Sverre Fehn’s Brussels and Venice pavilions: the process of becoming different

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-238
Author(s):  
Pedram Ghelichi ◽  
Jingxiang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Structural Principle ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Critical Tension ◽  
World Exposition ◽  
Venice Biennale

The early career of Sverre Fehn, the influential Norwegian architect, is marked by the designs of pavilions which were constructed shortly after each other for two major competitions: The Norwegian Pavilion for the World Exposition in Brussels (1956–1958) and The Nordic Pavilion at the Giardini site of the Venice Biennale (1958–1962). This paper studies the process which led from design to construction for both pavilions, identifies structural changes during that process, and investigates the causes and effects of such changes. A study of Fehn’s hand-drawn sketches and photos of models, made throughout the design and construction stages, reveals that despite functional and formal similarities the two pavilions’ development process and the changes which they underwent are noticeably different. The pursuit of ‘abstract space’ during the competition stage for the Brussels Pavilion was tested by considerations of construction only later on, creating a critical tension in the project. Not only did the organisation of structural components change significantly during the design process but the logic of construction underwent a complete transformation. Nevertheless, this transition between different iterations of the Brussels Pavilion suggested an alternative approach for the Venice Pavilion in which the initial thought of construction became a projection, rather than an abstract imitation of built reality. The spatial intention and construction-related considerations of the Venice Pavilion were addressed by a ‘synergetic’ structural principle, implicit in the competition scheme. This unprecedented feature significantly enlarged the ‘space of possibility’ of the roof structure, which provided for adaptation to indeterminacies without compromising the initial design intentions. Changes in the design of the Brussels and Venice Pavilions, therefore, differ in the ways in which they evolved from design to completion: sequential and abrupt, vs. gradual and continuous. This sheds light on a critical shift in the work of an influential architect and the way he approached design indeterminacies, rather than forcing them into submission.

Die deutsche Krankenhauspolitik: Eine Geschichte verpasster Strukturreformen?

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Heidi Dittmann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
German Hospital ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Drg System ◽  
Hospital Reform ◽  
Hospital Structure Act ◽  
Hospital Finance

Abstract: The introduction of the DRG system in 2003/04 can be considered the last real hospital reform. Although the latest reform was called Hospital Structure Act due to its insufficient structural components it is sometimes referred to as missed reform. Essential aspects of the institutional background remained unchanged. However, a closer look reveals even the introduction of the DRG system was only a change in the reimbursement of operating costs. Further structural changes were neither discussed nor induced. The same applies to all subsequent reforms. The key parameters of the regulatory framework are for the greater part the same as those established by the German Hospital Finance Act in 1972. Against this backdrop, the presented paper discusses the institutional background and potential reasons for its continuance. The focus is on the question, whether missed reforms are based on its optimality or which alternative explanations seem to be convincing.

Deliberate Product Definition: Customizing the Product Definition Process

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kalyanaram ◽  
V. Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Customer Preferences ◽  
Market Launch ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Product Specifications ◽  
Product Definition

The process of product definition, during which a firm establishes the product specifications, has a vital influence on the success of a product but has attracted little attention from researchers. Conventional wisdom stipulates that a firm should finalize its specifications early in the product development process. However, in industries facing rapid technological change, stiff competition, and uncertain customer needs, specifications set too early could become outdated by the time of market launch, thereby decreasing the product's benefits to the customer. The authors discuss an alternative approach, in which a firm delays commitment to product specifications and finalizes them just in time for the market launch after careful deliberation, thereby benefiting from the evolution of core technologies and customer preferences. Because such an approach introduces new managerial challenges, it would be appropriate only under certain circumstances. The authors develop a simple model of the product definition process that offers insights about how a firm should customize the process to suit its needs. They capture these insights as a managerial framework and illustrate them with industry examples involving the development process for laser printers and network test kits.

Structural Change and Economic Growth across Major States of India

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-182
Author(s):  
Monica Thind ◽  
Lakhwinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Labour Productivity Growth ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
The Relationship

The structural change in an economy is an important feature of the economic development process. Structural change becomes a potential source of growth in an economy as it induces reallocation of labour from low-productivity to high-productivity sectors, thus leading to fuller and better utilization of overall resources. This article studies the relationship between structural change and growth in 15 major states of India over the 30-year period from 1983–1984 to 2014–2015. The study aims at discovering whether structural changes have contributed to economic growth of these states or otherwise. This is achieved by decomposing the overall labour productivity growth of states into contribution by structural change and within sector change. The results show that in all the states under study structural changes have contributed positively to growth; however, contribution of within sector changes is found to be much more than structural change in all states except Maharashtra.

scholarly journals THE COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF DOXORUBICIN AND NANOSTRUCTURED DOXORUBICIN IN CONDITIONS OF TRANSPLANTABLE CARCINOGENESIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
I. N. Chairkin ◽  
N. V. Chairkina ◽  
O. N. Deryabina ◽  
V. Y. Medvezhonkov ◽  
O. V. Kalmin
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
Morphological Evaluation ◽  
Comparative Morphological Analysis ◽  
Convoluted Tubules

The study was carried out on 120 mongrel white laboratory rats, to whom were transplanted the ascitiс Zaidel's hepatoma and which were divided into three equal groups. Of these, the first group of animals was a control group without treatment. In the second group, to animals doxorubicin was injected, in the third group, nanostructured doxorubicin was injected to the animals for 21 days. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of morphological changes in the tubules and glomeruli of the kidneys under the influence of nanostructured doxorubicin and doxorubicin in the condition of transplantable carcinogenesis. Given the nephrotoxicity of the chemotherapy drugs studied, the dynamics of structural changes in the tubules and glomeruli of the kidneys was studied. Conducted a comparative morphological evaluation of the changes occurring in the kidneys. The results of a morphological study of the structural components of the kidneys prove that doxorubicin and nanostructured doxorubicin have different effects on both the tubular apparatus and the glomeruli of the kidneys in the condition of transient carcinogenesis. The use of doxorubicin is accompanied by a relatively pronounced nephrotoxic effect, which is indicated by dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the epithelium of convoluted tubules and the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys. The use of nanostructured doxorubicin is limited to moderately expressed dystrophic changes in the epithelium of the tubular apparatus of the kidneys, the glomerular apparatus remains intact at the same time. Thus, the use of the preparation of nanostructured doxorubicin for the treatment of the ascitic hepatoma of Zaidel in experimental animals has a less pronounced toxic and damaging effect on the renal parenchyma.

scholarly journals Viscosity of CuPb, CuPbSn, CuPbSnGa and CuPbSnGaBi melts of equiatomic compositions

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Olga Chikova ◽  
Vladimir Tsepelev ◽  
Kseniya Shmakova
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ternary Eutectic ◽  
Equiatomic Composition ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Melt Structure ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Specific Temperature

<p class="AMSmaintext">We investigated the viscosity of CuPb, CuPbSn, CuPbSnGa and CuPbSnGaBi melts of equiatomic compositions by the method of damped torsion vibrations of a crucible. We see the melts of equiatomic composition as the melts high-entropy. All the investigated melts demonstrated the different temperature dependences of viscosity for heating and cooling. There is an anomalous reduction in viscosity resulted when the melt is heated to a specific temperature. The anomalous behaviour for viscosity we interpreted in terms of melt structure. This structural changes in the melt resulted when the melt is heated to a specific temperature.  The microstructure of CuPbSnGaBi ingot of equiatomic composition we investigated using optical microscopy and measurement of microhardness. Collations data of the microstructures with of the microhardness gave three structural components: CuGa<sub>2</sub> dendrites, (Sn) + (Bi) + Bi<sub>3</sub>Pb<sub>7</sub> ternary eutectic and rounded Pb inclusions having dimensions of  »5 mm.</p>

Virtual powertrain development

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (14) ◽  
pp. 3288-3301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fietkau ◽  
Bruno Kistner ◽  
Jérôme Munier
Keyword(s):  
Electric Motor ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Load Spectra ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The Individual

This article presents the new system of virtual powertrain development introduced at Porsche AG that incorporates all phases of the development process, as well as all components and simulation disciplines. The system enables a powertrain in its entirety to be designed and tested virtually. Most activities can be planned and budgeted at the beginning of the project, and interactions that occur are systematically taken into consideration. The hardware-driven development process used until now is completely transmitted to the digital world. Powertrain development is divided into thirteen digital powertrain systems (DPSs), which contain different components and disciplines and are developed throughout the entire product development process. For each DPS, tasks, links, time schedules, reporting scopes, and responsibilities are precisely defined. Finally, a digital vehicle prototype is built from several DPSs. The results are aggregated in several stages, ensuring that core statements are consistently incorporated at all assessment levels, from the individual component to the overall vehicle. Furthermore, this article discusses in detail DPSs that are especially important for battery electric vehicles. For most of the examples, the powertrain of the Porsche Taycan is used. The Driving Performance and Load Spectra DPS provide the necessary design parameters for a new drive system. In the Electric Motor DPS, active parts of the electric motor are designed and all structural components are verified. In the Transmission DPS, all gear set parts are designed and verified. In the Cooling, Lubrication and Actuation DPS, all temperatures are calculated and the lubrication circuit is designed. The Powertrain Dynamics DPS provides information on powertrain vibrations. The article closes with a look at future development trends. The aim is not just to design and verify components but also to completely virtualize function and software development. Therefore, this article presents a system for creating and using a virtual development environment and tracking the results.

scholarly journals Shifting Innovation to Users via Toolkits

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 821-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric von Hippel ◽  
Ralph Katz
Keyword(s):  
New Product Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
New Product ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Service Development ◽  
User Needs ◽  
User Innovation ◽  
Alternative Approach

In the traditional new product development process, manufacturers first explore user needs and then develop responsive products. Developing an accurate understanding of a user need is not simple or fast or cheap, however. As a result, the traditional approach is coming under increasing strain as user needs change more rapidly, and as firms increasingly seek to serve “markets of one.” Toolkits for user innovation is an emerging alternative approach in which manufacturers actually abandon the attempt to understand user needs in detail in favor of transferring need-related aspects of product and service development to users. Experience in fields where the toolkit approach has been pioneered show custom products being developed much more quickly and at a lower cost. In this paper we explore toolkits for user innovation and explain why and how they work.

Mechanical Properties: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Tuttle
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Real World Problems

Mechanical Properties: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering provides a practical overview of tensile testing and what it reveals about the strength of materials and the load-carrying capabilities of structural components. The book is organized in two sections roughly equal in length. The first section is a tutorial on mechanical properties and behaviors expressed in the form of load-displacement and stress-strain curves. The section that follows furthers the learning process by guiding readers through a series of real-world problems and their respective solutions. The information in this book is particularly well suited for early-career engineers, especially those involved in product design.

scholarly journals Repeated airway constrictions in mice do not alter respiratory function

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1483-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Mailhot-Larouche ◽  
Louis Deschênes ◽  
Morgan Gazzola ◽  
Katherine Lortie ◽  
Cyndi Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Airway Smooth Muscle ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Respiratory Mechanics ◽  
Airway Remodeling ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Airway Wall ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Shed Light

It is suggested that the frequent strain the airways undergo in asthma because of repeated airway smooth muscle (ASM)-mediated constrictions contributes to airway wall remodeling. However, the effects of repeated constrictions on airway remodeling, as well as the ensuing impact of this presumptive remodeling on respiratory mechanics, have never been investigated in subjects without asthma. In this study, we set out to determine whether repeated constrictions lead to features that are reminiscent of asthma in mice without asthma. BALB/c mice were subjected to a 30-min constriction elicited by aerosolized methacholine every other day over 6 wk. Forty-eight hours after the last constriction, the mechanics of the respiratory system was evaluated at baseline and in response to incremental doses of nebulized methacholine with the flexiVent. The whole-lung lavages, the tracheas, and the lungs were also collected to evaluate inflammation, the contractile capacity of ASM, and the structural components of the airway wall, respectively. The resistance and the compliance of the respiratory system, as well as the Newtonian resistance and the resistive and elastic properties of the lung tissue, were not affected by repeated constrictions, both at baseline and in response to methacholine. All the other examined features also remained unaltered, except the number of goblet cells in the epithelium and the number of macrophages in the whole-lung lavages, which both increased with repeated constrictions. This study demonstrates that, despite causing goblet cell hyperplasia and a mild macrophagic inflammation, repeated constrictions with methacholine do not lead to structural changes that adversely impact the physiology. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repeated airway constrictions led to signs of remodeling that are typically observed in asthma, which neither altered respiratory mechanics nor the contractile capacity of airway smooth muscle. These findings shed light on a debate between those claiming that constrictions induce remodeling and those convinced that methacholine challenges are harmless. Insofar as our results with mice relate to humans, the findings indicate that repeated challenges with methacholine can be performed safely.

FINE STRUCTURE OF FRUIT DEVELOPMENT IN TOMATO

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Mohr ◽  
M. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Space ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Edible Plant

Fine structural changes occurring in the parenchymatous outer pericarp of tomato fruit (a representative high-moisture, edible plant tissue) were followed throughout the fruit’s normal growth cycle on the plant. Illustrated in electron micrographs, these changes involve the structural components of the protoplasm, both membranous and non-membranous. Normal intercellular space enlargement and cell wall separation are also shown. The observations are discussed in relation to some of the biochemical and physiological changes known to occur in the developing fruit. The results indicate the potential value of electron microscopy in extending present knowledge of certain problem areas in fruit and vegetable research, such as the processes involved in the onset of senescence, the mechanism of physiological disorders, and the fundamental nature of quality changes affecting the tissue’s edible properties.

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