Persistence, Perseveration and Perfectionism in the Eating Disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Waller ◽  
Tonya Shaw ◽  
Caroline Meyer ◽  
Michelle Haslam ◽  
Rachel Lawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Eating Pathology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Control

Background: Perseveration, persistence and perfectionism are traits that have been suggested to be relevant to the eating disorders. This study explored the levels and correlates of these three traits in the eating disorders and control groups. Method: A measure of these three elements (the Persistence, Perseveration and Perfectionism Questionnaire - PPPQ-22) was administered to 99 women with eating disorders, 25 women with other psychiatric disorders, and 91 non-clinical women. Differences in PPPQ-22 scores across groups were measured, as were the associations between PPPQ-22 scores and eating attitudes. Results: The eating disordered groups showed lower levels of persistence (the drive towards goal achievement) than the non-clinical group, but did not show higher levels of perseveration (the following of rules, without considering whether goals are achieved). Both women with eating disorders and non-clinical controls showed correlations between eating disorder symptoms and perseveration. Conclusions: The current study, using a relatively new measure, suggests that low levels of persistence, rather than high levels of perseveration, may be implicated in the eating disorders. It was less clear that perfectionism per se was a useful construct in understanding eating pathology. If confirmed by future research, persistence should be considered in treatment of these complex and challenging conditions.

Body-Related Behaviours and Cognitions in the Eating Disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reena Amin ◽  
Clara Strauss ◽  
Glenn Waller
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Eating Pathology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Unhealthy Eating ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Different body-related behaviours and cognitions (checking, avoidance, comparison, display) have been shown to be related to unhealthy eating attitudes in a non-clinical sample. Aims: This study tested whether the use of body-related behaviours is higher in eating-disordered women than in non-clinical women. It also examined whether the use of body-related behaviours is associated with psychological characteristics (particularly anxiety, depression and narcissistic characteristics), controlling for age and eating pathology. Method: Ninety-nine adult women with diagnosed eating disorders (mean age = 30.4 years, SD = 9.44; mean body mass index = 21.9, SD = 6.39) completed standardized measures of eating pathology, anxiety and depression, narcissistic characteristics, and body-related behaviours and cognitions. Results: The Body-Related Behaviours Scale (BRBS) had acceptable levels of internal consistency in this group, and its scales were only weakly to moderately correlated with each other. There were no differences between diagnostic groups, but the clinical group had higher scores that a previous non-clinical sample on three of the scales. The four body-related behaviours had different patterns of association with eating pathology, depression and narcissistic features. However, anxiety was not associated with BRBS scores. Conclusions: The findings support the importance of a wide range of body-related behaviours and cognitions in understanding the eating disorders. However, the lack of an association with anxiety is counter to the suggestion that the various behaviours measured by the BRBS reflect safety behaviours on the part of sufferers. Depression and narcissistic features might be more important in maintaining such behaviours.

Clinical Correlates of Body-Size Distortion

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1311-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés J. Pumariega ◽  
Carl R. Gustavson ◽  
Joan C. Gustavson ◽  
Sandra A. Black ◽  
Andrew R. Gustavson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Size Distortion ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Body Size Estimation

Body-size distortion has been considered a central symptom of eating disorders. We studied 35 female eating-disordered patients and 85 controls using a computer-based body-size estimation technique. We have found almost identical linear relationships between body-size distortion and weight:height ratios in both groups. In the clinical group, distortion scores were not correlated with scores on the Eating Attitudes Test or Beck Depression Inventory but were negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction as measured on the Eating Disorder Inventory. These results raise further questions about the role of body-size distortion both as a diagnostic criterion and as a complicating phenomenon in eating disorders.

Relationships Among Childhood Maltreatment, Limbic System Dysfunction, and Eating Disorders in College Women

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052091259
Author(s):  
Andrea E. Mercurio ◽  
Fang Hong ◽  
Carolyn Amir ◽  
Amanda R. Tarullo ◽  
Anna Samkavitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
College Women ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Eating Pathology ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms

The mechanisms linking childhood maltreatment and eating pathology are not fully understood. We examined the mediating role of limbic system dysfunction in the relationships between three forms of childhood maltreatment (parental psychological maltreatment, parental physical maltreatment, and parental emotional neglect) and eating disorder symptoms. A convenience sample of college women ( N = 246, M age = 19.62, SD = 2.41) completed measures of maltreatment (Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales and the Parental Bonding Instrument), limbic system dysfunction (Limbic System Questionnaire), and eating pathology (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire). We hypothesized that there would be an indirect effect of each type of childhood maltreatment on eating disorder symptoms via limbic system irritability. Results generally supported the hypotheses. Examination of the individual paths that defined the indirect effect indicated that higher reported childhood maltreatment was associated with greater limbic irritability symptoms, and higher limbic irritability symptomatology was related to higher total eating disorder scores. There were no significant direct effects for any of the proposed models. Findings are in line with research supporting the role of limbic system dysfunction as a possible pathway in the maltreatment-eating disorder link. Given that limbic system dysfunction may underlie behavioral symptoms of eating disorders, efforts targeting limbic system dysfunction associated with child maltreatment might best be undertaken at an early developmental stage, although interventions for college women struggling with eating disorders are also crucial.

scholarly journals Breaking the Silence

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. NP118-NP126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail S. Dubovi ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Jessica L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
College Men ◽  
Eating Pathology ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms

Men remain largely underrepresented in the eating disorder literature and few studies have investigated risk factors for disordered eating among men. The current study examined associations between Big Five personality traits and eating disorder symptoms in a sample of college men (N = 144). Participants completed the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale and Ten Item Personality Inventory online. Results suggested that openness was positively associated with purging-type behaviors and that emotional stability was positively related to symptoms of anorexia nervosa and global eating pathology. Findings highlight the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms among college men and suggest that these symptoms are associated with a different constellation of personality traits than is typically reported among women. Implications for targeted prevention and intervention programs and future research are discussed.

Acculturation, Internalization of Western Appearance Norms, and Eating Pathology Among Japanese and Chinese International Student Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Stark-Wroblewski ◽  
Barbara J. Yanico ◽  
Steven Lupe
Keyword(s):  
International Student ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Eating Pathology ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Sociocultural Model ◽  
Demographic Questionnaire ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Chinese International Student

In the context of the sociocultural model of eating disorders, this study investigated the hypothesis that Westernization would be positively associated with eating pathology among non-Western women. International participants from Japan ( n = 26), Peoples Republic of China ( n = 25), Taiwan ( n = 30), and Hong Kong ( n = 25) who were studying in the United States completed the Eating Attitudes Test, Symptoms Checklist, Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire, the American–International Relations Survey, and a demographic questionnaire. Awareness and internalization of Western appearance norms were positively associated with eating disordered symptoms, but acculturation was not. Results lend further support for the sociocultural model. It is suggested that measures of eating pathology and acculturation be closely examined with respect to their cross-cultural relevance, particularly when conducting research involving international populations.

scholarly journals MicroRNA-146a Serves as a Biomarker for Adverse Prognosis of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Shengjue Xiao ◽  
Tongneng Xue ◽  
Qinyuan Pan ◽  
Yue Hu ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Control

Objective. This study is aimed at exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and provides potential clinical prognostic biomarkers for STEMI. Methods. The GSE60993 dataset was downloaded from the GEO database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between STEMI and control groups were screened. Enrichment analysis of the DEGs was subsequently performed using the DAVID database. A protein–protein interaction network was constructed, and hub genes were identified. The hub genes in patients were then validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Furthermore, hub gene-miRNA interactions were evaluated using the miRTarBase database. Finally, patient data on classical cardiovascular risk factors were collected, and plasma microRNA-146a (miR-146a) levels were detected. An individualized nomogram was constructed based on multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results. A total of 239 DEGs were identified between the STEMI and control groups. Expression of S100A12 and miR-146a was significantly upregulated in STEMI samples compared with controls. STEMI patients with high levels of miR-146a had a higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) than those with low levels of miR-146a (log-rank P = 0.034 ). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified five statistically significant variables, including age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, white blood cells, and miR-146a. A nomogram was constructed to estimate the likelihood of a MACE at one, two, and three years after STEMI. Conclusion. The incidence of MACEs in STEMI patients expressing high levels of miR-146a was significantly greater than in those expressing low levels. MicroRNA-146a can serve as a biomarker for adverse prognosis of STEMI and might function in its pathogenesis by targeting S100A12, which may exert its role via an inflammatory response. In addition, our study presents a valid and practical model to assess the probability of MACEs within three years of STEMI.

scholarly journals Facilitating Endurance Performance: The Effects of Cognitive Strategies and Analgesic Suggestions

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Spink
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Control

This study examined the effects of a cognitive strategy (dissociation) and an analgesic suggestion on the duration and pain ratings of individuals performing a muscular endurance task. Thirty-six individuals were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: dissociation group, dissociation/analgesic group, and a control group. Measures of leg-holding times and subjective pain ratings were obtained twice, once before the treatment and once after the treatment. Results indicated that individuals in the dissociation/analgesic group performed significantly better on the posttest than individuals in the dissociation and control groups. No significant differences in reported pain ratings were found between any of the three groups. The findings are discussed in terms of alternative explanations. Future research directions are also provided.

Dysfunctional Core Beliefs in Eating Disorders: A Review

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceri Jones ◽  
N. Leung ◽  
G. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Automatic Thoughts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Cognitive Content ◽  
Cognitive Organization ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Maladaptive Thinking ◽  
The Impact

Until recently, it was widely accepted that eating-disordered symptoms are caused and maintained by patterns of maladaptive thinking (negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional assumptions) regarding body size, shape, and weight. However, current research and clinical investigations suggest that broader patterns of maladaptive thinking exist in cognitive organization of eating psychopathology and that cognitive therapy for eating disorders might benefit from in-depth consideration of the individual’s cognitive content. For these reasons, research into the impact of core beliefs in eating disorders has increased in recent years. This article provides a review and critique of the existing findings. The main methodological problems of examining core beliefs in eating disorders are discussed, and the conceptual issues that arise in this area are also reviewed. Finally, suggestions for the directions of future research are also made.

Negative Self-Beliefs in Relation to Eating Disorder and Depressive Symptoms: Different Themes Are Characteristic of the Two Sets of Symptoms in Those With Eating Disorders and/or Depression

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myra J. Cooper ◽  
Phil Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms

This study aimed to identify differences in the personal themes in negative self or core beliefs that might be characteristic of high levels of eating disorder symptoms when compared to high levels of depressive symptoms in those with an eating disorder and/or depression. Differences between putative diagnostic subgroups were also examined. One hundred and ninety-three participants completed self-report measures of negative self-beliefs, eating, and depressive symptoms. Putative diagnostic subgroups were also identified, including an eating disorder group that also had high levels of depressive symptomatology and in most cases a diagnosis of depression. Six themes descriptive of the self corresponding to 6 robust factors were identified and provisionally labeled isolated, repelled by self, self-dislike, lacking in warmth, childlike, and highly organized. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, in the whole sample, eating disorder symptoms were uniquely predicted by subscales reflective of repelled by self and lacking in warmth, though depressive symptoms were uniquely predicted by subscales measuring isolation and self-dislike. Between-group analyses indicated that high scores on isolation, self-dislike, and lacking in warmth were typical of both eating-disordered and depressed-only diagnostic groups when compared to the control group, though only the eating-disordered group (also high in depressive symptoms and “diagnosis” of depression) also had high scores on repelled by self. The findings indicate that eating disorder and depressive symptoms are associated with some potentially important differences in self-beliefs. Putative diagnostic subgroups may also differ in these beliefs. The findings further indicate that psychometrically sound themes exist in the core or negative self-beliefs associated with eating disorder and depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings for cognitive therapy with eating disorders and depression are briefly considered, and the limitations and implications of the diagnostic subgroups identified here are discussed.

scholarly journals Mindfulness-based treatment for Bipolar Disorder: A systematic review of the literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Bojic ◽  
Rodrigo Becerra
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Gains ◽  
And Control

Despite the increasing number of studies examining the effects of mindfulness interventions on symptoms associated with Bipolar Disorder (BD), the effectiveness of this type of interventions remains unclear. The aim of the present systematic review was to (i) critically review all available evidence on Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) as a form of intervention for BD; (ii) discuss clinical implications of MBCT in treating patients with BD; and (iii) provide a direction for future research. The review presents findings from 13 studies (N = 429) that fulfilled the following selection criteria: (i) included BD patients; (ii) presented results separately for BD patients and control groups (where a control group was available); (iii) implemented MBCT intervention; (iv) were published in English; (v) were published in a peer reviewed journal; and (vi) reported results for adult participants. Although derived from a relatively small number of studies, results from the present review suggest that MBCT is a promising treatment in BD in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. MBCT in BD is associated with improvements in cognitive functioning and emotional regulation, reduction in symptoms of anxiety depression and mania symptoms (when participants had residual manic symptoms prior to MBCT). These, treatment gains were maintained at 12 month follow up when mindfulness was practiced for at least 3 days per week or booster sessions were included. Additionally, the present review outlined some limitations of the current literature on MBCT interventions in BD, including small study sample sizes, lack of active control groups and idiosyncratic modifications to the MBCT intervention across studies. Suggestions for future research included focusing on factors underlying treatment adherence and understanding possible adverse effects of MBCT, which could be of crucial clinical importance.

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