Different modes of food restriction and compensatory growth in double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls: plasma metabolites and hormones

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Cabaraux ◽  
M. Kerrour ◽  
C. van Eenaeme ◽  
I. Dufrasne ◽  
L. Istasse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Restriction ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Restriction Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Maintenance Ration

AbstractThe effects of different sequences of food restriction and fattening have been studied on plasma metabolites and hormones in double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls. Twenty animals were divided into five groups. The first group (control, CG) was given,ad libitum, a fattening diet based on sugar-beet pulp. In G2 and G3, fattening was interrupted after 103 and 187 days, respectively, by a period of food restriction lasting about 2 months during which the animals received a maintenance ration. They were finished with the same diet as CG. The last two groups, G4 and G5, received a limited amount of the restriction diet to support 0·5 and 0 kg gain per day, respectively, for 4 months, before being fattened as CG. Plasma glucose, alpha-amino nitrogen, non-esterified fatty acids, urea, creatinine, thyroxine (T4), 3, 3’, 5’-tri-iodothyroxine (T3), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured in blood samples taken every 2 weeks. Plasma GH and insulin profiles were measured in serial blood samples obtained at three different times during growth. Animals that showed compensatory growth had lower plasma urea, associated with high levels of T3, T4 and IGF–1. Animals from G2 and G3 failed to show compensatory growth. In Belgian Blue bulls, compensatory growth is markedly affected when food restriction is severe or fattening interrupted.

Different modes of food restriction and compensatory growth in double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls: animal performance, carcass and meat characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hornick ◽  
C. van Eenaeme ◽  
A. Clinquart ◽  
O. Gerard ◽  
L. Istasse
Keyword(s):  
Food Restriction ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Muscle Ph ◽  
Restriction Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Tissue Proportion ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractFifty double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls were divided into five groups. The first group (control, CG) was given, on an ad libitum basis, a fattening diet based on sugar-beet pulp. In G2 and G3, fattening was interrupted 103 and 187 days, respectively after the beginning of the experiment, by approximately a 2-month period of food restriction during which the animals received a maintenance ration. The last two groups, namely G4 and G5, received for about 4 months a limited amount of the restriction diet to support growth of 0·5 and 0 kg/day, respectively, before being fattened as CG. The average daily gain was 1·48 kg/day in CG v. 1·33, 1·30, 1·43 and 1·61 kg/day during the period of ad libitum feeding in G2, G3, G4 and G5. Higher nitrogen (N) balance during compensatory growth in G2, G4 and G5 (78·8, 81·0 and 74·6 v. 53·3 g N per day in CG, P < 0·001) resulted mainly from a higher efficiency of N retention. In G3, however, compensatory growth was characterized by lower N digestibility and efficiency of N retention. Muscle proportion in the carcass was higher in G3 while fat plus connective tissue proportion was lower (P < 0·05). Muscle pH values in CG were lower than in the other groups (P < 0·01) but ether extract values were higher. The intramuscular fat of G2 and G3 was characterized by higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

scholarly journals Metabolic adaptation and hormonal regulation in young rabbit does during long-term caloric restriction and subsequent compensatory growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Rommers ◽  
C. Boiti ◽  
G. Brecchia ◽  
R. Meijerhof ◽  
J. P. T. M. Noordhuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

AbstractAn experiment was performed to assess the metabolic adaptation and hormonal regulation in young female rabbits during long-term food restriction and subsequent compensatory growth during rearing. Feeding level was either ad libitum (AL, no. = 52) or restricted (R, no. = 52). From 6 to 12 weeks of age, food intake ofR was kept at a constant level. This resulted in an increase in relative restriction as compared with AL to 0-54of AL intake at 12 weeks of age (restriction period). Thereafter food intake gradually increased to 0-95 of AL at 17 weeks of age (recovery period). During the last 5 days before insemination at 17-5 weeks of age, all animals were fed to appetite. Blood samples were taken weekly from 6 to 17 weeks of age from 11 animals in each group. Growth rate of R was reduced during the restricted period (29 (s.d. 2) v. 44 (s.d. 5) g/day for R and AL, respectively; P 0-05), but was higher in the recovery period (30 (s.d. 3) v. 27 (s.d. 4) g/day, respectively; P<0-05). At first insemination, AL rabbits were heavier than R (4202 (s.d. 388) v. 3798 (s.d. 220) g, respectively; P < 0-001). During the restricted period, plasma glucose was constantly lower (P < 0-05) in R. Insulin levels paralleled those of glucose, being lower (P < 0-05) in R than in AL. Restriction reduced (P < 0-05) circulating corticosterone and tri-iodothyronine (T3) levels in R. Leptin, non-esterified fatty acids, and plasma urea nitrogen levels were similar for AL and R during food restriction, whereas triglycerides were similar until 10 weeks of age, after which the levels were lower in R. During the recovery period, the food intake of the R but not AL rabbits increased. Insulin was the only hormone in R rabbits that had returned to levels found in AL rabbits by the 2nd week of the recovery period. Glucose, T3, and corticosterone levels returned to levels found in AL rabbits between 3 to 4 weeks after refeeding. Non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, and leptin were higher (P < 0-05) in AL rabbits from 13 weeks of age onwards. The pattern of changes in the endocrine status during food restriction and compensatory growth in rabbits do conform with those from other species, although some specific changes may vary depending on the severity of food restriction and its duration.

Effects of dietary carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation, plasma hormones and metabolites in growing-fattening bulls

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. van Eenaeme ◽  
L. Istasse ◽  
A. Gabriel ◽  
A. Clinquart ◽  
G. Maghuin-Rogister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Plasma Hormones

ABSTRACTTwo groups of six bulls were offered a fattening diet based on barley or sugar-beet pulp in the proportions of either 500: 200 g/kg or 200: 500 g/kg to compare the effects of starch and degradable fibre on rumen fermentations, plasma hormones and metabolites. The bulls were fed twice daily at 08.00 and 16.00 h.The large proportion of sugar-beet pulp in the diet induced higher levels of acetic and butyric acids and less propionic acid than the high proportion of barley. The diurnal patterns over a 24-h period of rumen pH, volatile fatty acids, glucose and ammonia were characterized by two cycles. Sugar-beet pulp in large proportions induced more even fermentations as indicated by flatter curves with less extreme values than those produced by a large inclusion of barley in the diet. Ammonia concentration was high before feeding and decreased subsequently during 4 to 6 h after the meal.No typical patterns were observed in plasma concentrations of glucose and alpha-amino nitrogen. Plasma urea concentration rose 2h after feeding and dropped during the following 6 to 8 h. There were no effects of dietary carbohydrate composition on growth hormone concentration but plasma insulin was significantly reduced with the diet high in sugar-beet pulp. Furthermore, the insulin profile showed peaks after each meal with the barley diet but only after the afternoon feeding with the diet high in sugar-beet pulp.

The performance of calves given concentrate diets treated with formaldehyde

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

Five groups of Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing 70 % barley in which low (12 %), medium (15 %), and high (19%) protein levels were obtained by varying the amount of peanut meal included. The effects of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment of the complete diet at the low and medium protein levels were studied in terms of liveweight gain, voluntary food consumption, digestibility of the diet, ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, and urea and a-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. Observations were begun when the calves reached 70 kg liveweight and continued until they reached 130 kg liveweight. The calves given the low protein diets grew more slowly than those given the higher protein diets. The calves given the high protein diet grew no better than those given the medium protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with an increase in the rate of liveweight gain of 9% (P = 0.11) at the low protein level but had practically no effect at the medium protein level. The treatment did not adversely affect voluntary food consumption but was associated with decreases in the digestibility of nitrogen and in rumen ammonia levels and small increases in plasma urea levels.

Effects of growth hormone-releasing factors and cottonseed meal on hormones and metabolites in plasma from lambs fed lucerne chaff ad libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Sainz ◽  
BJ Hosking ◽  
FJ Hart ◽  
GSG Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study was part of an experiment on the effects of cottonseed meal (CSM) and growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) on growth in lambs fed lucerne chaff. Forty-eight crossbred lambs were fed lucerne chaff ad libitum, alone or with a cottonseed meal supplement (CSM; 300 g/day). Eight lambs from each group were injected twice daily with recombinant or synthetic GRF (rGRF and sGRF respectively; 30 8g per kg body weight/day) or excipient only for 28 or 30 days. Jugular blood samples were obtained on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. On day 29, blood samples were taken from selected lambs (n = 2/group) at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160 and 240 min after injection. Supplementation of lucerne chaff with CSM generally increased glucose and urea concentrations in plasma, reflecting improved energy and protein status. However, concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin were unaffected by CSM, as were plasma proteins, triacylglycerols and non-esterified fatty acids. Injection of rGRF and sGRF stimulated secretion of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin. Peak GH concentrations (20 min) following injection of GRF appeared to be higher in lambs fed CSM than in those receiving lucerne chaff alone. In contrast, maximal concentrations of IGF-1 were seen after 14 days of treatment. These changes were accompanied by increased plasma glucose, with no changes in triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and protein. Plasma urea was reduced by GRF, indicating that amino acids were diverted away from catabolism towards protein synthesis. These two sources of GRF were very similar in their endocrine and metabolic effects. This confirms similar observations regarding their effects on growth performance and carcass composition.

scholarly journals Evaluation of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 concentration and PADI4 polymorphisms in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nara Aline Costa ◽  
Bertha Furlan Polegato ◽  
Amanda Gomes Pereira ◽  
Rodrigo Velloni da Silva Bastos ◽  
Sérgio Alberto Rupp de Paiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Peptidylarginine Deiminase ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Icu Stay ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
Its Polymorphism

Abstract Background: The influence of PAD4 concentration and its polymorphisms in SAKI development are poorly evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the PAD 4 concentration and PADI4 polymorphisms, as predictors of AKI development, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), and mortality in patients with septic shock. Methods: We included all individuals aged ≥ 18 years, with the diagnosis of septic shock at ICU admission. Blood samples were taken within the first 24 hours of the patient’s admission to determine serum PAD4 concentration and its polymorphism PADI4 (rs11203367) and (rs874881). Patients were followed during their ICU stay and the development of SAKI was evaluated. Among the patients in whom SAKI developed, mortality and need for RRT were also evaluated. Results: 99 patients were included in the analysis. SAKI developed in approximately 51.5% of patients during the ICU stay; of these, 21.5% required RRT and 80% died. There was no difference between PAD4 concentration (p = 0.116) and its polymorphisms rs11203367 (p = 0.910) and rs874881 (p = 0.769) in patients in whom SAKI did or did not develop. However, PAD4 had a positive correlation with plasma urea concentration (r = 0.269 and p = 0.007) and creatinine (r = 0.284 and p = 0.004). The PAD4 concentration and PADI4 polymorphisms were also not associated with RRT and with mortality in patients with SAKI. Conclusion: PAD4 concentration and its polymorphisms were not associated with SAKI development, the need for RRT, or mortality in patients with septic shock. However, PAD4 concentrations were associated with creatinine and urea levels in these patients.

PLASMA INSULIN AND GROWTH HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN PREGNANT SHEEP II:

1976 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Kristine Blom ◽  
Knut Hove ◽  
Jon J. Nedkvitne
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Maternal Metabolism ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Maintenance Ration

ABSTRACT The pregnant ewe compensates the reduced carbohydrate availability in late pregnancy by increased fat combustion. The purpose of the present study was to examine the adaptation of plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin levels to this change in energy substrate metabolism. Two groups of ewes were bled in the post-absorptive state at different stages of pregnancy. One group (7 animals) was fed adequately throughout pregnancy, while the other received a maintenance ration for non-pregnant sheep (28 animals). Plasma GH increased from averages from 2–3 to 8–14 ng/ml during the last month before lambing. Shearing of the wool combined with a cold stress resulted in a clearly detectable peak in plasma GH in the underfed sheep. No significant difference in plasma GH attributable to differences in diet could be detected in late pregnancy. Plasma insulin decreased steadily the last 5 weeks towards lambing, most in mothers with 3 lambs. Plasma free fatty acid levels (FFA) increased the last 2 months of pregnancy, most in the underfed sheep. GH and FFA were positively correlated (r = 0.50 and 0.30 in the two groups). It is concluded that the adaptation of the maternal metabolism to reduced carbohydrate - and eventually energy-availability in late pregnancy included lowering of insulin and enhancement of plasma GH levels. These adaptations were detectable under the present conditions the last 5–6 weeks before term.

Glucose, α amino nitrogen and urea uptake by hind-limb in bulls offered different amounts of concentrate.

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 107-107
Author(s):  
J.L Hornick ◽  
A. Clinquart ◽  
C. Van Eenaeme ◽  
S. Gauthier ◽  
L. Istasse
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Flow Probe ◽  
Renal Vessels ◽  
Urea Uptake ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1

Aside from its function of contraction, the muscle is also a pool of mobilisable protein which may be released or stored according to the needs of the animal. An approach of this aspect can be theorically studied by measure of arterio-venous differences of plasma metabolites from blood in the muscle mass. The aim of this experiment was to study uptake of α amino-nitrogen, glucose and urea across the hind-limb of bulls from a breed with large muscle development.Three bulls from the Belgian Blue breed-double muscled type-were used. They weighed about 300 kg when an ultrasonic flow probe (Transonic Systems, Inc.,Ithaca, NY) was implanted around the abdominal aorta, back to the renal vessels, in order to measure the blood flow in the hind-leg (Eisemann et al., 1987). After an one month recovery period, circumflex iliac artery and vein were implanted with catheters. During the periods of surgery, the bulls were offered hay only at a rate of three kg daily. Ten days after the second surgery, increasing amounts of concentrate were given with the hay so that the animals received one kg concentrate on day 1 (level 1), three kg concentrate on day 3 (level 3), five kg concentrate on day 5 (level 5).

The effect of starvation and low nitrogen intakes on the concentration of free amino acids in the blood plasma and on the nitrogen metabolism in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Crossbred wethers were given a control diet (8 g nitrogen, 730 g dry matter daily) or a low nitrogen diet (0.5 g nitrogen, 520 g dry matter daily) or starved, for a 12 or 20 day experimental period. The concentrations of free serine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine in the plasma of the starved sheep decreased significantly while the concentrations of lysine, 3-methylhistidine, and isoleucine increased significantly. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids increased from 0.35 to 0.56 in the starved sheep. In sheep on the low nitrogen diet, the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids in the plasma decreased from 0.40 to 0.27, with significant increases in the concentrations of glutanlic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and 3-methylhistidine. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet both resulted in a reduction of the plasma urea concentrations. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet resulted in a 20-50 % reduction in the flow of saliva and a 40-78% increase in the concentration of total nitrogen. This resulted in no significant change in the daily secretion of nitrogen in the saliva. The concentration of urea in the saliva was increased by 3-54%. The concentrations of individual free amino acids in saliva are reported. The nitrogen content of the rumen was reduced, and after 7 days of starvation or on the low nitrogen diet all rumen nitrogen could be attributed to ammonia and free �-amino nitrogen.

Temporal response of plasma metabolites to ractopamine treatment in the growing pig

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
FR Dunshea ◽  
RH King
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Treatment Withdrawal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Normal Increase ◽  
Daily Gain

Eight crossbred gilts (73 kg liveweight) were surgically prepared with indwelling venous catheters to examine the temporal pattern of circulating metabolites and hormones during dietary ractopamine (RAC, 0 or 20 mg kg-1) treatment for 24 days. Pigs were bled every 2 h for 24 h on days 1, 2, 8, 22 of treatment and again 5 days after withdrawal of RAC. Dietary RAC increased liveweight daily gain and decreased feed consumption : liveweight gain by 37 and 25%, respectively. There were no differences in growth performance between the two groups of pigs during the week after withdrawal of RAC. Dietary RAC had no acute or chronic effects upon plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) or glucose. Likewise, plasma NEFA and glucose were not different during the withdrawal period. Plasma urea nitrogen began to decrease after 24 h of dietary RAC treatment, and remained lower than for the controls for the duration of RAC treatment. Withdrawal of RAC caused a marked increase (21%) in plasma urea nitrogen. Dietary RAC decreased plasma insulin and negated the normal increase with age in plasma IGF-I. These metabolic data are consistent with increased protein deposition with little change in fat deposition during dietary RAC treatment.

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