Neuropsychological Effects of Sleep Loss: Implication for Neuropsychologists

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavie Waters ◽  
Romola S. Bucks
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Neuropsychological Effects ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Time Awake

AbstractThere is rapidly accumulating evidence of a close relationship between sleep loss and cognition. Neuropsychologists need to become aware of this body of knowledge as the effects of sleep loss on brain functions are significant. The current study (a) outlines the extent to which insufficient sleep affects performance on cognitive tasks in otherwise healthy people, (b) discusses the relationship between sleep and neurocognitive disorders, and (c) highlights key issues that merit consideration for neuropsychologists. This review shows that sleep loss has a measurable impact on performance through decreases in cognitive functions and effects on biological pathways that support cognitive performance. Sleep loss reliably produces reductions in speed of processing and attention. Higher order cognitive functions are affected to a lesser extent, and there is sparing on tasks of crystallized abilities. Deficits worsen with increasing time awake, but may be overturned after normal sleep is resumed. The review also shows that sleep disorders are a major feature of neuropsychological conditions contributing to the pattern of cognitive impairment. Overall, neuropsychologists must be alert to sleep problems in their clients, so that sleep interventions, or referrals, are put in place in the rehabilitation plan of individuals with cognitive dysfunctions. Recommendations also include routine screening of sleep as part of cognitive assessment. (JINS, 2011,17, 571–586)

scholarly journals Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Cognitive Impairment in Children with Perinatal Stroke

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigul Ilves ◽  
Pilvi Ilves ◽  
Rael Laugesaar ◽  
Julius Juurmaa ◽  
Mairi Männamaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Pediatric Stroke ◽  
Resting State Networks ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Perinatal Stroke ◽  
Brain Functions

Perinatal stroke is a leading cause of congenital hemiparesis and neurocognitive deficits in children. Dysfunctions in the large-scale resting-state functional networks may underlie cognitive and behavioral disability in these children. We studied resting-state functional connectivity in patients with perinatal stroke collected from the Estonian Pediatric Stroke Database. Neurodevelopment of children was assessed by the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measurement and the Kaufman Assessment Battery. The study included 36 children (age range 7.6–17.9 years): 10 with periventricular venous infarction (PVI), 7 with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), and 19 controls. There were no differences in severity of hemiparesis between the PVI and AIS groups. A significant increase in default mode network connectivity (FDR 0.1) and lower cognitive functions (p<0.05) were found in children with AIS compared to the controls and the PVI group. The children with PVI had no significant differences in the resting-state networks compared to the controls and their cognitive functions were normal. Our findings demonstrate impairment in cognitive functions and neural network profile in hemiparetic children with AIS compared to children with PVI and controls. Changes in the resting-state networks found in children with AIS could possibly serve as the underlying derangements of cognitive brain functions in these children.

scholarly journals Cognitive functions and underlying parameters of human brain physiology are associated with chronotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Salehinejad ◽  
Miles Wischnewski ◽  
Elham Ghanavati ◽  
Mohsen Mosayebi-Samani ◽  
Min-Fang Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Term Potentiation

AbstractCircadian rhythms have natural relative variations among humans known as chronotype. Chronotype or being a morning or evening person, has a specific physiological, behavioural, and also genetic manifestation. Whether and how chronotype modulates human brain physiology and cognition is, however, not well understood. Here we examine how cortical excitability, neuroplasticity, and cognition are associated with chronotype in early and late chronotype individuals. We monitor motor cortical excitability, brain stimulation-induced neuroplasticity, and examine motor learning and cognitive functions at circadian-preferred and non-preferred times of day in 32 individuals. Motor learning and cognitive performance (working memory, and attention) along with their electrophysiological components are significantly enhanced at the circadian-preferred, compared to the non-preferred time. This outperformance is associated with enhanced cortical excitability (prominent cortical facilitation, diminished cortical inhibition), and long-term potentiation/depression-like plasticity. Our data show convergent findings of how chronotype can modulate human brain functions from basic physiological mechanisms to behaviour and higher-order cognition.

scholarly journals 0196 Whirled Peas: Time Awake, Sleep Problems, And Language Errors

SLEEP ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. A77-A77
Author(s):  
P V Thacher ◽  
S V Onyper ◽  
Y Lai
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Time Awake

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) and Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-135
Author(s):  
Larry Ceplair
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Jawaharlal Nehru

These two were the furthest apart in age, ideology, and importance to the revolutionary process. Gandhi developed the revolutionary strategy and most of the tactics, and he was the undisputed leader of the mass movement. Though they had a close relationship, like uncle and nephew, they diverged widely on several key issues, notably Gandhi’s fasts. Nevertheless, Nehru always drew back from the brink of a schism, and he regularly acceded to Gandhi’s plans. Shortly after independence, Gandhi was assassinated and Nehru led India forward.

scholarly journals Benthic phosphorus and iron budgets for three NW African slope sediments: a balance approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Küster-Heins ◽  
G. J. de Lange ◽  
M. Zabel
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Transport Reaction ◽  
Particle Mixing ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract. Despite intensive research on the different domains of the marine phosphorus (P) cycle during the last decades, frequently discussed open questions still exist especially on controlling factors for the benthic behaviour of P and its general distribution in sediment-pore water systems. Steady state or the internal balance of all relevant physical and (bio)geochemical processes are amongst the key issues. In this study we present and discuss an extended data set from surface sediments recovered from three locations on the NW African continental slope. Pore water data and results from sequential sediment extractions give clear evidence to the well-known close relationship between the benthic cycles of P and iron. Accordingly, most of the dissolved phosphate must have been released by microbially catalyzed reductive dissolution of iron (oxhydr)oxides. However, rates of release and association of P and iron, respectively, are not directly represented in profiles of element specific sediment compositions. Results from steady-state based transport-reaction modelling suggest that particle mixing due to active bioturbation, or rather a physical net downward transport of P associated to iron (oxyhydr)oxides, is an essential process for the balance of the inspected benthic cycles. This study emphasizes the importance of balancing analytical data for a comprehensive understanding of all processes involved in biogeochemical cycles.

scholarly journals Impact of Early Nutrition, Physical Activity and Sleep on the Fetal Programming of Disease in the Pregnancy: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3900
Author(s):  
Jorge Moreno-Fernandez ◽  
Julio J. Ochoa ◽  
Magdalena Lopez-Frias ◽  
Javier Diaz-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Brain Functions

Early programming is the adaptation process by which nutrition and environmental factors alter development pathways during prenatal growth, inducing changes in postnatal metabolism and diseases. The aim of this narrative review, is evaluating the current knowledge in the scientific literature on the effects of nutrition, environmental factors, physical activity and sleep on development pathways. If in utero adaptations were incorrect, this would cause a mismatch between prenatal programming and adulthood. Adequate caloric intake, protein, mineral, vitamin, and long-chain fatty acids, have been noted for their relevance in the offspring brain functions and behavior. Fetus undernutrition/malnutrition causes a delay in growth and have detrimental effects on the development and subsequent functioning of the organs. Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the development of food preferences and for modifications in the emotional response. Maternal obesity increases the risk of developing perinatal complications and delivery by cesarean section and has long-term implications in the development of metabolic diseases. Physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to overall improved health post-partum. It is also interesting to highlight the relevance of sleep problems during pregnancy, which influence adequate growth and fetal development. Taking into account these considerations, we conclude that nutrition and metabolic factors during early life play a key role of health promotion and public health nutrition programs worldwide to improve the health of the offspring and the health costs of hospitalization.

scholarly journals Sleep deprivation amplifies striatal activation to monetary reward

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2215-2225 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Mullin ◽  
M. L. Phillips ◽  
G. J. Siegle ◽  
D. J. Buysse ◽  
E. E. Forbes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Compulsive Gambling ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Reinforcing Stimuli

BackgroundSleep loss produces abnormal increases in reward seeking but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. The present study examined the influence of one night of sleep deprivation on neural responses to a monetary reward task in a sample of late adolescents/young adults.MethodUsing a within-subjects crossover design, 27 healthy, right-handed late adolescents/young adults (16 females, 11 males; mean age 23.1 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following a night of sleep deprivation and following a night of normal sleep. Participants' recent sleep history was monitored using actigraphy for 1 week prior to each sleep condition.ResultsFollowing sleep deprivation, participants exhibited increased activity in the ventral striatum (VS) and reduced deactivation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during the winning of monetary reward, relative to the same task following normal sleep conditions. Shorter total sleep time over the five nights before the sleep-deprived testing condition was associated with reduced deactivation in the mPFC during reward.ConclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis that sleep loss produces aberrant functioning in reward neural circuitry, increasing the salience of positively reinforcing stimuli. Aberrant reward functioning related to insufficient sleep may contribute to the development and maintenance of reward dysfunction-related disorders, such as compulsive gambling, eating, substance abuse and mood disorders.

scholarly journals Cognitive Performance following Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting in Asymptomatic Patients with Severe ICA Stenosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livio Picchetto ◽  
Gianfranco Spalletta ◽  
Barbara Casolla ◽  
Claudia Cacciari ◽  
Michele Cavallari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Ica Stenosis

Background. Endarterectomy (CEA) or stenting (CAS) of a stenotic carotid artery is currently undertaken to reduce stroke risk. In addition removal of the arterial narrowing has been hypothesized to improve cerebral hemodynamics and provide benefits in cognitive functions, by supposedly resolving a “hypoperfusion” condition. Methods. In this study we sought to test whether resolution of a carotid stenosis is followed by measurable changes in cognitive functions in 22 subjects with “asymptomatic” stenosis. Results. A main finding of the study was the statistically significant pre-post difference observed in the performance of phonological verbal fluency and Rey’s 15-word immediate recall. Remarkably, there was a significant interaction between phonological verbal fluency performance and side of the carotid intervention, as the improvement in the verbal performance, a typical “lateralized” skill, was associated with resolution of the left carotid stenosis. Conclusion. The results reflect a substantial equivalence of the overall performance at the before- and after- CEA or CAS tests. In two domains, however, the postintervention performance resulted improved. The findings support the hypothesis that recanalization of a stenotic carotid could improve brain functions by resolving hypothetical “hypoperfusion” states, associated with the narrowing of the vessels.

scholarly journals Variations in the TNF-α Gene (TNF-α -308G→A) Affect Attention and Action Selection Mechanisms in a Dissociated Fashion

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 2523-2531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Beste ◽  
Bernhard T. Baune ◽  
Michael Falkenstein ◽  
Carsten Konrad
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genotype Group ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Tnf Α

There is growing interest to understand the molecular basis of complex cognitive processes. While neurotransmitter systems have frequently been examined, other, for example neuroimmunological factors have attracted much less interest. Recent evidence suggests that the A allele of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs1800629) enhances cognitive functions. However, it is also known that TNF-α exerts divergent, region-specific effects on neuronal functioning. Thus the finding that the A allele is associated with enhanced cognitive performance may be due to regionally specific effects of TNF-α. In this study, associations between the TNF-α −308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800629) and cognitive function in an event-related potential (ERP) study in healthy participants ( n = 96) are investigated. We focus on subprocesses of stimulus-response compatibility that are known to be mediated by different brain systems. The results show a dissociative effect of the TNF- 308G→A SNP on ERPs reflecting attentional (N1) versus conflict and action selection processes [N2 and early-lateralized readiness potential (e-LRP)] between the AA/AG and the GG genotypes. Compared with the GG genotype group, attentional processes (N1) were enhanced in the combined AA/AG genotype group, while conflict processing functions (N2) and the selection of actions (LRP) were reduced. The results refine the picture of the effects of the TNF-α −308G→A SNP on cognitive functions and emphasize the known divergent effects of TNF-α on brain functions.

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