Investigating intra-ethnic differentiation: /ay/ in Lumbee Native American English

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Schilling-Estes
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
American English ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Group Relations ◽  
Robeson County ◽  
Group Contact

This article demonstrates the importance of investigating language variation and change both within and across ethnic groups, especially those that have been relatively insular historically. The focus is on the variable patterning of /ay/ in the variety of English spoken by the Lumbee Indians in tri-ethnic Robeson County, North Carolina. (The Lumbee refer to themselves as “Indians” rather than “Native Americans”; I use their term when referring to their tribe.) The analysis reveals that the Lumbee have been surprisingly innovative and heterogeneous. Explanations are both linguistic and extralinguistic. Insular groups do not face linguistic pressure to level intra- and inter-community differences or to curb internal innovations. In addition, insular groups are often more concerned with intra- than inter-group relations and hence with intra-group social and linguistic distinctions. The study also shows a lessening of inter- and intra-group dialect differences with increased inter-group contact. However, the Lumbee still preserve a degree of dialectal distinctiveness, indicating that the need to preserve cultural uniqueness may outweigh linguistic pressure to level out differences.

Kirk Hazen. Identity and ethnicity in the rural South: A sociolinguistic view through past and present Be. Durham, NC: Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society, 2000. Pp. xii, 178. Pb $20.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-445
Author(s):  
Brian José
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
Vernacular English ◽  
Duke University ◽  
Warren County ◽  
Linguistic Behavior ◽  
The University

This book is the revised version of Hazen's 1997 Ph.D. dissertation at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill). In it, Hazen investigates the linguistic behavior of three ethnic groups in Warren County, North Carolina, both individually and collectively, with respect to copula absence and leveling of past be, with the aim of ascertaining the linguistic boundaries that delineate the ethnic groups. These ethnic groups are African Americans (comprising 57% of the overall population in the 1990 Census), European Americans (38%), and Native Americans (4%). In addition to ethnicity, Hazen considers the influence of age, sex, and cultural identity. He situates his data and findings in the broader sociolinguistic context by discussing, for example, the contributions that they make to the origins debate and the divergence/convergence debate surrounding African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Perhaps the two most significant contributions of the study, however, are the discussion of wont as an innovative variant descended from wasn't, a past-tense corollary of present tense ain't (cf. Hazen 1998), and the discussion of the influence of cultural identity on sociolinguistic variation (cf. Hazen 2002).

Consumer Satisfaction

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. Reifel ◽  
H. Rana ◽  
M. Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics

Patient satisfaction with dental care is compared across six United States groups: Whites in Baltimore and San Antonio, African-Americans in Baltimore, Hispanics in San Antonio, and Native Americans in the Southwest and the Dakotas. First, differences in patient satisfaction across ethnic groups and between two age groups (65-74 years old and 35-44 years old) are considered. Generally, people from all age and ethnic groups were satisfied with the last dental visit. Second, patient satisfaction is conceptualized as an oral health outcome influenced by characteristics of the dental service utilizer: predisposing sociodemographic characteristics, predisposing oral beliefs, enabling characteristics, oral needs, oral health behaviors, and oral health status. Multivariate analyses by age and ethnic group are used to identify characteristics that influence patient satisfaction. Sociodemographic characteristics were important among the elderly. Strong oral health beliefs influenced patient satisfaction among younger adults. Enabling characteristics were important predictors among the Native American groups. This model explained 15%-30% of the variability in patient satisfaction among the study age and ethnic groups.

scholarly journals Attitudes to usage vs. actual language use: The case ofliterallyin American English

English Today ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktorija Kostadinova
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
American English ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
The Relationship

From a descriptive point of view,literallyis seen as ‘a case of semantic change in progress’ (Israel, 2002: 424), exemplified through the shift from uses such asThis word literally means ‘water’toThis book literally blew my mind. This process of change has been noticed and commented on by language commentators and usage guide writers. In other words, apart from being a case of change in progress,literallyis also a usage problem. Usage problems are ‘features of divided usage’, or ‘instances of usage that have attracted sociolinguistic controversy’ (Tieken–Boon van Ostade, 2015: 57; cf. Kostadinova, 2018). The case of the wordliterally, then, lends itself to an investigation of the relationship between prescriptive approaches to language use typically found in usage guides, and processes of language variation and change, as I will do in this paper. As a crucial aspect to this discussion, I will also address some of the attitudes speakers hold towards the newer uses ofliterally, as attitudes of speakers can help us better understand why prescriptivism may or may not influence language variation and change. In what follows, I will first discuss the variant uses ofliterallyfound in present-day English, and then consider findings on three perspectives on the variation in the use ofliterally, viz. the ‘usage guide’ perspective, the ‘actual use’ perspective and the ‘speakers’ attitudes’ perspective.

Native American sports mascots activate negative stereotypes about contemporary Native Americans

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Focella ◽  
Jessica Whitehead ◽  
Jeff Stone ◽  
Stephanie Fryberg ◽  
Rebecca Covarrubias
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Negative Stereotypes

Native Americans and the Third World Strike at UC Berkeley

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
LaNada War Jack
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Third World ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The University

The author reflects on her personal experience as a Native American at UC Berkeley in the 1960s as well as on her activism and important leadership roles in the 1969 Third World Liberation Front student strike, which had as its goal the creation of an interdisciplinary Third World College at the university.

Indian Genocide – A Study Through The Works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Poonam Chourey
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Native People ◽  
The South ◽  
The People ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
Purpose Of Business ◽  
Wounded Knee ◽  
Shed Light

The research expounded the turmoil, uproar, anguish, pain, and agony faced by native Indians and Native Americans in the South Dakota region.  To explain the grief, pain and lamentation, this research studies the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lyn.  She laments for the people who died and also survived in the Wounded Knee Massacre.  The people at that time went through huge exploitation and tolerated the cruelty of American Federal government. This research brings out the unchangeable scenario of the Native Americans and Native Indians.  Mr. Padmanaban shed light on the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn who was activist.  Mr. Padmanaban is very influenced with Elizabeth Cook-Lynn’s thoughts and works. She hails from Sioux Community, a Native American.  She was an outstanding and exceptional scholar.  She experienced the agony and pain faced by the native people.  The researcher, Mr. Padmanaban is concerned the sufferings, agony, pain faced by the South Dakota people at that time.  The researcher also is acknowledging the Indian freedom fighters who got India independence after over 200 years of sufferings.  The foreign nationals entered our country with the sole purpose of business.  Slowly and steadily the took over the reign of the country and ruled us for years, made all of us suffer a lot.

“Don’t talk to them about goals of care”: Understanding disparities in advance care planning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepshikha Charan Ashana ◽  
Noah D’Arcangelo ◽  
Priscilla K Gazarian ◽  
Avni Gupta ◽  
Stephen Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Advance Care Planning ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Barriers And Facilitators ◽  
National Study ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Advance Care

Abstract Background Structurally marginalized groups experience disproportionately low rates of advance care planning (ACP). To improve equitable patient-centered end-of-life care, we examine barriers and facilitators to ACP among clinicians as they are central participants in these discussions. Methods In this national study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with purposively selected clinicians from six diverse health systems between August 2018 and June 2019. Thematic analysis yielded themes characterizing clinicians’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to ACP among patients, and patient-centered ways of overcoming them. Results Among 74 participants, 49 (66.2%) were physicians, 16.2% were nurses, and 13.5% were social workers. Most worked in primary care (35.1%), geriatrics (21.1%), and palliative care (19.3%) settings. Clinicians most frequently expressed difficulty discussing ACP with certain racial and ethnic groups (African American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American) (31.1%), non-native English speakers (24.3%), and those with certain religious beliefs (Catholic, Orthodox Jewish, and Muslim) (13.5%). Clinicians were more likely to attribute barriers to ACP completion to patients (62.2%), than to clinicians (35.1%) or health systems (37.8%). Three themes characterized clinicians’ difficulty approaching ACP (Preconceived views of patients’ preferences; narrow definitions of successful ACP; lacking institutional resources), while the final theme illustrated facilitators to ACP (Acknowledging bias and rejecting stereotypes; mission-driven focus on ACP; acceptance of all preferences). Conclusions Most clinicians avoided ACP with certain racial and ethnic groups, those with limited English fluency, and persons with certain religious beliefs. Our findings provide evidence to support development of clinician-level and institutional-level interventions and to reduce disparities in ACP.

scholarly journals Development of a Genetics Education Workshop Curriculum for Native American College and University Students

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 941-948
Author(s):  
Linda Burhansstipanov ◽  
Lynne Bemis ◽  
Mark Dignan ◽  
Frank Dukepoo
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
University Students ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Native American Students ◽  
College And University ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
National Human ◽  
Education Workshop

Abstract The long-term goal of Genetic Education for Native Americans (GENA), a project funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), is to provide a balance of scientific and cultural information about genetics and genetic research to Native Americans and thereby to improve informed decision making. The project provides culturally sensitive education about genetic research to Native American medical students and college and university students. Curriculum development included focus groups, extensive review of available curricula, and collection of information about career opportunities in genetics. Special attention was focused on genetic research to identify key concepts, instructional methods, and issues that are potentially troublesome or sensitive for Native Americans. Content on genetic research and careers in genetics was adapted from a wide variety of sources for use in the curriculum. The resulting GENA curriculum is based on 24 objectives arranged into modules customized for selected science-related conference participants. The curriculum was pretested with Native American students, medical and general university, health care professionals, and basic scientists. Implementation of the curriculum is ongoing. This article describes the development and pretesting of the genetics curriculum for the project with the expectation that the curriculum will be useful for genetics educators working in diverse settings.

“I Hope to Hell Nothing Goes Back to The Way It Was Before”: COVID-19, Marginalization, and Native Nations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Raymond Foxworth ◽  
Laura E. Evans ◽  
Gabriel R. Sanchez ◽  
Cheryl Ellenwood ◽  
Carmela M. Roybal
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Original Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Tribal Health ◽  
Tribal Lands ◽  
Health Regulations

We draw on new and original data to examine both partisan and systemic inequities that have fueled the spread of COVID-19 in Native America. We show how continued political marginalization of Native Americans has compounded longstanding inequalities and endangered the lives of Native peoples. Native nations have experienced disproportionate effects from prior health epidemics and pandemics, and in 2020, Native communities have seen greater rates of infection, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. We find that Native nations have more COVID-19 cases if they are located in states with a higher ratio of Trump supporters and reside in states with Republican governors. Where there is longstanding marginalization, measured by lack of clean water on tribal lands and health information in Native languages, we find more COVID-19 cases. Federal law enables non-members to flout tribal health regulations while on tribal lands, and correspondingly, we find that COVID-19 cases rise when non-members travel onto tribal lands. Our findings engage the literatures on Native American politics, health policy within U.S. federalism, and structural health inequalities, and should be of interest to both scholars and practitioners interested in understanding COVID-19 outcomes across Tribes in the United States.

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