scholarly journals Body composition indices of a load–capacity model: gender- and BMI-specific reference curves

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1245-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Siervo ◽  
Carla M Prado ◽  
Emily Mire ◽  
Stephanie Broyles ◽  
Jonathan CK Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Capacity Model ◽  
Reference Curves ◽  
Obese Subjects

AbstractObjectiveFat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) are frequently measured to define body composition phenotypes. The load–capacity model integrates the effects of both FM and FFM to improve disease-risk prediction. We aimed to derive age-, gender- and BMI-specific reference curves of load–capacity model indices in an adult population (≥18 years).DesignCross-sectional study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure FM, FFM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and truncal fat mass (TrFM). Two metabolic load–capacity indices were calculated: ratio of FM (kg) to FFM (kg) and ratio of TrFM (kg) to ASM (kg). Age-standardised reference curves, stratified by gender and BMI (<25·0 kg/m2, 25·0–29·9 kg/m2, ≥30·0 kg/m2), were constructed using an LMS approach. Percentiles of the reference curves were 5th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th and 95th.SettingSecondary analysis of data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).SubjectsThe population included 6580 females and 6656 males.ResultsThe unweighted proportions of obesity in males and females were 25·5 % and 34·7 %, respectively. The average values of both FM:FFM and TrFM:ASM were greater in female and obese subjects. Gender and BMI influenced the shape of the association of age with FM:FFM and TrFM:ASM, as a curvilinear relationship was observed in female and obese subjects. Menopause appeared to modify the steepness of the reference curves of both indices.ConclusionsThis is a novel risk-stratification approach integrating the effects of high adiposity and low muscle mass which may be particularly useful to identify cases of sarcopenic obesity and improve disease-risk prediction.

scholarly journals Body Composition Characteristics of a Load-Capacity Model: Age-Dependent and Sex-Specific Percentiles in 5- to 17-Year-Old Children

Obesity Facts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-603
Author(s):  
Isabel Gätjens ◽  
Steffen Christian Ekkehard Schmidt ◽  
Sandra Plachta-Danielzik ◽  
Anja Bosy-Westphal ◽  
Manfred James Müller
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Overweight Children ◽  
Body Composition Assessment ◽  
Capacity Model ◽  
Age Dependent

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Body composition assessment is superior to the use of body mass index (BMI) to characterize the nutritional status in pediatric populations. For data interpretation, suitable reference data are needed; hence, we aimed to generate age-dependent and sex-specific body composition reference data in a larger population of children and adolescents in Germany. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is a cross-sectional study on a representative group of 15,392 5- to 17-year-old children and adolescents. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis using a population-specific algorithm validated against air displacement plethysmography. Age- and sex-specific percentiles for BMI, fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and a “load-capacity model” (characterized by the ratios of fat mass [FM]/ fatt-free mass [FFM] and FM/FFM<sup>2</sup>) were modeled using the LMS method. <b><i>Results:</i></b> BMI, FMI, FFMI, FM/FFM, and FM/FFM<sup>2</sup> curves showed similar shapes between boys and girls with steady increases in BMI, FMI, and FFMI, while FM/FFM<sup>2</sup>-centiles decreased during early childhood and adolescence. Sex differences were observed in FMI and FM/FFM percentiles with increases in FMI up to age 9 years followed by a steady decrease in FM/FFM during and after puberty with a fast-growing FFMI up to age 17 in boys. The prevalence of low FFM relative to FM reached more than 60% in overweight children and adolescents. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These pediatric body composition reference data enable physicians and public health scientists to monitor body composition during growth and development and to interpret individual data. The data point out to an early risk of sarcopenia in overweight children and adolescents.

scholarly journals The Utility of Body Composition Assessment in Nutrition and Clinical Practice: An Overview of Current Methodology

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2493
Author(s):  
Clifton J. Holmes ◽  
Susan B. Racette
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Body Composition Assessment

Body composition is a key component for maintaining good general health and longevity. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and lifestyle choices. The assessment of body composition is an essential tool for nutrition specialists to effectively evaluate nutritional status and monitor progression during dietary interventions. As humans age, there is a natural increase in fat mass coupled with a gradual decline in lean mass, specifically in bone and muscle mass. Individuals with a high body fat percentage are at a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, several types of cancer, and early mortality. Significant decreases in bone mineral density signify osteopenia and osteoporosis, while reductions in skeletal muscle mass increase the risk of developing sarcopenia. Moreover, undernutrition exacerbates the effects of many medical conditions and is important to address. Though weight tracking and calculation of BMI are used commonly by clinicians and dietitians, these measures do not provide insight on the relative contributions of fat mass and fat-free mass or the changes in these compartments that may reflect disease risk. Therefore, it is important that healthcare professionals have a critical understanding of body composition assessment and the strengths and limitations of the methods available.

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass to truncal fat mass ratio as a new index for osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome in older adults: emphasizing the role of central obesity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazuardhi Dwipa ◽  
Rini Widiastuti ◽  
Alif Bagus Rakhimullah ◽  
Marcellinus Maharsidi ◽  
Yuni Susanti Pratiwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass

Abstract Background The relationship between obesity and low bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults is still unclear. Most of the previous study did not account the factor of sarcopenia which is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass due to aging, and distribution of fat in obesity. Thus, this study was aimed to explore the correlation between appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), total fat mass (FM), and truncal fat mass (TrFM) as well as indexes (ASMM/FM and ASMM/TrFM ratio) with BMD in older adults.Methods This was an analytic cross-sectional study. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) were used to assess BMD and body composition, respectively. Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM) were used in the analysis to reflect sarcopenia, Fat Mass (FM) and Trunkal Fat Mass (TrFM) were used to reflect general and central obesity, respectively. All data were obtained from medical records of Geriatric Clinic of Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung Indonesia from January 2014 to December 2018. The correlation between body compositions variable with BMD were analyzed using Spearman’s test. We also conducted a comparison analysis of body composition variables between low and normal BMD using Mann-Whitney test. Results A total of 112 subjects were enrolled in the study. ASMM and TrFM were positive (rs=0.517, p<0.001) and negative (rS=-0.22, p=0.02) correlated with BMD, respectively. FM were not correlated with BMD, rS=-0.113 (p=0.234). As indexes, ASMM/FM and ASMM/TrFM had positive correlation with BMD, rS=0.277 (p<0.001), and rS=0.391 (p<0.001), respectively. The ASMM, TrFM, and ASMM/TrFM ratio between normal and low BMD also significantly different (p<0.001), meanwhile FM were not (p=0.204).Conclusion ASMM and TrFM have a positive and negative correlation with BMD, respectively. ASMM/TrFM ratio as new sarcopenia-central obesity index has a positive correlation with BMD.

scholarly journals Lower Percentage of Fat Mass among Tai Chi Chuan Practitioners

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
Silvia Stagi ◽  
Azzurra Doneddu ◽  
Gabriele Mulliri ◽  
Giovanna Ghiani ◽  
Valeria Succa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Hand Grip Strength ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Tai Chi Chuan ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Total Body

The aim of the study was to analyze total and regional body composition in Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) middle-aged and elderly practitioners. A cross-sectional study on 139 Italian subjects was realized: 34 TCC practitioners (14 men, 20 women; 62.8 ± 7.4 years) and 105 sedentary volunteers (49 men, 56 women; 62.8 ± 6.4 years). Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, arm, waist, and calf circumferences), hand-grip strength, and physical capacity values were collected. Total and regional (arm, leg, and trunk) body composition was analyzed by means of specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (specific BIVA). TCC practitioners of both sexes were characterized by a normal nutritional status, normal levels of physical capacity, and normal values of hand-grip strength. Compared to controls, they showed lower percentages of fat mass (lower specific resistance) in the total body, the arm, and the trunk, and higher muscle mass (higher phase angle) in the trunk, but lower muscle mass in the arm. Sexual dimorphism was characterized by higher muscle mass (total body, arm, and trunk) and lower %FM (arm) in men; sex differences were less accentuated among TCC practitioners than in the control. TCC middle-aged and elderly practitioners appear to be less affected by the process of physiological aging and the associated fat mass changes, compared to sedentary people.

scholarly journals Loss of adipose tissue mass during chemotherapy predicts reduced survival in patients with colorectal cancer treated with palliative intent

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Stella Sullivan ◽  
Louise E. Daly ◽  
Éadaoin B Ní Bhuachalla ◽  
Samantha J. Cushen ◽  
Derek G. Power ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Palliative Chemotherapy ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Palliative Intent ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Baseline Bmi

AbstractObesity is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), however little is known about changes in body composition during chemotherapy and its impact on survival. The aim of this study was to examine in patients with CRC: (1) The prevalence of abnormal body composition phenotypes, (2) The impact of baseline body composition on overall survival, (3) Changes in body composition throughout treatment and its impact on overall survival.A prospective study of adult CRC patients undergoing chemotherapy between 2012–2016 was conducted. Longitudinal changes in body composition were examined using computed tomography (CT) images at two timepoints (interval 7 months, IQR: 5–9 months) using paired t-tests. Sarcopenia and low muscle attenuation (MA) were defined using published cut-offs. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate mortality hazard ratios, adjusted for known prognostic covariates – stage, age, sex, performance status & systemic inflammation.In total, 268 patients were recruited (66% male, mean age 63 years) and 51% were undergoing chemotherapy with a palliative intent. At baseline, 4% were underweight (BMI < 20 kg/m2), 38% had a normal BMI, and 58% were overweight/obese. Despite this, 38% had cancer cachexia, 34% were sarcopenic and 43% had low MA. Neither sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity nor cachexia at baseline predicted survival. Over 100 days, 68% were muscle stable (± 1 kg), while 25% lost > 1 kg and 7% gained > 1 kg. Fat mass remained stable ± 1 kg in 49%, while 28% lost > 1 kg and 23% gained > 1 kg. When adjusted for known prognostic covariates, baseline BMI (20–25 kg/m2) in those having palliative chemotherapy was independently associated with reduced survival compared to those with BMI indicating overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) [HR: 1.80 (95% CI: 1.04–3.14), p = 0.037]. In those undergoing chemotherapy with palliative intent, a loss of > 6.4% subcutaneous fat (Q1 SAT) over 100 days was predictive of poor survival versus those with small losses, remaining stable or gaining SAT (Q2-4), independent of changes in muscle mass [HR: 2.22 (95% CI: 1.07–4.62), p = 0.033].Patients with CRC, particularly those treated with a palliative intent, experience significant losses in muscle and fat mass during chemotherapy. Loss of SAT mass during palliative chemotherapy is prognostic of poor survival, independent of changes in muscle mass. Baseline BMI in the overweight range confers a survival advantage. Nutritional strategies to prevent or attenuate weight loss during chemotherapy are advisable especially in the context of advanced CRC.

scholarly journals Analysis of fat and muscle mass in patients with inflammatory bowel disease during remission and active phase

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 676-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Rocha ◽  
Genoile Oliveira Santana ◽  
Neogélia Almeida ◽  
Andre Castro Lyra
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Mass Depletion ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often associated with malnutrition. The aim of this study was to compare the body composition of outpatients with IBD during remission and active phase. In order to evaluate disease activity we used Crohn's Disease Activity Index for Crohn's disease (CD) patients and Lichtiger's Index for ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. All patients underwent the analysis of BMI, arm muscle area (AMA) and triceps plus subscapula skinfold thickness (TST+SST) to identify total, muscle and fat mass, respectively. In total 102 patients were evaluated (CD,n50; UC,n52) and the majority was young women. Malnutrition according to BMI was found in 14·0 % of patients with CD and 5·7 % of UC patients. Muscle mass depletion was detected in more than half of the CD and UC patients. The BMI, TST+SST and AMA values were lower in the active phase only in CD patients (P < 0·05). Fat mass depletion was associated with active phase in both CD and UC patients. Body composition parameters obtained using BMI, TST+SST and AMA were not correlated with the presence of fistula in CD patients (P>0·05). In conclusion, patients without signs of malnutrition had fat mass depletion especially in the active phase and muscle mass depletion occurred both in CD and UC patients.

scholarly journals Factors affecting energy and macronutrient requirements in elderly people

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2b) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrck Ritz
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Exercise Programs ◽  
Physical Activity And Exercise

AbstractObjectives:(i) to describe energy and macronutrient requirements in healthy and diseased elderly patients from knowledge acquired about the age-related changes in energy balance (ii) to describe changes in body composition and the consequences of physical activity and exercise programs.Results:Aging in individuals considered healthy is associated with a reduction in muscle mass and strength (with consequences on autonomy), and an increase in fat mass mainly in the central area, the latter might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Body composition changes can be seen as a positive energy (fat) balance. The reduced fat-free mass is responsible for a low resting metabolic rate. Therefore, energy requirements are reduced all the more since physical activity is decreased. A simple means for calculating individuals' energy requirements from estimated resting metaboc rate and physical activity is not yet available in a validated form and is much required. Protein requirements are still debated.Exercise programs can be implemented for increasing muscle mass and strength (resistance training) or for improving aerobic fitness and reducing fat mass (endurance exercise). It is not yet clear whether structured exercise programs or spontaneous physical activity have similar advantages. It is not known in which cases resistance, endurance, or a combination of both exercises should be recommended. The consequences of physical activity and exercise programs on energy and macronutrient requirements is not clear.Diseased elderly persons are prone to malnutrition which impairs clinical and functional outcome. Malnutrition is the result of an energy intake inadequate to match energy requirements. Literature is very short of data on energy requirements in diseased elderly persons, who are under the complex influences of stress (increasing resting energy requirements), reduced body mass and physical activity (reducing energy requirements), plus potential effects of drugs. Almost nothing is known about macronutrient requirements.Conclusions:Further studies are required to enable calculations of energy and macronutrient requirements of individuals, especially diseased. More work has to be done to understand the energy imbalance in the elderly (healthy and diseased). Careful evaluations of physical activity and exercise programs are necessary.

scholarly journals A Machine Learning Approach to Predict Body Composition in Advanced Cancer Patients.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Cresta Morgado ◽  
Alfredo Navigante ◽  
Adriana Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Variable Selection ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Smoothing Splines

Abstract BACKGROUND:Body composition and its changes affect cancer patient outcomes. Its determination requires specific and expensive devices. We designed a study to evaluate machine learning approaches to predict fat and skeletal muscle mass using daily practice clinical variables.METHODS:We designed a cross-sectional study in advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients. Response variables were skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass, measured by bioimpedance analysis. Predictors were laboratory and anthropometric variables. Imputation methods were applied. Six approaches were analyzed: (1) multicollinearity analysis, best subset selection (BSS) and multiple linear regression; (2) multicollinearity, BSS and generalized additive models (GAM); (3) multicollinearity, lasso to perform variable selection and GAM; (4) ridge regression; (5) lasso regression; (6) random forest. Model selection was performed evaluating the Mean Squared Error calculated by leave-one-out cross-validation.RESULTS:We included 101 patients under chemotherapy treatment. For skeletal muscle mass, the best approach was the combination of multicollinearity analysis followed by BSS and GAM using smoothing splines with 6 variables (albumin, Hb, height, weight, sex, lymphocytes). The adjusted R2 was 0.895. The best approach for fat mass was multicollinearity analysis, variable selection by lasso, and GAM using smoothing splines with 3 variables (waist-hip ratio, weight, sex). The adjusted R2 was 0.917.CONCLUSION:We developed the first accurate predictive models for body composition in cancer patients applying daily practice clinical variables. This study shows that machine learning is a useful tool to apply in body composition. This is a starting point to evaluate these approaches in research and clinical practice.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Body Composition and the Histology of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-sectional Study 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruki Miyake ◽  
Masumi Miyazaki ◽  
Osamu Yoshida ◽  
Sayaka Kanzaki ◽  
Hironobu Nakaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Visceral Fat Area ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract Background: Causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression include visceral fat accumulation and loss of muscle mass; however, which is more critical is unclear. To clarify this, we examined the relationship between body composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression as indicated by fibrosis and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score.Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 139 patients (54 men; age, 20–76 years) treated for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease between December 2010 and January 2020. Body composition measurements, histological examinations of liver samples, and comprehensive blood chemistry tests were performed. The relationship between body composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease histology findings was analyzed using the logistic regression model.Results: Fibrosis was significantly and inversely correlated with muscle mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass and significantly and positively correlated with fat mass, fat mass/height squared, visceral fat area, and waist-hip ratio (P <0.05). After adjustment for sex, blood chemistry measurements, and body composition indices, fibrosis remained associated with appendicular skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, fat mass/height squared, and visceral fat area (P <0.05). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score ≥5 significantly correlated with fat mass and fat mass/height squared in a univariate but not multivariate analysis.Conclusions: Fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, an indicator of unfavorable long-term outcomes, is associated with more indices of fat mass than of those of muscle mass. Hence, fat mass should be controlled to prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression.

scholarly journals Cortisol concentration affects fat and muscle mass among Polish children aged 6–13 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Pruszkowska-Przybylska ◽  
Aneta Sitek ◽  
Iwona Rosset ◽  
Marta Sobalska-Kwapis ◽  
Marcin Słomka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Maternal Trauma ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The University

Abstract Background Cortisol is a steroid hormone acting as a stress hormone, which is crucial in regulating homeostasis. Previous studies have linked cortisol concentration to body mass and body composition. Methods The investigations were carried out in 2016–2017. A total of 176 children aged 6–13 years in primary schools in central Poland were investigated. Three types of measurements were performed: anthropometric (body weight and height, waist and hip circumferences), body composition (fat mass FM (%), muscle mass – MM (%), body cellular mass - BCM (%), total body water - TBW (%)), and cortisol concentration using saliva of the investigated individuals. Information about standard of living, type of feeding after birth, parental education and maternal trauma during pregnancy was obtained with questionnaires. Results The results of regression models after removing the environmental factors (parental education, standard of living, type of feeding after birth, and maternal trauma during pregnancy) indicate a statistically significant association between the cortisol concentration and fat mass and muscle mass. The cortisol concentration was negatively associated with FM (%) (Beta=-0.171; p = 0.026), explaining 2.32 % of the fat mass variability and positively associated with MM (%) (Beta = 0.192; p = 0.012) explaining 3.09 % of the muscle mass variability. Conclusions Cortisol concentration affects fat and muscle mass among Polish children. Trial registration The Ethical Commission at the University of Lodz (nr 19/KBBN-UŁ/II/2016).

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