Hear Today, Not gone Tomorrow? An Exploratory Longitudinal Study of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (Hearing Voices)

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky Hartigan ◽  
Simon McCarthy-Jones ◽  
Mark Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Intervention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Hearing Voices ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽  
Longitudinal Examination ◽  
Over Time

Background: Despite an increasing volume of cross-sectional work on auditory verbal hallucinations (hearing voices), there remains a paucity of work on how the experience may change over time. Aims: The first aim of this study was to attempt replication of a previous finding that beliefs about voices are enduring and stable, irrespective of changes in the severity of voices, and do not change without a specific intervention. The second aim was to examine whether voice-hearers’ interrelations with their voices change over time, without a specific intervention. Method: A 12-month longitudinal examination of these aspects of voices was undertaken with hearers in routine clinical treatment (N = 18). Results: We found beliefs about voices’ omnipotence and malevolence were stable over a 12-month period, as were styles of interrelating between voice and hearer, despite trends towards reductions in voice-related distress and disruption. However, there was a trend for beliefs about the benevolence of voices to decrease over time. Conclusions: Styles of interrelating between voice and hearer appear relatively stable and enduring, as are beliefs about the voices’ malevolent intent and power. Although there was some evidence that beliefs about benevolence may reduce over time, the reasons for this were not clear. Our exploratory study was limited by only being powered to detect large effect sizes. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

“Change over time in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris between 2004 and 2016 in Iran”: A multiple cross‐sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. e12827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Salarvand ◽  
Zahra Fatehi ◽  
Maryam Shahali ◽  
Kamran Balighi ◽  
Maryam Ghiasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pemphigus Vulgaris ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Multiple Cross ◽  
Over Time

How Do Adolescents Get Their E-Cigarettes and Other Electronic Vaping Devices?

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K. Pepper ◽  
Ellen M. Coats ◽  
James M. Nonnemaker ◽  
Brett R. Loomis
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Completion Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over Time

Purpose: More adolescents “vape” (use e-cigarettes and similar devices) than smoke, but little is known about how underage users obtain vaping devices. This knowledge could inform efforts to prevent youth access. Design: Original cross-sectional survey with social media recruitment. Settings: Online. Participants: A total of 1729 adolescents (2809 qualified on screener; completion rate 61.6%) aged 15 to 17 years who vaped in the past 30 days. Measures: Adolescents’ vaping attitudes, ownership of vaping devices, how they obtain devices, and frequency of borrowing others’ devices. Analysis: Logistic regression. Results: Most adolescents (78.2%) owned a vaping device. The most common sources were purchasing from a store or online (31.1%), buying from another person (16.3%), or giving someone money to purchase for them (15.0%). The majority (72.8%) had used someone else’s vaping device in the past 30 days. Adolescents who vaped more often, did not own a vaping device, vaped in social situations, and had previously been refused purchase were more likely to frequently borrow others’ devices. Conclusions: Despite high rates of ownership, many adolescents borrowed devices, suggesting that borrowing is part of users’ social experience, not just a means of acquisition. Although better enforcement of age restrictions could lessen purchasing, future research is needed to understand why adolescents borrow and how their acquisition sources shift over time. That information could be harnessed for targeted, borrowing-related antivaping campaigns.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the progression of deficit accumulation frailty among adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review revealing research gaps

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Brendan Dee ◽  
Eilish Burke ◽  
Roman Romero-Ortuno ◽  
Philip McCallion ◽  
Mary McCarron
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Deficit Accumulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Frailty Status ◽  
Over Time

Background: People with an intellectual disability are more likely to experience frailty earlier in life and with greater severity compared to the general population. There is growing consideration of determinants of frailty and identifying factors which may influence the change in frailty status over time. The objective of this review was to investigate factors associated with the progression of frailty over time among adults with an intellectual disability. Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to identify studies reporting factors associated with transitions and trajectories in deficit accumulation frailty among adults with an intellectual disability. The following eligibility criteria was used: defined frailty as deficit accumulation; longitudinal design; reported at least one individual characteristic associated with change in frailty status; sample was people with an intellectual disability aged ≥18 years; English language. No limitation on publication date was applied. Studies which did not measure frailty according to deficit accumulation, did not report the frailty measure used, or had a cross-sectional design were excluded. Selected studies were assessed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) framework. Results: In total, two studies qualified for inclusion in this review. Findings revealed that frailty defined as deficit accumulation is a dynamic process and improvements are possible. Changes in the direction of frailty states over time among adults with an intellectual disability may be influenced by several factors including baseline frailty status, age, the presence of Down syndrome, functional ability, cognitive ability, living in a group home, and the use of nursing services and therapies. Conclusions: There is a relative paucity of research on frailty among adults with an intellectual disability and the evidence base must be grown. Exploration of the social domain of frailty in this group should be a priority of future research. PROSPERO registration: 179803 (05/07/2020)

Expatriate adjustment over time among foreign service employees: the role of cross-cultural experience

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Grill ◽  
Matthias Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge ◽  
Herbert Fliege ◽  
Heiko Rüger
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Culture Shock ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Employees ◽  
Foreign Service ◽  
Over Time

PurposeDrawing on social learning theory (SLT), this study aims to investigate how previous cross-cultural work experience influences individual adjustment in a foreign environment over time. For this purpose, the authors study foreign service employees who are characterized by permanent high mobility and frequent rotations.Design/methodology/approachTwo cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2011 (analytical sample N = 1,097) and 2019 (analytical sample N = 1,431) amongst German Foreign Service (GFS) employees are used to analyse employees' adjustment, measured by self-perceived quality of life (QOL) and its development over time based on four time points. Locational adjustment trajectories serve as robustness checks.FindingsYounger and therefore less experienced employees fit J-shaped patterns of adjustment, while more experienced employees show rather flat adjustment curves. Accordingly, work experience matters and “one curve fits all” approaches do not suffice to explain adjustment over time. Moreover, neither more nor less experienced employees experienced U-trajectories as proposed by previous literature on business expatriates.Research limitations/implicationsThe study findings are based on cross-sectional surveys, but longitudinal designs should be preferred in future research.Practical implicationsSending institutions may develop special support systems for inexperienced expatriates prior to departure to weaken the negative impacts of culture shock.Originality/valueExisting literature only sparsely analysed adjustment and QOL for foreign service employees/diplomats so far. To the authors’ knowledge, no study analysed trajectories of adjustment over time for this population. This study profits from the analysis across two surveys. Both samples benefit from a high diversity, among others, regarding gender, age, education and host countries.

Longitudinal Associations of Conscientiousness and Neuroticism With Perceived Mastery and Constraints for Aging Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 016402752199289
Author(s):  
Masahiro Toyama ◽  
Heather R. Fuller ◽  
Joel M. Hektner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
Perceived Constraints ◽  
Over Time

It has not been well understood how conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated with two related but distinct dimensions of perceived control (i.e., perceived mastery and constraints) among aging adults. The present study examined these associations and their change over time, while addressing whether they differ by age or gender. For respondents aged 50+ at baseline (N = 2,768) in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, multilevel modeling analyses were conducted to assess how conscientiousness and neuroticism predicted perceived mastery and constraints over 2 decades. As expected, higher conscientiousness and lower neuroticism (for both between- and within-person variability) predicted higher perceived mastery and lower perceived constraints overall. Nuanced findings emerged related to age, gender and change over time for different associations of conscientiousness and neuroticism with the outcomes. These findings can inform future research suggesting directions of further investigations for these complex associations.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Family Violence and Self-Control in Adolescence: A Multi-Level Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayouk E. Willems ◽  
Jian-bin Li ◽  
Anne M. Hendriks ◽  
Meike Bartels ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer
Keyword(s):  
Family Violence ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Low Self Control

Theoretical studies propose an association between family violence and low self-control in adolescence, yet empirical findings of this association are inconclusive. The aim of the present research was to systematically summarize available findings on the relation between family violence and self-control across adolescence. We included 27 studies with 143 effect sizes, representing more than 25,000 participants of eight countries from early to late adolescence. Applying a multi-level meta-analyses, taking dependency between effect sizes into account while retaining statistical power, we examined the magnitude and direction of the overall effect size. Additionally, we investigated whether theoretical moderators (e.g., age, gender, country), and methodological moderators (cross-sectional/longitudinal, informant) influenced the magnitude of the association between family violence and self-control. Our results revealed that family violence and self-control have a small to moderate significant negative association (r = -.191). This association did not vary across gender, country, and informants. The strength of the association, however, decreased with age and in longitudinal studies. This finding provides evidence that researchers and clinicians may expect low self-control in the wake of family violence, especially in early adolescence. Recommendations for future research in the area are discussed.

Equity Achieved? A Longitudinal Examination of Biological Sex Representation in the NBC Olympic Telecast (2000–2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Billings ◽  
James Angelini
Keyword(s):  
Women Athletes ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Clock Time ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Longitudinal Examination ◽  
Over Time

This report focuses on (a) how National Broadcasting Company’s (NBC) primetime Olympic telecasts have presented athletes competing as male and female, specifically in relation to the 2018 Pyeonchang Winter Olympic coverage and (b) how the Pyeongchang coverage fits into a longitudinal analysis of the past two decades of NBC’s coverage. Results show that women athletes received the majority of clock-time and name mentions during the 2018 coverage of the games, continuing a trend toward increased focus on women’s sports and athletics over the two-decade composite. The fact that American women are also winning a higher proportion of the medals at the Olympics is argued to be the most primary driver of this change over time. Implications and ramifications of the findings are also extrapolated.

scholarly journals A-127 Changes in Frequency of ImPACT Assessments Over Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 920-920
Author(s):  
Kuwabara H ◽  
Moore S ◽  
Grant K ◽  
Maietta J ◽  
Kinsora T ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Concussion History ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objective Assessment, management, and rates of sport concussion have changed significantly over the past decade. The present cross-sectional study investigated rates of ImPACT baseline and post-concussion assessments and self-reported concussion history (CH) to gain insight on patterns of change between 2008, 2012, and 2016. Methods Participants included 14,129 high-school athletes (Mage = 15.11; 42.9% male) in Nevada who completed ImPACT baseline and post-concussion assessments in 2008 (n = 677), 2012 (n = 8315), and 2016 (n = 5137). Chi-square analyses were conducted to examine frequencies of ImPACT tests by year (i.e., baseline, initial post-concussion test, and post-concussion follow-up). Further analyses investigated gender differences and changes in self-reported CH. Results There were significant differences in rates of all ImPACT tests (p < .01) with baselines, post-concussion assessments, and post-concussion follow-ups increasing over time. Female athletes accounted for less than 35% of post-concussion assessments in 2008 and 2012 but increased to 41.5% in 2016 (p < .05). There were no gender differences over time in baselines or post-concussion follow-ups. There were no significant differences in self-reported CH between years (p > .05). Conclusions The present study found an increase in the rate of post-concussion assessments; however, no increase in self-reported CH were evident. It is possible that an increase in awareness and preventative efforts could account for the increased utilization of post-concussion assessments. Results also indicated that female athletes took more post-concussion assessments over time suggesting an increase in concussions or prevention efforts for females. Future research should continue exploring possible risk factors to ensure proper intervention and implementation of prevention protocols where applicable.

scholarly journals Evaluating Eight-Year Trajectories for Sense of Purpose in the Health and Retirement Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Hill ◽  
Sara J Weston
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Latent Growth Models ◽  
Sense Of Purpose ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: Though cross-sectional research has suggested that sense of purpose declines intoolder adulthood, it remains unclear whether inter-individual variability occurs in these trajectories, and what factors predict these trajectories. The current study provides one of the first longitudinal investigations into how individuals’ sense of purpose fluctuates in older adulthood. Method: Participants from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 4,234, mean age = 65 years), completed assessments of sense of purpose over three years, along with multiple potential predictors (health, personality, demographics) at the start.Results: Second-order latent growth models demonstrated both mean-level declines on purpose over time, as well as the capacity for inter-individual variability in change patterns for retired adults. Among this cohort, health status, educational attainment, and marital status were significant predictors of purpose trajectories over time, though broad personality trait dimensions failed to uniquely predict change in sense of purpose. However, measurement invariance tests suggest that the scale did not operate similarly across work status groups.Conclusion: Findings advance the previous literature by demonstrating inter-individual variability in sense of purpose for those participants who had retired. Future research should consider that purpose inventories may operate differently for those in the workplace versus retired adults.

scholarly journals DAILY EMOTIONS AND STRESS: AGE CHANGES AND DIFFERENCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S576-S576
Author(s):  
Jessica Blaxton ◽  
Cindy Bergeman ◽  
Lijuan (Peggy) Wang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Daily Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Stress Experience ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Global Stress ◽  
Midlife Adults ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Developmental processes differ between individuals (interindividual differences), fluctuate within them on a short-term basis (intraindividual variability), and change over time on a longer-term basis (intraindividual change; Nesselroade, 1991). We situate the relationship between stress and emotions in this process-oriented perspective by examining how the daily relationship between stress and negative affect (NA) as well as stress and positive affect (PA) change over time, while considering cross-sectional age and stress differences. Participants (N = 966) completed daily questionnaires assessing stress, NA, and PA. Three-level multi-level models depicted how cross-sectional age, within-person age changes, and global stress differences impact the daily stress-affect relationship. Findings illustrate that cross-sectional age and the aging process uniquely buffer the stress-NA relationship whereas global stress exacerbates it. Furthermore, older adults as well as adults with low global stress experience a weaker relationship between daily stress and PA as they age, but midlife adults and adults with high global stress experience a stronger relationship. These results depict differences in aging trajectories for both midlife and older adults and thus inform intervention and preventative care strategies aimed toward promoting emotional well-being, suggesting that targeting these strategies at the daily level can promote better stress regulation. Furthermore, we see that midlife adults and adults with greater global stress perceptions are most in need of these interventions, and encouraging these adults to maintain PA in the face of daily stress can be particularly beneficial.

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