Affiliation with depressive peer groups and social and school adjustment in Chinese adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 1087-1095
Author(s):  
Lingjun Chen ◽  
Xinyin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
School Adjustment ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Adjustment Problems ◽  
Group Context ◽  
One Year ◽  
Peer Nominations

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the role of depressive peer group context in individual social and school adjustment in a sample of 1,430 Chinese adolescents (672 boys, mean age = 15.43 years) from middle (n = 430) and high (n = 1000) schools. Peer groups were identified using the Social Cognitive Map technique. One-year longitudinal data on depression and social and school adjustment were obtained from self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, and school records. Multilevel analyses showed that group-level depression positively predicted later individual depression. Moreover, group-level depression negatively predicted later social competence, peer preference, school competence, and academic achievement, and it positively predicted later peer victimization and learning problems. The results suggest that affiliation with more depressive peer groups contributes to more psychological, social, and school adjustment problems in a cascading manner among Chinese adolescents.

Peer group homogeneity in adolescents' school adjustment varies according to peer group type and gender

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noona Kiuru ◽  
Jari-Erik Nurmi ◽  
Kaisa Aunola ◽  
Katariina Salmela-Aro
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
School Adjustment ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Group Homogeneity ◽  
Group Members ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Peer Nominations

This study investigated whether the members of adolescents' peer groups are similar in terms of their school adjustment and whether this homogeneity varies according to peer group type and gender. A total of 1262 peer group members who had recently moved to post-comprehensive education filled in questionnaires measuring their academic achievement, satisfaction with their educational track, school engagement, and school burnout. They also gave positive peer nominations on the basis of which 360 peer groups were identified and categorized as cliques, loose groups, and isolate dyads. The results showed that the members of adolescents' peer groups particularly resembled each other in terms of academic achievement. Moreover, the members of girls' cliques showed greater similarity to each other in terms of their satisfaction with educational track and school engagement than did the members of girls' loose groups. Girls' isolate dyads were, in particular, at risk for low adjustment at school.

scholarly journals Obscured Transparency? Compensation Benchmarking and the Biasing of Executive Pay

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 4299-4317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathijs de Vaan ◽  
Benjamin Elbers ◽  
Thomas A. DiPrete
Keyword(s):  
Executive Compensation ◽  
Ceo Compensation ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Executive Pay ◽  
Peer Nominations ◽  
Practical Impact ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Do So

The disclosure of compensation peer groups is argued to provide shareholders with valuable information that can be used to scrutinize chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. However, research suggests that there are substantial incentives for executives and directors to bias the compensation peer group upward such that the CEO can extract additional rent. We leverage the idea that reciprocated peer nominations are unlikely to be biased to construct counterfactual peer groups that allow us to measure the bias of disclosed peer groups. Analyses of 11 years of comprehensive data on compensation peer groups demonstrate that the average firm uses an upwardly biased peer group. The size of the bias increases when incentives and opportunities to do so are more pronounced. Specifically, results show that bias is larger when financial targets are not met and when exercising discretion in the selection of peer firms is justifiable. More importantly, upward bias in compensation peer groups is highly predictive of an increase in CEO compensation, suggesting that there is a strong incentive for CEOs to strategically select peers. Finally, although average peer group bias has gone down in recent years, the predictive effect of bias on pay has gone up. These findings call into question the practical impact of recent efforts to introduce greater transparency into the process for determining executive compensation. This paper was accepted by Olav Sorenson, organizations.

The Role of Peer Groups in Male and Female Adolescents' Task Values and Physical Activity

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Yli-Piipari ◽  
Timo Jaakkola ◽  
Jarmo Liukkonen ◽  
Noona Kiuru ◽  
Anthony Watt
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Spring Semester ◽  
Task Values ◽  
Group Members ◽  
One Year

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the role of peer groups and sex in adolescents' task values and physical activity. The participants were 330 Finnish Grade 6 students (173 girls, 157 boys), who responded to questionnaires that assessed physical education task values during the spring semester (Time 1). Students' physical activity was assessed one year later (Time 2). The results indicated that adolescent peer groups were moderately homogeneous in terms of task values toward physical education and physical activity. Girls' peer groups were more homogeneous than those of boys in regards to utility and attainment values. Furthermore, the results for both girls and boys showed that particularly intrinsic task value typical for the peer group predicted group members' physical activity. The findings highlight the important role of peer group membership as a determinant of future physical activity.

scholarly journals Obscured transparency? Compensation benchmarking and the biasing of executive pay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathijs de Vaan ◽  
Benjamin Elbers ◽  
Thomas Albert DiPrete
Keyword(s):  
Executive Compensation ◽  
Ceo Compensation ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Executive Pay ◽  
Strong Incentive ◽  
Peer Nominations ◽  
Practical Impact ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Do So

The disclosure of compensation peer groups is argued to provide shareholders with valuable information that can be used to scrutinize CEO compensation. However, research suggests that there are substantial incentives for executives and directors to bias the compensation peer group upward such that the CEO can extract additional rent. We leverage the idea that reciprocated peer nominations are unlikely to be biased in order to construct counterfactual peer groups that allow us to measure the bias of disclosed peer groups. Analyses of eleven years of comprehensive data on compensation peer groups demonstrate that the average firm uses an upwardly biased peer group. The size of the bias increases when incentives and opportunities to do so are more pronounced. Specifically, results show that bias is larger when financial targets are not met and when exercising discretion in the selection of peer firms is justifiable. More importantly, upward bias in compensation peer groups is highly predictive of an increase in CEO compensation – suggesting that there is a strong incentive for CEOs to strategically select peers. Finally, while average peer group bias has gone down in recent years, the predictive effect of bias on pay has gone up. These findings call into question the practical impact of recent efforts to introduce greater transparency into the process for determining executive compensation.

Understanding differences in total cancer care cost by service site.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18345-e18345
Author(s):  
Karen K. Fields ◽  
Jason M Burkett ◽  
Cindy Terrano ◽  
Floyd Dukes ◽  
Bharat Gorantla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
One Year

e18345 Background: Oncology providers are under mounting pressure to deliver high quality and increasingly complex cancer treatment while simultaneously managing the cost pressures coming from payers and patients alike. Developing an effective strategy to compare costs can be an important tool for assessing and improving performance and cost effectiveness from both a clinical and market competitive standpoint. This comparison can be difficult to achieve in practice, especially between different sites of care and across heterogeneous patient populations. Methods: A large commercial claims dataset with reimbursement data for claims incurred between 2014 and 2017 was used to identify lung cancer patients by site of care. We calculated average annual total cost of care (TCC) for a one year period for patients with a new cancer diagnosis following a one year period of no claims for lung cancer. For study purposes, Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC) was compared to two other peer groups: Large Hospital Systems (LHS) and small hospitals and community-based oncology practices (CBOP). Patients were assigned to each peer group when a majority of claims ( > 70%) were attributed to one of the peer groups. We analyzed overall average annual TCC for all patients and then created a sub-cohort of patients who received surgery within the study period to define early stage patients based on known standard patterns of care for newly diagnosed lung cancer. Results: There were 1249 new lung cancer patients in the study across all three peer groups with an average annual TCC of $134K per patient (range: $110K to $149K). When considering the sub-cohort of early stage patients (n = 396), MCC’s average annual TCC was $124K per patient which was significantly lower than LHS ($152K; p < 0.0499) and CBOP ($167K; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Although claims data generally contain only limited clinical information such as procedures, supplies and diagnosis, this limitation can be address by incorporating known standard of care patterns for cancer treatment to create comparable groups. Using this approach, national claims sets can be leveraged as the basis of a powerful analysis tool for understanding the Total Cost of Cancer care across institutional boundaries while still achieving meaningful comparability of the analyzed patient population.

Metaphors and their link to generational peer groups and popular culture in African youth languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (s4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Hurst-Harosh ◽  
Fridah Erastus Kanana
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Young People ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
The Core ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
Group Context ◽  
African Youth ◽  
Youth Language

Abstract This article focuses on Sheng and Tsotsitaal metaphors in order to highlight the centrality of generational peer groups and popular culture in the formation of linguistic and social meaning within these language practices. Drawing on data from a comparative database, the analysis considers aspects such as generational narratives, the transition of a metaphor from a generational peer group context into a conventionalised metaphor, as well as multiple salience and ambiguity. We illustrate the use of metaphor in youth language and its relationship to popular culture, to make the case that youth language involves the innovation of new terms from popular culture. Metaphors are mini-narratives that index the particular culturally- and contextually-shared experiences of a generation of young people, and for this reason tend to be specific to a peer group. We therefore maintain that the term ‘youth language’ is useful because youth continue to drive the relexicalization process, which is the core of phenomena such as Sheng and Tsotsitaal.

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI PADA PEER GROUP (TEMAN SEBAYA) TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN PERSEPSI REMAJA TENTANG PENDEWASAAN USIA PERKAWINAN DI SMA NEGERI 1 KECAMATAN NAMORAMBE KAB. DELI SERDANG 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Irma Linda
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reproductive Health Education ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Adolescent Perceptions

Background: Early marriages are at high risk of marital failure, poor family quality, young pregnancies at risk of maternal death, and the risk of being mentally ill to foster marriage and be responsible parents. Objective: To determine the effect of reproductive health education on peer groups (peers) on the knowledge and perceptions of adolescents about marriage age maturity. Method: This research uses the Quasi experimental method with One group pre and post test design, conducted from May to September 2018. The statistical analysis used in this study is a paired T test with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0, 05). Results: There is an average difference in the mean value of adolescent knowledge between the first and second measurements is 0.50 with a standard deviation of 1.922. The mean difference in mean scores of adolescent perceptions between the first and second measurements was 4.42 with a standard deviation of 9.611. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between adolescent knowledge on the pretest and posttest measurements with a value of P = 0.002, and there is a significant difference between adolescent perceptions on the pretest and posttest measurements with a value of p = 0.001. Increasing the number of facilities and facilities related to reproductive health education by peer groups (peers) in adolescents is carried out on an ongoing basis at school, in collaboration with local health workers as prevention of risky pregnancy.

The Silver Lining in the Dark Cloud of Social Status Insecurity: The Mediating Role of Popularity Goals in the Association Between Social Status Insecurity and Chinese Adolescents’ Bullying Bystander Behaviors

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110234
Author(s):  
Yuchi Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Lan ◽  
Guanyu Cui ◽  
Jingke Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Social Status Insecurity ◽  
Peer Factors ◽  
Defending Behaviors ◽  
Bystander Behaviors

Bullying bystander behavior has an important effect on bullying—both in stopping and facilitating it. Although bullying bystander behaviors have long been understood as a peer group process, existing research that focuses on the role of peer factors is still limited. Moreover, less is known about the social cognitive-related role of peer factors and its underlying mechanisms in adolescents’ bullying bystander behaviors. Accordingly, using resource control theory, this study examines the mediating effects of popularity goals on the associations between social status insecurity and bullying bystander behaviors (active defending behaviors, passive bystanding behaviors) among 333 Chinese adolescents (181 males; Mage = 13.10; SD = .50). Analyses were conducted using SPSS 23 to conduct descriptive and correlation analyses. The hypothesized mediation model was tested using a structural equation modeling approach with bootstrapping techniques (bootstrap replications: 5,000) using AMOS 23. The results showed that popularity goals fully mediated the relationship between adolescents’ social status insecurity and their active defending behaviors. No gender differences in these mediating effects were observed. The results also indicated that popularity goals did not mediate the relationship between social status insecurity and passive bystanding behaviors. These findings enrich our understanding of bullying bystander behaviors and highlight the positive role of social cognitive factors (e.g., popularity goals) in active defending behaviors. Our findings deepen our understanding of bullying bystanders through integrating proximate and ultimate approaches. Our findings have significant practical implications, which suggest that school anti-bullying interventions should value the positive roles of social status insecurity and popularity goals in promoting active defending behaviors.

Unpacking the misfit effect: Exploring the influence of gender and social norms on the association between aggression and peer victimization

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542199286
Author(s):  
Ellyn Charlotte Bass ◽  
Lina Maria Saldarriaga ◽  
Ana Maria Velasquez ◽  
Jonathan B. Santo ◽  
William M. Bukowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Adolescent Peer Groups

Social norms are vital for the functioning of adolescent peer groups; they can protect the well-being of groups and individual members, often by deterring harmful behaviors, such as aggression, through enforcement mechanisms like peer victimization; in adolescent peer groups, those who violate aggression norms are often subject to victimization. However, adolescents are nested within several levels of peer group contexts, ranging from small proximal groups, to larger distal groups, and social norms operate within each. This study assessed whether there are differences in the enforcement of aggression norms at different levels. Self-report and peer-nomination data were collected four times over the course of a school year from 1,454 early adolescents ( M age = 10.27; 53.9% boys) from Bogota, Colombia. Multilevel modeling provided support for social regulation of both physical aggression and relational aggression via peer victimization, as a function of gender, grade-level, proximal (friend) or distal (class) injunctive norms of aggression (perceptions of group-level attitudes), and descriptive norms of aggression. Overall, violation of proximal norms appears to be more powerfully enforced by adolescent peer groups. The findings are framed within an ecological systems theory of adolescent peer relationships.

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