Single-language and code-switching strategies in immigrant and heritage varieties: Spanish subject personal pronouns in Toribio's cross-modal hypothesis

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO OTHEGUY
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Switching Strategies ◽  
Selection Of

In an important theoretical contribution to our understanding of language contact, Toribio elaborates on the familiar generalization, best known from the work of Silva-Corvalán, that contact varieties resemble monolingual lects of the same language in overall grammar, but differ with regard to (a) the selection of structures and (b) the semantic-pragmatic constraints on the use of structures. In Toribio's valuable elaboration of this basic idea, these peculiar patterns of selection and constraint in the contact variety are not the same in all contexts of use, but differ depending on whether the bilingual is in the single-language mode, or in the codeswitching mode where stretches of speech in the contact variety alternate, rapidly and relatively seamlessly, with stretches in the acrolect. The insight is that the same type of process that distinguishes the contact variety from its monolingual reference lects also distinguishes, within the contact variety, the codeswitching mode from its single-language reference mode.

Language Contact in Cape Verdean Creole

2020 ◽  
pp. 712-740
Author(s):  
Marlyse Baptista ◽  
Manuel Veiga ◽  
Sérgio Soares da Costa ◽  
Lígia Maria Herbert Duarte Lopes Robalo
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Cape Verdean ◽  
Cape Verde Islands ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Number Agreement ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Dominant Pattern ◽  
Switching Strategies

This chapter examines bidirectional influences in the speech of bilingual speakers of Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole in the Cape Verde islands, in two modalities (oral and written). All the data are drawn from two main sources: Costa (2013) that documents the influences of Portuguese onto Cape Verdean Creole and from Herbert Robalo (2013) from Cape Verdean Creole onto Portuguese. The observed contact effects include code-switching strategies and transfer in the domains of gender marking, number agreement, verb morphology, complementizers, and prepositions. One of the main findings is that although speakers practice insertional, alternational code-switching and congruent lexicalization, congruent lexicalization clearly emerges as the dominant pattern and the keystone behind speakers’ choices of code-switching sites in both the oral and written modes. Speakers preferentially switch on the sites that happen to be structurally isomorphic between Cape Verdean Creole and Portuguese.

A variationist perspective on borrowing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Poplack
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter reviews the analytical and methodological tenets associated with the variationist perspective on language and outlines its specific applications to the study of language mixing. Key among them are the principled selection of participants and their validation in the community, the primacy of actual bilingual performance data, contextualization of its major manifestations across speakers, mixing strategies (lexical borrowing and code-switching) and language pairs, and systematic quantitative analysis of usage patterns, incorporating checks on the validity and reliability of the results. We explain how the method enables us to address and answer a number of questions that have plagued scholars of language contact for decades.

Intra-Sentential Code-Switching among Bilingual Saudis on Twitter

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hussein Ali Habtoor ◽  
Ghzail Faleh Almutlagah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Common Phenomenon

Code switching (CS) is a common phenomenon in language contact situations wherein bilinguals utilize two languages in the same context. This study investigated the occurrence of intra-sentential code switching by 12 bilingual Saudi females on twitter who differed in age and education. The data were collected by taking screenshot for 1260 tweets. Data were analysed statistically to show the phenomena of Arabic- English code switching. Moreover, a qualitative method was used for data analysis. Findings of the study showed that code-switching was observed clearly on twitter and that intra-sentential code-switching occurs frequently. It was also observed that at the level of particular syntactic categories in Arabic-English CS, nouns were the most often switched elements in the corpus. This study focused on nouns and verbs as examples of these syntactic categories of CS. English as inserted language was mostly used by participant, so the study focused on Arabic sentences in which English is the embedded language. Finally, it is found that the most inserted words in English were related to the internet and other social aspects. 

World Englishes, Code-Switching, and Convergence

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. Bullock ◽  
Lars Hinrichs ◽  
Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mixing Patterns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analysis Of Variation ◽  
Mixed Nature

In this chapter, it is argued that the study of World Englishes (WE) should assume a more central place in the analysis of variation and change in the context of language contact. Because they emerge from situations of bilingualism and contact, WE varieties are highly informative with regard to the structural issues of code-switching and convergence (also termed structural borrowing, transfer, interference, imposition). The inherently mixed nature of WE is shown here to mirror the diverse structural patterns that are commonly encountered in bilingual speech. It is argued that different mixing patterns arise in response to the social and medial embedding of WE vernaculars at the community, the individual, and the interactional levels. Social evaluations of relative prestige, individual projections of style, stance, and identity, and the complex nature of multilingual interaction conspire to bring about complex, new language structures.

scholarly journals Directional Idioms in English and Welsh: A Usage-Based Perspective on Language Contact

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-611
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Rottet
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Motion Events ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
The Hill ◽  
English Verb ◽  
Single Set ◽  
Roll Out ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The English verb-particle construction or phrasal verb (pv) has undergone dramatic semantic extensions from the expression of literal motion events (the ball rolled down the hill) – a pattern known as satellite-framing – to idiomatic figurative uses (the company will roll out a new plan) where selection of the particle is motivated by Conceptual Metaphors. Over the course of its long contact with English, Welsh – also satellite-framed with literal motion events – has extended the use of its verb-particle construction to replicate even highly idiomatic English pv s. Through a case study of ten metaphorical uses of up and its Welsh equivalent, we argue that this dramatic contact outcome points to the convergence by bilingual speakers on a single set of Conceptual Metaphors motivating the pv combinations. A residual Celtic possessive construction (lit. she rose on her sitting ‘she sat up’) competes with English-like pv s to express change of bodily posture.

scholarly journals The Differential Object Marking of The Arborense Dialect of Sardinian in Language Contact Setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-56
Author(s):  
Daniela Boeddu
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Extensive Area ◽  
Differential Object Marking ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Mandatory Use

This paper focuses on the Arborense Differential Object Marking (dom) system, which in line with the typical Sardinian dom system marks the object noun phrases characterized by a high degree of animacy and specificity with the preposition a. This is why the Sardinian dom is also called prepositional accusative. Authors dealing with other Sardinian dialects agree in identifying three domains of distribution of the phenomenon: with personal pronouns and personal names the use of the preposition is mandatory; with inanimate common nouns it is excluded; with common nouns referring animate beings, strong variability occurs. On the basis of an oral corpus of contemporary Arborense, it can be stated that the area of mandatory use of dom is restricted in this dialect and that the optionality area turns out to be more extensive than assumed in traditional descriptions of this Sardinian phenomenon. Since all the Arborense speakers of the oral corpus are bilingual (Sardinian-Italian), the data reflect the situation of dom in a contact setting scenario where Sardinian and both Standard and Regional Italian interact. According to Putzu (2005) and Blasco Ferrer and Ingrassia (2010), the extensive area of optionality for the use of the Sardinian dom should be the result of the influence of Standard Italian. However, two facts must be considered that make this idea questionable: first, in the language contact scenario of Modern Sardinian not only Standard Italian but also Regional Italian (with a widespread use of the dom) play a role; second, the synchronic variation observed in contemporary Arborense replicates the same variation which characterizes historical data from texts of the 12th–19th centuries.

Uralic Languages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Abondolo
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Relative Complement ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
Phonological Reconstruction ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Person Marking

All but three of the thirty-nine Uralic languages are endangered, most of them seriously so; of the family’s ten main branches, only two have members considered safe (Finnish and Estonian of the Fennic branch, plus Hungarian). This chapter surveys a selection of phonological, morphological, and syntactic features of the Uralic languages; the emphasis is on presenting aspects that are usually ignored, oversimplified, or misrepresented. Among the topics broached are vowel harmony; consonant gradation, which in the Uralic context is of four distinct kinds, three of them quite old; less-than-agglutinative (i.e. fairly fusional features of several languages); problems of phonological reconstruction; the inflection of personal pronouns; person marking on nouns and Subject, Agent, and Object marking on verbs; and kinds of relative, complement, and support clauses.

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