locust plague in the 1960s: control operations or natural causes?

1979 ◽  
Vol 287 (1022) ◽  
pp. 315-344 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Probable Impact ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Striking Contrast

The very limited Desert Locust infestations of most years since 1963 have been in striking contrast with the massive attacks experienced up to that time, which were clearly (and often admittedly) beyond the control of the organizations concerned in one or more countries in, for example, every one of the 23 years from 1940 to 1962. Attempting to assess possible effects of control measures on the development of the overall Desert Locust situation, relative to those of natural causes, poses formidable problems. However, new control techniques were deployed on unprecedented scales in particular series of locust campaigns during the early 1960s. Detailed monitoring and mapping of the overall Desert Locust situation provided circumstantial evidence of the probable impact of these campaigns. Further circumstantial evidence of the effects of these developments in methods and organization was provided by the short-lived locust upsurges of 1964 and 1967-8.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of COVID-19-related control programme interruptions on progress towards the WHO 2030 target for soil-transmitted helminths

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Malizia ◽  
Federica Giardina ◽  
Carolin Vegvari ◽  
Sumali Bajaj ◽  
Kevin McRae-McKee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Individual Based Models ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background On 1 April 2020, the WHO recommended an interruption of all activities for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminths (STH), in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper investigates the impact of this disruption on the progress towards the WHO 2030 target for STH. Methods We used two stochastic individual-based models to simulate the impact of missing one or more preventive chemotherapy (PC) rounds in different endemicity settings. We also investigated the extent to which this impact can be lessened by mitigation strategies, such as semiannual or community-wide PC. Results Both models show that without a mitigation strategy, control programmes will catch up by 2030, assuming that coverage is maintained. The catch-up time can be up to 4.5 y after the start of the interruption. Mitigation strategies may reduce this time by up to 2 y and increase the probability of achieving the 2030 target. Conclusions Although a PC interruption will only temporarily impact the progress towards the WHO 2030 target, programmes are encouraged to restart as soon as possible to minimise the impact on morbidity. The implementation of suitable mitigation strategies can turn the interruption into an opportunity to accelerate progress towards reaching the target.

Lantana camara (lantana).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Thomas ◽  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Ornamental Shrub

Abstract L. camara is a highly variable ornamental shrub, native of the neotropics. It has been introduced to most of the tropics and subtropics as a hedge plant and has since been reported as extremely weedy and invasive in many countries. It is generally deleterious to biodiversity and has been reported as an agricultural weed resulting in large economic losses in a number of countries. In addition to this, it increases the risk of fire, is poisonous to livestock and is a host for numerous pests and diseases. L. camara is difficult to control. In Australia, India and South Africa aggressive measures to eradicate L. camara over the last two centuries have been largely unsuccessful, and the invasion trajectory has continued upwards despite control measures. This species has been the target of biological control programmes for over a century, with successful control only being reported in a few instances.

scholarly journals Larvicidal Property of the Extract and Fractions of Hannoa klaineana against the Larvae of Aedes aegypti

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Ifeoma Chioma Ibe ◽  
Eze Elijah Ajaegbu ◽  
Lame Younoussa ◽  
Simon Pierre Yinyang Danga ◽  
Christopher Obidike Ezugwu
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Chloroform Fraction ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Crude Methanol Extract

Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) is the main vector for dengue which is endemic in Nigeria and Africa at large. Use of synthetic materials for the control of this vector has always proven abortive. The introduction of plant metabolites which is biodegradable maybe successful and safer to the human health in the control programme of this vector since plants are very rich in bioactive secondary metabolites. Hence, we evaluated the larvicidal activity of the crude methanol extract, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of Hannoa klaineana (Simaroubaceae) against the IV instar larvae of A. aegypti mosquitousing standard protocols. The most active fractions were  n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions with LC50 values of 1.006, 1.479, and 3.198 mg/ml respectively; n-hexane fraction having the highest property with LC50 value of 1.006 mg/ml and followed by chloroform fraction with LC50 value of 1.479 mg/ml. The evaluation has shown that the secondary metabolites of H. klaineana can be used as an alternative for the synthetic larvicides which its use has proven abortive in the vector control programmes.

Human African trypanosomiasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1451-1459
Author(s):  
Reto Brun ◽  
Johannes Blum
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Stage 1

Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is caused by subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease is restricted to tropical Africa where it is transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Control programmes in the 1960s were very effective, but subsequent relaxation of control measures led to recurrence of epidemic proportions in the 1980s and 1990s. Control is now being regained. Untreated human African trypanosomiasis is almost invariably fatal. Specific treatment depends on the trypanosome subspecies and the stage of the disease. Drugs used for stage 1 include pentamidine and suramin, and for stage 2 include melarsoprol, eflornithine, and nifurtimox, but regimens are not standardized, and treatment is difficult and dangerous; all of the drugs used have many side effects, some potentially lethal.

scholarly journals Community perception of malaria in a vulnerable municipality in the Colombian Pacific

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Yovanna Rosero ◽  
Gloria Isabel Jaramillo ◽  
Franco Andrés Montenegro ◽  
César García ◽  
Arelis Alexandra Coral
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Community Perception ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Colombian Pacific

Abstract Background Malaria primarily affects populations living in poor socioeconomic conditions, with limited access to basic services, deteriorating environmental conditions, and barriers to accessing health services. Control programmes are designed without participation from the communities involved, ignoring local knowledge and sociopolitical and cultural dynamics surrounding their main health problems, which implies imposing decontextualized control measures that reduce coverage and the impact of interventions. The objective of this study was to determine the community perception of malaria in the municipality of Olaya Herrera in the Colombian Pacific. Methods A 41-question survey on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to malaria, the perception of actions by the Department of Health, and access to the health services network was conducted. Results A total of 134 adults were surveyed, in whose households a total of 671 people lived. According to the survey data, about 80% of the household members included teenagers and children, out of which 61% had malaria at one time, and for 75.3%, this disease is a persistent problem. In spite of this, 57.2% of people who fell ill due to malaria were never visited by health personnel for a follow up. This population claimed that responsibility for who should prevent the disease is shared between each person and the Department of Health. However, personal actions were focused on using mosquito nets, ignoring other important practices to prevent bites. Despite campaigns by the Department of Health, 11.9% of respondents did not know how malaria was transmitted, and 8.96% thought it was transmitted through water. Also, 43.5% said that the Department of Health did not do any work to control malaria and 16% did not know if any action was taken. Conclusions In spite of the knowledge about malaria and the efforts of the Department of Health to prevent it, the community actions do not seem to be consistent with this knowledge, as the number of cases of malaria is still high in the area.

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