scholarly journals Impact of Early Nutrition, Physical Activity and Sleep on the Fetal Programming of Disease in the Pregnancy: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3900
Author(s):  
Jorge Moreno-Fernandez ◽  
Julio J. Ochoa ◽  
Magdalena Lopez-Frias ◽  
Javier Diaz-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Brain Functions

Early programming is the adaptation process by which nutrition and environmental factors alter development pathways during prenatal growth, inducing changes in postnatal metabolism and diseases. The aim of this narrative review, is evaluating the current knowledge in the scientific literature on the effects of nutrition, environmental factors, physical activity and sleep on development pathways. If in utero adaptations were incorrect, this would cause a mismatch between prenatal programming and adulthood. Adequate caloric intake, protein, mineral, vitamin, and long-chain fatty acids, have been noted for their relevance in the offspring brain functions and behavior. Fetus undernutrition/malnutrition causes a delay in growth and have detrimental effects on the development and subsequent functioning of the organs. Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the development of food preferences and for modifications in the emotional response. Maternal obesity increases the risk of developing perinatal complications and delivery by cesarean section and has long-term implications in the development of metabolic diseases. Physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to overall improved health post-partum. It is also interesting to highlight the relevance of sleep problems during pregnancy, which influence adequate growth and fetal development. Taking into account these considerations, we conclude that nutrition and metabolic factors during early life play a key role of health promotion and public health nutrition programs worldwide to improve the health of the offspring and the health costs of hospitalization.

scholarly journals Can Epigenetics of Endothelial Dysfunction Represent the Key to Precision Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste Coco ◽  
Luca Sgarra ◽  
Maria Assunta Potenza ◽  
Carmela Nacci ◽  
Barbara Pasculli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transcriptional Responses

In both developing and industrialized Countries, the growing prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and the severity of its related complications make T2DM one of the most challenging metabolic diseases worldwide. The close relationship between genetic and environmental factors suggests that eating habits and unhealthy lifestyles may significantly affect metabolic pathways, resulting in dynamic modifications of chromatin-associated proteins and homeostatic transcriptional responses involved in the progression of T2DM. Epigenetic mechanisms may be implicated in the complex processes linking environmental factors to genetic predisposition to metabolic disturbances, leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Endothelial dysfunction represents an earlier marker and an important player in the development of this disease. Dysregulation of the endothelial ability to produce and release vasoactive mediators is recognized as the initial feature of impaired vascular activity under obesity and other insulin resistance conditions and undoubtedly concurs to the accelerated progression of atherosclerotic lesions and overall cardiovascular risk in T2DM patients. This review aims to summarize the most current knowledge regarding the involvement of epigenetic changes associated with endothelial dysfunction in T2DM, in order to identify potential targets that might contribute to pursuing “precision medicine” in the context of diabetic illness.

Worldwide Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer – analysis of the past, present and the future. (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Smith ◽  
Meghan Hudson ◽  
Victoria Turner Turner ◽  
Craig Border ◽  
Allen Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Pancreatic Carcinoma ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Past

UNSTRUCTURED Pancreatic carcinoma is being recognized to be responsible for an increasing number of cancer-related deaths, especially in the western world. A deluge of risk factors have been described in the literature. Some of the important ones include smoking, alcohol and metabolic diseases like obesity. It also poses challenges in diagnosis and treatment despite recent advances in diagnostic, surgical and other therapeutic advancements. This is a narrative review of the findings of multiple studies that were retrieved from electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases. We summarize the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology and various risk factors for the development of pancreatic carcinoma.

scholarly journals A Narrative Review of Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents: What We Know and What We Need to Find Out

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Luís Lopes ◽  
Rute Santos ◽  
Manuel Coelho-e-Silva ◽  
Catherine Draper ◽  
Jorge Mota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Motor Competence ◽  
Physically Active

Lack of physical activity is a global public health problem causing not only morbidity and premature mortality, but it is also a major economic burden worldwide. One of the cornerstones of a physically active lifestyle is Motor Competence (MC). MC is a complex biocultural attribute and therefore, its study requires a multi-sectoral, multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary approach. MC is a growing area of research, especially in children and adolescents due to its positive association with a plethora of health and developmental outcomes. Many questions, however, remain to be answered in this field of research, with regard to: (i) Health and Developmental-related Associations of MC; (ii) Assessment of MC; (iii) Prevalence and Trends of MC; (iv) Correlates and Determinants of MC; (v) MC Interventions, and (vi) Translating MC Research into Practice and Policy. This paper presents a narrative review of the literature, summarizing current knowledge, identifying key research gaps and presenting questions for future investigation on MC in children and adolescents. This is a collaborative effort from the International Motor Competence Network (IMCNetwork) a network of academics and researchers aiming to promote international collaborative research and knowledge translation in the expansive field of MC. The knowledge and deliverables generated by addressing and answering the aforementioned research questions on MC presented in this review have the potential to shape the ways in which researchers and practitioners promote MC and physical activity in children and adolescents across the world.

scholarly journals Worldwide Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer – analysis of the past, present and the future.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Lee ◽  
Zengjian Wang ◽  
Johannes Lang ◽  
Sun Xinyu ◽  
Yao-Ting Sung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Pancreatic Carcinoma ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Past

Pancreatic carcinoma is being recognized to be responsible for an increasing number of cancer-related deaths, especially in the western world. A deluge of risk factors have been described in the literature. Some of the important ones include smoking, alcohol and metabolic diseases like obesity. It also poses challenges in diagnosis and treatment despite recent advances in diagnostic, surgical and other therapeutic advancements. This is a narrative review of the findings of multiple studies that were retrieved from electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases. We summarize the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology and various risk factors for the development of pancreatic carcinoma.

scholarly journals The Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target in Diabetes: A Narrative Review and Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A. Adams ◽  
Arkady Uryash ◽  
Jose R. Lopez ◽  
Marvin A. Sackner
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Intracellular Ca

Diabetes has reached worldwide epidemic proportions, and threatens to be a significant economic burden to both patients and healthcare systems, and an important driver of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Improvement in lifestyle interventions (which includes increase in physical activity via exercise) can reduce diabetes and cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity. Encouraging a population to increase physical activity and exercise is not a simple feat particularly in individuals with co-morbidities (obesity, heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and those with cognitive and physical limitations). Translation of the physiological benefits of exercise within that vulnerable population would be an important step for improving physical activity goals and a stopgap measure to exercise. In large part many of the beneficial effects of exercise are due to the introduction of pulsatile shear stress (PSS) to the vascular endothelium. PSS is a well-known stimulus for endothelial homeostasis, and induction of a myriad of pathways which include vasoreactivity, paracrine/endocrine function, fibrinolysis, inflammation, barrier function, and vessel growth and formation. The endothelial cell mediates the balance between vasoconstriction and relaxation via the major vasodilator endothelial derived nitric oxide (eNO). eNO is critical for vasorelaxation, increasing blood flow, and an important signaling molecule that downregulates the inflammatory cascade. A salient feature of diabetes, is endothelial dysfunction which is characterized by a reduction of the bioavailability of vasodilators, particularly nitric oxide (NO). Cellular derangements in diabetes are also related to dysregulation in Ca2+ handling with increased intracellular Ca2+overload, and oxidative stress. PSS increases eNO bioavailability, reduces inflammatory phenotype, decreases intracellular Ca2+ overload, and increases antioxidant capacity. This narrative review and perspective will outline four methods to non-invasively increase PSS; Exercise (the prototype for increasing PSS), Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP), Whole Body Vibration (WBV), Passive Simulated Jogging and its predicate device Whole Body Periodic Acceleration, and will discuss current knowledge on their use in diabetes.

scholarly journals Lower predicted probabilities of attained Lifés Simple 7 factors in the presence of sleep problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Felisbino-Mendes ◽  
F Andrade ◽  
A Dias Moreira ◽  
R Hernandez ◽  
M A Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sleep Complaints ◽  
Ideal Cardiovascular Health

Abstract Background Given that sleep disturbances seem to be increasing in Brazil, this may have serious implications on Cardiovascular Health and mortality. Objective To examine the predicted probabilities of attained Lifés Simple 7 factors (LS7) in the presence of sleep problems among Brazilian adults. Methods We used data from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), a nationally representative cross-sectional household survey of adults in Brazil. Cardiovascular Health was assessed by the sum of Lifés Simple 7 factors (LS7), which includes four behaviors (smoking, physical activity, body mass index and diet) and three biological factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes). We analyzed self-reported data from 36,480 Brazilian adults aged 18 and over, including the sleep problems. We estimated predicted probabilities after multivariate Poisson regression. Results Mean CVH scores was higher among those who did not report sleep disturbances [4.2 (95% CI: 4.1; 4.2)], than those with sleep disturbances [3.8 (95% CI: 3.7; 3.8)]. Predicted probabilities of attained LS7 and CVH score was lower in the presence of sleep complaints, with a dose response for blood pressure, glucose, smoking and CVH score in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, for age, sex, schooling, depression and night work shift. Conclusions Brazilian adults with sleep disturbances are less likely to achieve LS7 and consequently ideal cardiovascular health. Given that sleep disturbances seem to be increasingly more common in Brazil, recent gains in CVH mortality may be affected. Key messages Sleep disturbances may potentially affect metabolic outcomes and modifiable lifestyles behaviors as decreased physical activity and smoking. Sleep disturbances is novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.

Impact of Red Wine Consumption on Cardiovascular Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 3542-3566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Liberale ◽  
Aldo Bonaventura ◽  
Fabrizio Montecucco ◽  
Franco Dallegri ◽  
Federico Carbone
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Red Wine ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Wine Consumption

Background:The devastating effects of heavy alcohol drinking have been long time recognized. In the last decades, potential benefits of modest red wine drinking were suggested. In European countries in which red wide intake is not negligible (such as France), the association between cholesterol and cardiovascular (CV) risk was less evident, suggesting the action of some protective molecules in red wine or other foods and drinks.Methods:This narrative review is based on the material searched for and obtained via PubMed up to May 2016. The search terms we used were: “red wine, cardiovascular, alcohol” in combination with “polyphenols, heart failure, infarction”.Results:Epidemiological and mechanistic evidence of a J-shaped relationship between red wine intake and CV risk further supported the “French paradox”. Specific components of red wine both in vitro and in animal models were discovered. Polyphenols and especially resveratrol largely contribute to CV prevention mainly through antioxidant properties. They exert beneficial effects on endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic diseases, thus reducing the risk of adverse CV events such as myocardial infarction ischemic stroke and heart failure. Of interest, recent studies pointed out the role of ethanol itself as a potential cardioprotective agent, but a clear epidemiological evidence is still missing. The aim of this narrative review is to update current knowledge on the intracellular mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effects of polyphenols and ethanol. Furthermore, we summarized the results of epidemiological studies, emphasizing their methodological criticisms and the need for randomized clinical trials able to clarify the potential role of red wine consumption in reducing CV risk.Conclusion:Caution in avowing underestimation of the global burden of alcohol-related diseases was particularly used.

scholarly journals Worldwide Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer – analysis of the past, present and the future.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Lee ◽  
Zengjian Wang ◽  
Johannes Lang ◽  
Sun Xinyu ◽  
Yao-Ting Sung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Pancreatic Carcinoma ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Past

Pancreatic carcinoma is being recognized to be responsible for an increasing number of cancer-related deaths, especially in the western world. A deluge of risk factors have been described in the literature. Some of the important ones include smoking, alcohol and metabolic diseases like obesity. It also poses challenges in diagnosis and treatment despite recent advances in diagnostic, surgical and other therapeutic advancements. This is a narrative review of the findings of multiple studies that were retrieved from electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases. We summarize the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology and various risk factors for the development of pancreatic carcinoma.

scholarly journals Epigenetics and life-long consequences of an adverse nutritional and diabetic intrauterine environment

Reproduction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. R111-R120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nady El Hajj ◽  
Eberhard Schneider ◽  
Harald Lehnen ◽  
Thomas Haaf
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Fetal Overnutrition

The phenomenon that adverse environmental exposures in early life are associated with increased susceptibilities for many adult, particularly metabolic diseases, is now referred to as ‘developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD)’ or ‘Barker’ hypothesis. Fetal overnutrition and undernutrition have similar long-lasting effects on the setting of the neuroendocrine control systems, energy homeostasis, and metabolism, leading to life-long increased morbidity. There are sensitive time windows during early development, where environmental cues can program persistent epigenetic modifications which are generally assumed to mediate these gene–environment interactions. Most of our current knowledge on fetal programing comes from animal models and epidemiological studies in humans, in particular the Dutch famine birth cohort. In industrialized countries, there is more concern about adverse long-term consequences of fetal overnutrition, i.e. by exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus and/or maternal obesity which affect 10–20% of pregnancies. Epigenetic changes due to maternal diabetes/obesity may predispose the offspring to develop metabolic disease later in life and, thus, transmit the adverse environmental exposure to the next generation. This vicious cycle could contribute significantly to the worldwide metabolic disease epidemics. In this review article, we focus on the epigenetics of an adverse intrauterine environment, in particular gestational diabetes, and its implications for the prevention of complex disease.

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