13C NMR analysis of Antarctic cryptogam extracts

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Chapman ◽  
D. J. Roser ◽  
R. D. Seppelt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Common Amino Acid ◽  
13C Nmr Analysis ◽  
Prasiola Crispa ◽  
Wilkes Land ◽  
Snow Alga

Water soluble compounds were extracted from the dominant cryptogams of the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, and compared with standard polyols, sugars and amino acids using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Previous findings for sugars and polyols from gas liquid chromatorgraphy were validated and extended. Arabitol, ribitol and mannitol were confirmed as the major soluble carbohydrate compounds in all lichen species examined. Sucrose, fructose and glucose, but no polyols were detected in two species of moss. Sorbitol was confirmed as a major component of the algae Prasiola crispa and Schizogonium murale. Mesotaenium bergrenii was confirmed to contain sucrose and glucose. No significant quantities of sugars or polyols or any other compound were found in extracts of the red snow alga Chloromonas sp.1. Amino acids were detected in the majority of cryptogam samples and were particularly abundant in the algae P. crispa and S. murale. In the latter species the total identified acids ranged from 13.5–66mg g-1 dry weight. In addition to the common amino acid components of proteins, betaine and γ-amino-butyric acid were detected, the latter being particularly abundant, being found widely in the moss, lichen and algae. Several unknown carbohydrates were characterized. Usnea sphacelata, U. antarctica and Pseudephebe minuscula contained a deoxy-hexitol, Grimmia antarctici contained resonance peaks consistent with a trisaccharide containing a sucrose moiety and Umbilicaria decussata possibly contained a glucose-arabitol dimer. 13C NMR was confirmed as a powerful tool for the characterization of low molecular weight constituents of Antarctic cryptogams.

scholarly journals Incorporation of alternative amino acids into cyanophycin by different cyanophycin synthetases heterologously expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Wördemann ◽  
Lars Wiefel ◽  
Volker F. Wendisch ◽  
Alexander Steinbüchel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Amino Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Polyaspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Cyanophycin Synthetase ◽  
Potential Precursor

AbstractCyanophycin (multi-l-arginyl-poly-l-aspartic acid; also known as cyanophycin grana peptide [CGP]) is a biopolymer that could be used in various fields, for example, as a potential precursor for the synthesis of polyaspartic acid or for the production of CGP-derived dipeptides. To extend the applications of this polymer, it is therefore of interest to synthesize CGP with different compositions. A recent re-evaluation of the CGP synthesis in C. glutamicum has shown that C. glutamicum is a potentially interesting microorganism for CGP synthesis with a high content of alternative amino acids. This study shows that the amount of alternative amino acids can be increased by using mutants of C. glutamicum with altered amino acid biosynthesis. With the DM1729 mutant, the lysine content in the polymer could be increased up to 33.5 mol%. Furthermore, an ornithine content of up to 12.6 mol% was achieved with ORN2(Pgdh4). How much water-soluble or insoluble CGP is synthesized is strongly related to the used cyanophycin synthetase. CphADh synthesizes soluble CGP exclusively. However, soluble CGP could also be isolated from cells expressing CphA6308Δ1 or CphA6308Δ1_C595S in addition to insoluble CGP in all examined strains. The point mutation in CphA6308Δ1_C595S partially resulted in a higher lysine content. In addition, the CGP content could be increased to 36% of the cell dry weight under optimizing growth conditions in C. glutamicum ATCC13032. All known alternative major amino acids for CGP synthesis (lysine, ornithine, citrulline, and glutamic acid) could be incorporated into CGP in C. glutamicum.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of grass silage made with formic acid and formic acid–formaldehyde

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thompson ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
C. R. Lonsdale ◽  
M. J. Haines ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Total Amino Acids

1. A primary growth crop of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL., cv. S23) was partially wilted and ensiled after the application of eitherformic acid–water (1:3, w/v; 7.1 1/t fresh herbage; control diet C) or formic acid–formaldehyde (1:1, w/w; 8·81/t fresh herbage; formaldehyde treated diet F) which supplied 50gHCHO/kg crude protein (nitrogen (N) × 6·25). The two silages were fed separately and a third diet comprising formaldehyde-treated silage, supplemented with urea (20 g/kg dry matter dm) at the time of feeding was also examined (dietFU).2. The three diets were fed at a level of 16 g dm/kg live weight to six 3- to six-month-old cattle fitted with rumen and re-entrant duodenal cannulas in two 3 × 3 LatinSquare experiments, and measurements were made of the digestion of energy, carbohydrateand N.3. The formaldehyde-treated silage had a lower content of fermentation acids and ammoma-N and a higher content of water-soluble carbohydrate and total amino acids. The apparent digestibility of organic matter, energy and N were depressed (P < 0·05, P < 0·05 and P < 0·01 respectively) by treatment with formaldehyde, but cellulose and neutral-detergent fibre digestibility were unaffected.4. Within the rumen the digestion of organic matter, cellulose and neutral-detergent fibre were unaffected by formaldehyde treatment or supplementation with urea. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen was similar for the three diets (average 131 g/kg apparently digested organic matter in the rumen).5. The application of formic acid-formaldehyde increased (P < 0·05) the amount of food protein escaping degradation in the rumen (4·76 diet C, 6·89 diet F; 7·07 diet FU g/kg protein intake). The contribution of amino acidsof dietary origin al the duodenum increased (P < 0·05) from 50 (diet C) to 80 (diet F) and 82 (diet FU) g/kg DM intake, and the flow of total amino acids at the duodenum was 33% higher (P < 0·001) in cattle fed formic acid–form aldehyde silage diets compared withthe control silage due to the reduction in degradation of protein at ensiling and in therumen.

Genotypic variation in water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in wheat

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari A. Ruuska ◽  
Greg J. Rebetzke ◽  
Anthony F. van Herwaarden ◽  
Richard A. Richards ◽  
Neil A. Fettell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Sequential Mechanism ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) that accumulates in the stems of wheat during growth can be an important contributor to grain filling, particularly under conditions when assimilation is limited, such as during end-of-season drought. WSC concentration was measured at anthesis across a diverse set of wheat genotypes over multiple environments. Environmental differences in WSC concentration were large (means for the set ranging between 108 and 203 mg g–1 dry weight), and there were significant and repeatable differences in WSC accumulation among genotypes (means ranging from 112 to 213 mg g–1 dry weight averaged across environments), associated with large broad-sense heritability (H = 0.90 ± 0.12). These results suggest that breeding for high WSC should be possible in wheat. The composition of the WSC, examined in selected genotypes, indicated that the variation in total WSC was attributed mainly to variation in the fructan component, with the other major soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and hexose, varying less. The degree of polymerisation (DP) of fructo-oligosaccharides was up to ~13 in samples where higher levels of WSC were accumulated, owing either to genotype or environment, but the higher DP components (DP > 6) were decreased in samples of lower total WSC. The results are consistent with fructan biosynthesis occurring via a sequential mechanism that is dependent on the availability of sucrose, and differences in WSC contents of genotypes are unlikely to be due to major mechanistic differences.

scholarly journals Interactive Short-term Effects of Waterlogging and Salinity Stress on Growth and Carbohydrate, Lipid Peroxidation, and Nutrients in Two Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujie Yin ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Xin Song ◽  
Yiwei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Waterlogging can occur in salt-affected turfgrass sites. The objective of this study was to characterize growth and carbohydrate, lipid peroxidation, and nutrient levels in the leaves and roots of two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars (Catalina and Inspire) to short-term simultaneous waterlogging and salinity stress. Previous research showed that ‘Catalina’ was relatively more tolerant to salinity but less tolerant to submergence than ‘Inspire’. Both cultivars were subjected to 3 and 7 days of waterlogging (W), salinity [S (300 mm NaCl)], and a combination of the two stresses (WS). Across the two cultivars, W alone had little effect on the plants, while both S and WS alone significantly decreased plant height (HT), leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), leaf nitrogen (LN) and carbon (LC), and leaf and root K+ (RK+), and increased leaf water-soluble carbohydrate (LWSC) and root water-soluble carbohydrate (RWSC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Na+ content, compared with the control. A decline in chlorophyll content (Chl) was found only at 7 days of WS. Leaf phosphorus (LP) content either decreased or remained unchanged but root phosphorus content increased under S and WS. Reductions in LFW and LDW were found at 3 days of S and WS, whereas RFW and RDW were unaffected until 7 days of S or WS. Both cultivars responded similarly to W, S, and WS with a few exceptions on RDW, LWSC, leaf MDA (LMDA), and root MDA (RMDA). Although WS caused declines in Chl and resulted in higher leaf Na+ (LNa+) and root Na+ (RNa+) than S at 7 days of treatment, S and WS had similar effects on growth, carbohydrate, MDA, N, C, and phosphorus, and K+ content across the two cultivars. The results suggested that S alone largely accounted for the negative effects of WS on plant growth and physiology including alteration of carbohydrate and nutrient content as well as induction of lipid peroxidation.

scholarly journals Waterlogging Tolerance of Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kehua Wang ◽  
Yiwei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Soil Redox Potential ◽  
Soil Redox

Waterlogging (WL) affects the growth and physiological responses of turfgrass. The objectives of this study were to compare the relative WL tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars and to investigate the physiological responses of shoots and roots to WL. Ten cultivars differing in growth habit were subjected to 30 d of WL. The turf quality (TQ) and soil redox potential (Eh), as well as the chlorophyll concentration (Chl), decreased with increasing periods of WL. Among all cultivars, root dry weight (RDW) decreased 16.7% to 39.9% under 10 d and 30.0% to 60% under 30 d of WL, respectively. Waterlogging increased the root electrolyte leakage (REL) from 0.6% to 53.2% under 10 d and from 29.1% to 98.0% under 30 d of WL for all cultivars, respectively. The best correlations were observed between Eh and TQ (r = 0.74), REL and TQ (r = 0.75), RDW and root water-soluble carbohydrate content (RWSC) (r = 0.74), and root oxidase activity and RWSC (r = 0.63), respectively. ‘Moonlight’, ‘Serene’, and ‘Champagne’ showed better tolerance to short-term WL conditions, whereas ‘Kenblue’ and ‘Eagleton’ were the least tolerant cultivars. ‘Limousine’, ‘Unique’, ‘Awesome’, ‘Julia’, and ‘Midnight II’ ranked in the middle group. Variations in WL tolerance among Kentucky bluegrasses could potentially be used for enhancing turfgrass management.

scholarly journals Preliminary Findings on the Correlation between Water-soluble Carbohydrate Content in Stolons and First Year Green-up of Seeded Bermudagrass Cultivars

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Macolino ◽  
Matteo Serena ◽  
Bernd Leinauer ◽  
Umberto Ziliotto
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The University ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Warm-season grasses are not widely accepted in Mediterranean countries because they lose color during the winter months. A study was conducted at the University of Padova (Padova, Italy) to determine whether fall and spring water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in stolons of seeded bermudagrass cultivars (Cynodon dactylon) influenced spring green-up in the first year of establishment. Nine bermudagrass cultivars (La Paloma, Mohawk, NuMex Sahara, Princess 77, Riviera, SR 9554, Barbados, Contessa, and Yukon) were seeded in July 2005, and dry weight and WSC content in stolons were measured in Fall 2005 and again in Spring 2006. The percentage of green cover and days needed to achieve 80% green cover (D80) were regressed against November and March values of stolon dry weight and WSC content to determine if they were good predictors of D80. ‘Yukon’ showed earliest spring green-up by end of April, and ‘Princess 77’ and ‘Riviera’ were slowest, needing 43 to 46 days more than ‘Yukon’ to reach D80. There was a significant inverse relationship between November (r2 = 0.57) and March (r2 = 0.77) WSC content in stolons and D80 for all nine bermudagrass cultivars. These results suggest that bermudagrass cultivars with high WSC in stolons recover more rapidly from dormancy during establishment than those with low WSC content.

Effects of water stress on photosynthesis in relation to diurnal accumulation of carbohydrates in source leaves

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Net photosynthetic rates, stomatal and mesophyll conductances to CO2 uptake, water soluble and total nonstructural carbohydrates contents, specific leaf weights of fully expanded source leaves, and elongation rates of rapidly expanding leaves were measured on 2 days during a period of water stress in soybean and sunflower plants in a controlled environment. Compared with control plants, elongation rates of expanding leaves and translocation rates of dry weight from source leaves in the light were more reduced by stress than were net photosynthetic rates of source leaves. Over the 8-h light period, the dry weight increase of source leaves was up to 23 mg dm−2 (1.5 × control) higher in stressed plants, but was not in all cases higher in stressed than control plants. In stressed plants a smaller fraction of the increase in dry weight in source leaves in the light was in nonstructural carbohydrates. At the end of the light period, water soluble and total nonstructural carbohydrates were up to 9 mg dm−2 higher in stressed than control leaves in sunflower, but were not higher in soybean. No differences in carbohydrate contents at the end of the light period were found in sunflower between the 2 days of stress, although stress became more severe in terms of lower rates of photosynthesis, translocation, and leaf elongation. The approximately threefold reductions in net photosynthetic rates in stressed leaves were related to both lower stomatal and lower mesophyll conductances. Mesophyll conductances of stressed leaves were not significantly correlated with water soluble carbohydrate content, total nonstructural carbohydrate content, or specific leaf weight in either species.

Increased Kernel Number in Norin 10-Derived Dwarf Wheat: Evaluation of the Cause

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Fischer ◽  
YM Stockman
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

This study of the effect of major Norin 10 dwarfing genes (Rht1, Rht2) on kernel number in spring wheat emphasised three near-isogenic pairs of spring wheat, differing in the presence or absence of both genes. Plants were grown under controlled environment conditions with equal light intensities at their tops and were restricted to main stems by repeated tiller trimming. The dwarf wheats had a higher proportion of shoot dry weight in the spike at anthesis, an effect which field studies suggest is closely associated with their production of more kernels per unit land area. Stems of dwarf genotypes were somewhat shorter as early as 50 days before anthesis (i.e. before floral initiation) but relative differences became especially great commencing at 35 days before anthesis. Apex and spike lengths were never very different. A greater proportion of dry matter was distributed to leaf lamina from 50 days before anthesis until the end of lamina growth in dwarf wheats, while partitioning to stems was lower from 50 days before anthesis onwards. Partitioning to spikes was only higher in the 15 days preceding anthesis. Stem water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents at anthesis were greater in dwarf wheats but maximum spike WSC contents reached at about 15 days before anthesis were lower. Spike morphogenesis including floret production and grain setting did not differ generally, except for a tendency with dwarf wheats for a longer floral initiation to anthesis interval and for more kernels per unit of spike weight at anthesis. The major unique feature of dwarf genotypes, the higher proportion of dry matter partitioned to the spike, appeared to be due to reduced competition from growing stems in dwarf wheats rather than intrinsic differences in the growth potential of their spikes.

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