scholarly journals The Utility of Body Composition Assessment in Nutrition and Clinical Practice: An Overview of Current Methodology

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2493
Author(s):  
Clifton J. Holmes ◽  
Susan B. Racette
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Body Composition Assessment

Body composition is a key component for maintaining good general health and longevity. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and lifestyle choices. The assessment of body composition is an essential tool for nutrition specialists to effectively evaluate nutritional status and monitor progression during dietary interventions. As humans age, there is a natural increase in fat mass coupled with a gradual decline in lean mass, specifically in bone and muscle mass. Individuals with a high body fat percentage are at a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, several types of cancer, and early mortality. Significant decreases in bone mineral density signify osteopenia and osteoporosis, while reductions in skeletal muscle mass increase the risk of developing sarcopenia. Moreover, undernutrition exacerbates the effects of many medical conditions and is important to address. Though weight tracking and calculation of BMI are used commonly by clinicians and dietitians, these measures do not provide insight on the relative contributions of fat mass and fat-free mass or the changes in these compartments that may reflect disease risk. Therefore, it is important that healthcare professionals have a critical understanding of body composition assessment and the strengths and limitations of the methods available.

scholarly journals The effect of liver enzymes on body composition: a Mendelian randomization study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xi Liu ◽  
Shiu Lun Au Yeung ◽  
Man Ki Kwok ◽  
June Yue Yan Leung ◽  
Lai Ling Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundHigher alanine transaminase (ALT) is positively associated with diabetes but inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) in Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, suggesting liver function may affect body composition. To clarify, we assessed the association of liver function with muscle and fat mass observationally with two-sample MR as a validation.MethodsIn the population-representative “Children of 1997” birth cohort, we used multivariable linear regression to assess the adjusted associations of ALT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (IU/L) at ~17.5 years with muscle mass (kg) and body fat percentage (%). Genetic variants predicting ALT, ALP and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) (100% change in concentration) were applied to fat-free and fat mass (kg) in the UK Biobank (n=~331,000) to obtain unconfounded estimates using MR.ResultsObservationally, ALT was positively associated with muscle mass (0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10 to 0.12) and fat percentage (0.15, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.17). ALP was inversely associated with muscle mass (−0.03, 95% CI −0.04 to −0.02) and fat percentage (−0.02, 95% CI −0.03 to −0.01). Using MR, ALT was inversely associated with fat-free mass (−0.41, 95% CI −0.64 to −0.19) and fat mass (−0.58, 95% CI −0.85 to −0.30). ALP was not clearly associated with body composition. GGT was positively associated with fat-free (0.30, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.06) and fat mass (0.41, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.71).ConclusionALT reducing fat-free mass provides a possible pathway for the positive association of ALT with diabetes, and suggests a potential target of intervention.

Body composition in psychotic disorders: a general population survey

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Saarni ◽  
S. I. Saarni ◽  
M. Fogelholm ◽  
M. Heliövaara ◽  
J. Perälä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
General Population ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundThe literature suggests an association between obesity and schizophrenia but fat mass and fat-free mass, which have been shown to be more predictive of all-cause mortality than only waist circumference and obesity [body mass index (BMI) ⩾30 kg/m2], have not been reported in psychotic disorders. We examined the detailed body composition of people with different psychotic disorders in a large population-based sample.MethodWe used a nationally representative sample of 8082 adult Finns aged ⩾30 years with measured anthropometrics (height, weight, waist circumference, fat percentage, fat-free mass and segmental muscle mass). Psychiatric diagnoses were based on a consensus procedure utilizing the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)-interview, case-notes and comprehensive register data.ResultsSchizophrenia (including schizo-affective disorder) was associated with obesity [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–3.6], abdominal obesity (waist circumference ⩾88 cm for women, ⩾102 cm for men) (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3–3.6) and with higher fat percentage (mean difference 3.8%, 95% CI 2.0–5.7%), adjusted for age and gender, than in the remaining sample. The associations between schizophrenia and low fat-free mass and decreased muscle mass on trunk and upper limbs became statistically significant after adjusting for BMI. After further adjusting for current antipsychotic medication, education, diet and smoking, schizophrenia remained associated with obesity (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.6) and abdominal obesity (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.5–9.4). Participants with affective psychoses did not differ from the general population.ConclusionsIndividuals with schizophrenia have metabolically unfavorable body composition, comprising abdominal obesity, high fat percentage and low muscle mass. This leads to increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS IN TEAM SPORTS AND SPRINT TRAINED INDIAN ATHLETES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2021) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Subhojit Chatterjee ◽  
◽  
Usra Hasan ◽  
Subhra Chatterjee ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Training Status ◽  
Body Cell Mass ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Body Cell

Introduction: Physiological and body composition variables have important role for assessment of training status and evaluation of health status of athletes. Regular monitoring of these variables during training may provide valuable information to coaches for training and selection of players’ training protocol participating in both team sports and individual events. Purpose and objectives of the study: The aims of this study were to compare physiological and body composition variables between male athletes participating in team sports (football) and individual sprint event and also to correlate training duration (both in years and hours per week) of male athletes participating in both team sports as well as sprint with physiological and body composition variables. Applied Methodology: The study was carried out with thirty-year-old (n=30) and BMI matching male Indian athletes participating in team sports (football, n=16) and individual sprint event (n=14), having minimum 2 years of official training. They were in post competitive phase during the test. Several physiological and body composition variables were assessed such as height, weight, body mass index, training age (years), training time (hours/week), fat mass, fat-free mass, body cell mass, muscle mass, VO2 max, maximal power, training intensity and fatigue index following standard protocol. Achieved major results: The sprinters were found to possess significantly more fat free mass (p < .01), body cell mass (p < .01), muscle mass (p < .01), less fat mass (p < .05) and more average anaerobic power (p < .01) than their peers - football players. However, no significant correlation was found between any of the measured physiological and body composition parameters and the training status of these players. Conclusion: This study would provide useful information for assigning training protocols to the athletes participating in team sports and individual sprint events on the basis of physiological and body composition parameters.

scholarly journals Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Weight and Body Composition in Healthy Non-Athlete Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Fernando ◽  
Jessica Zibellini ◽  
Rebecca Harris ◽  
Radhika Seimon ◽  
Amanda Sainsbury
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

Background: Ramadan involves one month of fasting from sunrise to sunset. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition. Methods: In May 2018, we searched six databases for publications that measured weight and body composition before and after Ramadan, and that did not attempt to influence physical activity or diet. Results: Data were collected from 70 publications (90 comparison groups, 2947 participants). There was a significant positive correlation between starting body mass index and weight lost during the fasting period. Consistently, there was a significant reduction in fat percentage between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan in people with overweight or obesity (−1.46 (95% confidence interval: −2.57 to −0.35) %, p = 0.010), but not in those of normal weight (−0.41 (−1.45 to 0.63) %, p = 0.436). Loss of fat-free mass was also significant between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan, but was about 30% less than loss of absolute fat mass. At 2–5 weeks after the end of Ramadan, there was a return towards, or to, pre-Ramadan measurements in weight and body composition. Conclusions: Even with no advice on lifestyle changes, there are consistent—albeit transient—reductions in weight and fat mass with the Ramadan fast, especially in people with overweight or obesity.

scholarly journals Body Composition Changes After Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet in Obesity Evaluated by 3 Standardized Methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Gomez-Arbelaez ◽  
Diego Bellido ◽  
Ana I. Castro ◽  
Lucia Ordoñez-Mayan ◽  
Jose Carreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Body Composition Assessment ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Composition Changes

Abstract Context: Common concerns when using low-calorie diets as a treatment for obesity are the reduction in fat-free mass, mostly muscular mass, that occurs together with the fat mass (FM) loss, and determining the best methodologies to evaluate body composition changes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the very-low-calorie ketogenic (VLCK) diet-induced changes in body composition of obese patients and to compare 3 different methodologies used to evaluate those changes. Design: Twenty obese patients followed a VLCK diet for 4 months. Body composition assessment was performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), multifrequency bioelectrical impedance (MF-BIA), and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) techniques. Muscular strength was also assessed. Measurements were performed at 4 points matched with the ketotic phases (basal, maximum ketosis, ketosis declining, and out of ketosis). Results: After 4 months the VLCK diet induced a −20.2 ± 4.5 kg weight loss, at expenses of reductions in fat mass (FM) of −16.5 ± 5.1 kg (DXA), −18.2 ± 5.8 kg (MF-BIA), and −17.7 ± 9.9 kg (ADP). A substantial decrease was also observed in the visceral FM. The mild but marked reduction in fat-free mass occurred at maximum ketosis, primarily as a result of changes in total body water, and was recovered thereafter. No changes in muscle strength were observed. A strong correlation was evidenced between the 3 methods of assessing body composition. Conclusion: The VLCK diet-induced weight loss was mainly at the expense of FM and visceral mass; muscle mass and strength were preserved. Of the 3 body composition techniques used, the MF-BIA method seems more convenient in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Body Composition Changes over Multiple Academic Years in Female Collegiate Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Austin Katona ◽  
Caroline Riewe ◽  
Angela Bruzina ◽  
Nicholas J Ollberding ◽  
Mary Ankrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Grade Levels

Body composition plays a key role in overall health and sports performance and its assessment is an important part of many athletic programs. The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in body composition for collegiate female soccer players in order to provide data to inform future training and nutrition interventions for this population. A linear mixed-model (LMM) approach was used to analyze four years of pre- and post-season body composition data, including total mass, fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, and body fat percentage (%BF) for 49 athletes. Athletes gained an average of 0.5 kg FFM during the season (p < 0.05) and increased total mass, FFM, fat mass, and %BF (2.5 kg, 1.1 kg, 1.7 kg, and 1.7%, respectively; p < 0.05) over four years. Freshmen experienced a 1.5 kg gain in total mass pre- to post-season (p < 0.05), while no changes in total mass or body composition were seen in other grade levels. Gains in %BF during the off season between Freshman and Sophomore years represented negative changes in body composition that should be addressed further. These results can help interdisciplinary athlete care teams optimize training programs in this population by understanding what changes are expected over multiple years. Normalizing these changes may also help the promotion of realistic body composition goals and the development of positive training and dietary habits.

scholarly journals Bone mineral density and body composition in adolescents with failure to thrive

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Thiago Sacchetto de Andrade ◽  
Luiz Anderson Lopes ◽  
Marcelo de Medeiros Pinheiro ◽  
Vera Lucia Szejnfeld ◽  
José Augusto de Aguiar Carrazedo Taddei
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Total Fat

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate bone mineral mass in adolescents with failure to thrive in relation to body composition. Methods A case control study involving 126 adolescents (15 to 19 years), in final puberty maturation being 76 eutrophic and 50 with failure to thrive (genetic or constitutional delay of growth), of matching ages, gender and pubertal maturation. The weight, height and calculated Z score for height/age and body mass index; bone mineral content, bone mineral density and adjusted bone mineral density were established for total body, lower back and femur; total fat-free mass and height-adjusted fat-free mass index, total fat mass and height-adjusted. The statistical analyses were performed using the Student's t-test (weight, height and body composition); Mann-Whitney test (bone mass) and multiple linear regression (bone mass determinants). Results weight, height and height/age Z-score were significantly higher among eutrophic subjects. Both groups did not show statistically significant differences for fat mass, percentage of fat mass, total fat mass height adjusted and fat-free mass index height sadjusted. However, total free fat maass was smaller for the failure to thrive group. Conclusions There was no statistically significant difference for bone mass measurements among adolescents with failure to thrive; however, the factors that determine bone mass formation should be better studied due to the positive correlation with free fat mass detected in these individuals.

scholarly journals The heritability of body composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avivit Brener ◽  
Yarden Waksman ◽  
Talya Rosenfeld ◽  
Sigal Levy ◽  
Itai Peleg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Fat Percentage

Abstract Background Physical growth during childhood and adolescence is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Heritability, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic factors, has been demonstrated for stature and weight status. The aim of this study was to explore the heritability of body composition. Methods A real-life, observational study of the children and adolescents referred to the Endocrine Unit in a tertiary medical center. In January 2018, body composition by means of bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was implemented as part of the standard intake assessment of subjects referred for endocrine consultation. The clinic BIA database was searched for subjects with the term “observation of growth” as the sole reason for referral. BIA of 114 triads of healthy subjects aged 5–18 years and their parents were analyzed. The BIA report included the following data: fat mass, fat percentage, truncal fat percentage and muscle mass. Calculated variables included: appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM = the sum of muscle mass of four limbs), muscle-to-fat ratio [MFR = ASMM (kg)/fat mass (kg)] and sarcopenic index [(SI = ASMM(kg)/height (meter)²]. Data collection from medical files included pubertal stage and home address for socioeconomic position grading. Results There were sex differences in body composition parameters in both the prepubertal and pubertal subjects. The boys among the prepubertal subjects had a lower fat percentage on average than girls (p = 0.020). Among the adolescents, boys on average had lower fat percentage (p = 0.011), higher sarcopenic index (p = 0.021), and higher muscle-to-fat ratio (p < 0.001), than adolescent girls. Correlation analyses between body composition parameters of all participants revealed significant correlations in the sarcopenic index of prepubertal children and their parents (boys-fathers: r = 0.380, p = 0.050; boys-mothers: r = 0.435, p = 0.026; girls-fathers: r = 0.462, p = 0.012; girls-mothers: r = 0.365, p = 0.050) and adiposity indices (fat percentage, truncal fat percentage and muscle-to-fat ratio) of prepubertal boys and their mothers (r = 0.438, p = 0.025; r = 0.420, p = 0.033, and r = 0.478, p = 0.014, respectively). There were no associations between body composition parameters of adolescents and their parents. Socioeconomic position adversely affected fat percentage in adolescent girls and mothers. Conclusions Heritable body composition traits were demonstrated in childhood but not in adolescence, suggesting that environmental influence has a more telling effect during teenage years.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY COMPOSITION AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS OF ADOLESCENTS

2018 ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Darko Stojanović ◽  
Nataša Branković
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Body Composition Assessment

With the aim to investigate the association between body composition of adolescents and cardiorespiratory fitness, this research was carried out on a sample of seventh grade primary school students (38 female and 44 male students). The sample of measuring instruments for body composition assessment were: body mass index, triceps, subscapularis and suprailiac subcutaneous adipose tissue, body fat percentage, muscle mass percentage and fat-free mass. The “Beep” test was used for the assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness. At the multivariate level the results have shown that body composition, as a system predictor, explained 51% (p= .000) of variance of cardiorespiratory fitness of the total sample of students, 29% (p= .021) of the girls and 51% (p= .000) of the boys. At the univariate level of the total sample it was noticed that the sum of three skinfolds (t= -4.91; p= .000) and fat-free mass (t= 4.54; p= .000) had a high influence on system prediction. The sum of three skinfolds in the total sample, sample of girls and sample of boys had a negative impact on cardiorespiratory fitness. For the girls, body fat percentage had a positive impact on cardiorespiratory fitness, while in the total sample and sample of boys, fat-free mass had a positive impact on cardiorespiratory fitness. It could be concluded that the association between body composition components and VO2max was clearly demonstrated in adolescents.

scholarly journals SUN-650 Body Composition Assessment in Clinical Practice: Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Hypogonadism

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Sousa da Silva ◽  
Joao Lindolfo Borges
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Body Composition Assessment

Abstract BACKGROUND: DXA is an accessible, non-invasive method, also used for body composition assessment, standing out for regional composition analysis. In clinical practice, the analysis of body composition is relevant by differentiating lean (fat-free) mass from fat mass. The higher the fat to lean mass ratio, the greater the obesity-related comorbidities. CLINICAL CASE: Case 1: A 22-year-old male, BMI 21kg/m2, with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and on chronic glucocorticoid (GC) performed a DXA to evaluated body composition. The first analysis, during GC use, showed 26.1% fat (14.6kg) despite the low BMI. The patient, evolved stable from RA, and was able to stay out of GC for 2 years, with no other interventions. A new DXA showed a decrease in fat percentage to 12.6% (6.2kg), a reduction in total body weight (-7kg) and an increase in lean mass (+1.2kg). Within 16 months of GC reintroduction, the fat percentage increased up to 36.8% (23.8kg), the total weight increased by 15.6kg and the lean mass decreased by 2.1kg. Case 2: A 40-year-old male with hypogonadism showed 37% fat (33.8kg) on ​​first DXA evaluation. Testosterone replacement was started, and a new DXA was performed after 10 weeks, and although the total weight increased by 3.1kg, there was a decrease in fat mass to 33.5% (31.6kg) and an increase of 5.3kg in lean mass. After 3 years, there was a reduction to 27.1% of fat (24.5kg) and, after 4 years of therapy initiation, the percentage of fat was 26.9% (24.5kg). There was no change in diet or exercise. CONCLUSION: The exposed cases highlight the importance of body composition assessment in patients with conditions that interferes with energy metabolism. The patient on chronic GC use, after medication withdrawal, presented a significant decrease in fat mass, more pronounced in the android percentage. The reintroduction of the CG showed an increase in fat percentage, with android predominance. The patient with hypogonadism, in the second evaluation performed with only 10 weeks of treatment with testosterone, evolved with a reduction in fat mass associated with an increase in lean mass, besides a reduction in the android percentage. The reported cases illustrate everyday clinical situations in which disease vs. treatment significantly changes body composition. Assessment of body composition is essential in patients exposed to conditions that interfere with energy metabolism since obesity is associated with chronic comorbidities and cardiovascular outcomes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document