THE PETATE AND THE COSMIC ORDER: DISCOVERIES FROM A CLASSIC PERIOD RESIDENTIAL GRAVE IN MICHOACÁN, MEXICO

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Véronique Darras
Keyword(s):  
Classic Period ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Lower Section ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Continuous Exercise ◽  
Cosmic Order ◽  
The World

Abstract This article explores the symbolism of the petate in light of an unprecedented archaeological discovery. Excavations carried out in a Classic context in northern Michoacán revealed the impression of a petate marking the location of a burial. In addition, the lower section of the burial pit was covered over with andesite slabs, including one with grid-like and spiral incisions. After a brief overview of the ancient and modern uses of the petate and relevant archaeological evidence, I present the data that allow the testing of different hypotheses, in particular the symbolization of power through the petate. Contextual analysis suggests that both the woven mat and the incised slab served as thresholds, if not barriers, between the world of the living and the underworld. I propose that the petate was placed over the grave to serve as a regulator, ensuring that entities were properly separated and that they remained in their respective places. As such, it was an object protecting the cosmic order. I further suggest that the petate may have acted as a temporal gate, guaranteeing the continuous exercise of authority and argue that it was, as a finished object, endowed with power.

scholarly journals How Cognitive Frameworks Shape the American Approach to International Relations and Security Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Cheng ◽  
Alison Brettle
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Academic Identity ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Frames ◽  
Identity Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Diverse Discipline

AbstractWhy do American perspectives of international relations (IR) continue to hold sway over an increasingly diverse discipline? What actually constitutes “Americanness” in IR? Who is considered “American” in IR? These are the central questions we explore in this essay. Drawing on cognitive and behavioral insights from social psychology, we argue that there is a distinct “American approach” to international relations and security studies and that this approach is a product of Western cognitive frames. We identify three factors that represent the American approach's hyper-Westernized framing: individualism, equality, and a preference for causal rather than contextual analysis, and a preference for egalitarianism. We argue that these are reinforced by two social identity processes—academic identity and national identity. The consequences of “being American” in IR and security studies suggest not only problems of attention and accuracy, but an inherent failure to appreciate that Western—and particularly, American—ways of seeing and valuing the world are not universal.

Theodicy Sociologised: Suffering Smart in the Twenty-First Century

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
First Century ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Cosmic Order ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Normative Order

Theodicy is the branch of theology traditionally concerned with justifying palpable injustices in the world that are presumably the product of a just deity. The classical sociologists appreciated theodicy's relevance in terms of different social attitudes towards human suffering: is it to be tolerated, minimised, redressed or somehow transcended? Each answer implies a different view about the place of humanity in some larger cosmic order. In modern political theory, the question is normally specified in terms of the problem of distributive justice. However, the re-negotiation of the boundary between biology and sociology in the early twenty-first century is forcing a re-engagement with theodicy in its original broad sense, especially as we are increasingly asked to set resource distribution policies that bind across generations of humans and non-humans alike. In this context, as humans acquire an increasingly ‘godlike’ perspective on the normative order, suffering may come to be seen in more strictly instrumental terms – indeed, as itself a resource that might be recycled to produce good in the long term. Thus, we may be entering an era of ‘moral entrepreneurship’.

Captivity, Desire, Trade

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindon Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Slave Narratives ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frederick Douglass ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Slave Narrative ◽  
The World ◽  
Fugitive Slave ◽  
Set Up

This chapter continues the discussion of Equiano/Vassa's autobiography, focusing on its role in the literary tradition as the most important eighteenth-century slave narrative in order for Barrett to set up the long tradition of the fugitive slave narrative in its pre-classic (prior to 1800), classic (1830–1865), and postbellum (1865 and later) versions. It then turns to a number of fugitive slave narratives and related abolitionist texts from the classic period: William Grimes's Narrative of the Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave (1855); James Bradley's 1835 journalistic account of his own enslavement; David Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly to Those of the United States of America (1829); Frederick Douglass's Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (1845) and My Bondage and My Freedom (1855).

scholarly journals LEXIS AND PHRASEOLOGY, VERBALIZING CONCEPTS OF WOMAN AND GIRL IN A.B. KAITUKOV’S WORKS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Г. ЦОПАНОВА
Keyword(s):  
Mental Content ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
First Time

Целью данного исследования является определение ментального содержания лексики и фразеологии, вербализующей концепты женщина (сылгоймаг) и девушка (чызг) в произведениях осетинского писателя А.Б. Кайтукова. Научная новизна связана с тем, что впервые на языковом материале произведений А. Кайтукова выявлено ментальное содержание указанных концептов. Актуальность данного исследования в том, что, благодаря описанию языкового содержания концептов женщина (сылгоймаг) и девушка (чызг), читатель, с одной стороны, вводится в мир национальной лингвокультуры, содержащей информацию о менталитете народа, с другой стороны – дается характеристика индивидуальных особенностей языка писателя. В работе использованы следующие методы исследования: семантико-стилистический, методы концептуального и контекстуального анализа языковых единиц в художественном тексте. Поставлены следующие задачи: определить номинативную плотность концептов женщина и девушка; раскрыть ментальное содержание лексики и фразеологии, вербализующей названные концепты; указать когнитивные признаки исследуемых концептов; охарактеризовать лексику и фразеологию, объективирующие названные концепты как средство создания идиостиля писателя. В результате работы дана характеристика концептов женщина и девушка в произведениях А. Кайтукова в аспекте лингвокультуры и в рамках идиостиля писателя. The purpose of this study is to determine the mental contents of the vocabulary and phraseology that verbalize the concepts of woman (sylgoymag) and girl (chyzg) in the works of the Ossetian writer A. B. Kaitukov. The scientific novelty is connected with the fact that for the first time the mental content of these concepts will be revealed on the language material of A. Kaitukov's works. The relevance of this study is that due to the description of the linguistic content of the concepts woman (sylgoimag) and girl (chyzg), the reader, on the one hand, is introduced into the world of national linguoculture, containing information about the mentality of the people, on the other hand, a characteristic of the individual features of the writer’s language is given. The following research methods were used in the work: semantic and stylistic, methods of conceptual and contextual analysis of linguistic units in a literary text. The following tasks were set: to determine the nominative density of the concepts woman and girl; to reveal the mental content of lexis and phraseology, verbalizing the named concepts; indicate the cognitive features of the studied concepts; to characterize the vocabulary and phraseology that objectify the named concepts as a means of creating the idiostyle of the writer. As a result of the work, a description of the concepts of a woman and a girl in the works of A. Kaitukov is given in the aspect of linguoculture and within the framework of the writer's idiostyle.

scholarly journals Satire in Merlinda Bobis’ Banana Heart Summer

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherill A. Gilbas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Background ◽  
Social Realism ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Societal Problems

Hornedo, a literature icon asserts that “A piece of literature documents the world and the worldview of its author.” Accordingly, some literary pieces can provide information on the socio-political and cultural background of a certain society. Anchored on this premise, this paper aimed to identify the aesthetics of satire in Merlinda Bobis’ Banana Heart Summer. It also sought to unveil the novel’s message and the author’s manner of criticizing the novel’s social setup. Specifically, it sought to describe the novel’s theme, tone, structure and style, as well as the socio-political and cultural aspects using food as primary trope. The paper also aimed to present the reality frame of the depicted societal problems of the Filipinos in general and those of Bicolanos in particular. The formalist theory was applied in the treatment of material, which is a satire, and being so, the researcher also applied defamiliarization theory, through devices such as tropes and social realism, as it forms part of the aesthetics of satire that can help identify the ideology behind the author’s work. The researcher grouped the identified satirical techniques into five: exaggeration, incongruity, parody, reversal, and defamiliarization.  In conclusion, this paper asserts that Bobis wrote the material for the readers to see the flaws of the society; alongside, she also implicitly offers a solution or presents the possibility of curing the social ills highlighted in the novel. Keywords—Literature, aesthetics of satire, defamiliarization, Banana heart summer, Bicolanos,  Filipinos,  formalist-contextual analysis, Philippines

scholarly journals THE EARLIEST PETROGLYPHS IN THE WORLD

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Дж. Беднарик
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Central India ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Conservative Approach ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Difficult Subject ◽  
Lower Palaeolithic

Пещера Аудиториум из комплекса памятников Бхимпетка в центральной Индии, находящегося в Списке всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО, была первым в мире памятником наскального искусства, отнесенным к Нижнему палеолиту. В статье описывается археологический контекст этого открытия, в частности, особенности пре-ашельской (или Mode 1 для Индии) индустрии каменных орудий. Учитывая, что в настоящее время известно уже четыре памятника с ямочными углублениями, в том числе еще одно в Индии, которые обоснованно отнесены к Нижнему палеолиту, это предположение уже воспринимается не таким преждевременным, как когда оно было высказано впервые. Петроглифы Бхимбетки детально обсуждаются в статье, также как и трудная тема определения их древности. Принят консервативный подход, но он базируется на археологическом контексте в Дараки-Чаттан высказано предположение, что ямочные углубления пещеры Аудиториум тоже могут быть датированы на основе технокомплекса Mode 1 Auditorium Cave at the World Heritage-listed site complex of Bhimbetka in central India was the first site in the world whose rock art was attributed to the Lower Palaeolithic. The archaeological background to this discovery is described, particularly the nature of the pre-Acheulian or Mode 1 lithic industries of India. Bearing in mind that there are now four other cupules sites known, including one more in India, that are soundly attributed to the Lower Palaeolithic, this proposition is no longer as precipitate as it may have appeared when it was first made. The Bhimbetka petroglyphs are discussed in some detail, together with the difficult subject of determining their antiquity. A conservative approach is adopted, but based on the archaeological evidence at Daraki-Chattan, it is suggested that the Auditorium Cave cupules, too, date from a Mode 1 technocomplex.

scholarly journals LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION OF THE EMOTION «FEAR» IN THE WORKS OF S. KING (ANALYSIS OF THE THEMATIC GROUP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-151
Author(s):  
O.V. Egorova ◽  
◽  
V.V. Vasyuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
World Model ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Stephen King ◽  
Horror Genre ◽  
Language Representation ◽  
The World

Emotions, representing a special reality, are a reflection of the ethno-cultural specifics of the world model. The emotion of fear is one of the basic and inherent in every culture. The ability of language elements to enter into relations with each other allows us to talk about the vocabulary of a language as a system. The presence of these relations determines the existence of various groupings within the language system. One of the ways to combine them is a thematic group. The relevance of this study is determined by the analyzed material, which represents the emotion of fear, not only as a thematic group, but also as a multidimensional manifestation of human emotions. This study allows us to trace how the thematic group "Fear" is represented in the English language at the present stage of its development. The purpose of this work is to identify the means of linguistic representation of the manifestation of the emotion of fear in modern English on the material of the works "Pet Cemetery" and "It" by the American writer Stephen King. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: the method of contextual analysis and the method of quantitative analysis. The study of the vocabulary that represents emotions in the text of a work of art allows us to interpret the world of emotions of characters, as well as to reveal the main theme of the work of art. Therefore, in the context of the literature of the horror genre, it is advisable to talk about the use of various means of representing the thematic group "Fear", since the main task of the author is to create an atmosphere of fear and horror in the work.

scholarly journals How has China formed its conception of the rule of law? A contextual analysis of legal instrumentalism in ROC and PRC law-making

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianlan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
European Origin ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Making

The rule of law as a globally recognised concept is multi-faceted (Chesterman, 2008). In the common-law tradition, it is conceived through a formal and substantive framework. In essence, it centres on the supremacy of the law over the arbitrary exercise of power and the formal legality of the law (Tamanaha, 2004, p. 115; Cotterrell, 1992, p. 157). The rule-of-law concept has been criticised as being of unique European origin, where plural social organisation and universal natural law constitute its two preconditions (Unger, 1977, pp. 80–110). It has, however, been advocated around the world as one essential principle leading to modernity, where the legitimacy of the law based on the formal and substantive rule of law serves as a strong symbol for a modern society (Deflem, 1996, p. 5).

The Powerful Dead: Archaeological Relationships between the Living and the Dead

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Parker Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Human Society ◽  
The World ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Status Differences

The dead, collectively or individually, are sometimes powerful forces in human society. At other times they fade into relative insignificance. How archaeologists recover such ideological changes has repercussions for their interpretation of social organization and social change. Interpretations of status, gender, and ranking from funerary deposits are to a large extent dependent on archaeologists' abilities to interpret initially the relationship that the living construct with the dead. This contextual analysis of the Danish Iron Age uses studies of landscape and topography, and contrasts in material culture to situate the changing placement of the dead in society. Their increasing incorporation into the world of the living in the pre-Roman Iron Age indicates a growing concern with lineage and individual status. Later on, within the hierarchical ordering of Roman Iron Age society, the dead retained their significance for the living but in certain regions this was expressed in terms of their communality rather than status differences.

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