Validation of the Arabic version of the Eating Attitude Test in Lebanon: a population study

Abstract Objectives: To validate an Arabic version of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) and identify factors (such as depression, stress, anxiety and body dissatisfaction) that might be associated with disordered eating among a sample of the Lebanese population. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: All Lebanese governorates. Participants: A total of 811 participants randomly selected participated in this 5-month study (January–May 2018). Results: The EAT-26 scale items converged over a solution of six factors that had an eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 60·07 % of the variance (Cronbach’s α = 0·895). The prevalence of disordered eating attitudes was 23·8 %. Higher EAT-26 scores (disordered eating attitudes) were significantly associated with higher depression (β = 0·325), higher emotional eating (β = 0·083), daily weighing (β = 3·430), higher physical activity (β = 0·05), starving to reduce weight (β = 4·94) and feeling pressure from TV/magazine to lose weight (β = 3·95). Conclusions: The Arabic version of EAT-26 can be a useful instrument for screening and assessing disordered eating attitudes in clinical practice and research. Some factors seem to be associated with more disordered eating attitudes among participants for whom psychological counseling may be needed. Yet, our findings are considered preliminary, and further studies are warranted to confirm them.

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Orthorexia nervosa and disordered eating attitudes among Lebanese adults: Assessing psychometric proprieties of the ORTO-R in a population-based sample

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0254948

Author(s):

Souheil Hallit ◽

Anna Brytek-Matera ◽

Sahar Obeid

Keyword(s):

Disordered Eating ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Population Based ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Orthorexia Nervosa ◽

Arabic Version ◽

Mean Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes

Background Previous research demonstrated a relationship between ON and disordered eating symptoms (eating concern, restraint, cognitive preoccupations about body shape and weight) and disordered eating attitudes (DEA). Since screening for orthorexia nervosa is now part of clinical practice, the measurement instruments to be used must be clinically significant, reliable, valid and sensitive to our target population. The main objective of the present study was to confirm the factor structure of the Arabic version of the ORTO-R using a first sample of Lebanese adults and confirm those results on another sample. The secondary objective was to assess sex differences in terms of ON and DEA, as well as to examine whether symptoms of ON were related to DEA in Lebanese adults. Methods A total of 783 Lebanese adults was selected to participate in this cross-sectional study (January-May 2018) using a proportionate random sample from all Lebanese governorates. Results The mean age of the total sample was 27.78 ± 11.60 years (Min. 18 –Max. 84) (33.5% females) and their mean BMI was 24.36 ± 5.31 kg/m2. All items of the ORTO-R were extracted during the factor analysis and yielded a two-factor solution with Eigenvalues > 1 (variance explained = 50.07%; KMO = 0.570; Bartlett’s sphericity test p<0.001; αCronbach = 0.755). This factor structure was confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis; the Maximum Likelihood Chi-Square = 26.894 and Degrees of Freedom = 8, which gave a χ2/df = 3.36. The Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) value was 0.914, whereas the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) value was 0.032. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value was 0.077 [95% CI 0.046–0.111] (pclose = 0.07) and comparative fit index (CFI) value was 0.967 respectively, indicating a good fit of the model. There was also no measurement invariance between genders. Female gender was significantly associated with lower ORTO-R scores (more orthorexia nervosa) compared to males (B = -0.65; p = 0.026, 95% CI -1.22- -0.08; ɳ2 = 0.006). However, no significant difference was found between genders in terms of EAT-26 scores (B = 0.23; p = 0.813, 95% CI -1.66–2.12; ɳ2 = 0.0001). Higher ORTO-R scores (lower/ less pathological ON tendencies and behaviors) were significantly related to higher EAT-26 total scores (higher levels of DEA) as well as higher dieting, bulimia and oral control scores in both females (from a weak to a moderate positive correlation) and males (a weak positive correlation). Conclusion This cross-sectional population-based study confirmed the factor structure of the Arabic version of the ORTO-R, demonstrated an association between ON and DEA and revealed more ON among females compared to males.

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The Spectrum of Disordered Eating Attitudes Among Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal ◽

10.12944/crnfsj.7.3.10 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 698-707

Author(s):

Tarfa Albrahim ◽

Anwar Abdullah Alrubaish ◽

Jewaher Turki Saleh Alfadhliah ◽

Manal Khalid Alaskar ◽

Mona Abdulla Alatawi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes

To explore the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes among the students of the Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 396 (18-24 years) undergraduate students from the PNU were requested to participate, after acquiring their verbal consent. The two-part questionnaire included the demographic and anthropometric data like age, weight and height in the first part, while the assessment of the disordered eating attitudes according to the tools listed in the Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT-26) were included in the second part. A total score of 20 or more on questions 1-26 was classified as being at risk of eating disorders. The study showed 145 students (36.8%) in all, fell under the class of high level of concern for an eating disorder, registering a score of 20 or higher on the EAT-26. With respect to the EAT score among the BMI categories marked differences were evident on the EAT items, feeling extremely guilty after eating, occupied with a desire to be thinner, burning up calories during exercise, preoccupied with the thought of having fat on my body, eating diet food, feeling uncomfortable after eating sweets and engaging in dieting behavior, having gone on eating binges where I feel I may not be able to stop and feeling that others would prefer if I ate more food and other people think I am too thin. Besides, in comparison to students with normal weight, students who were underweight, overweight, and obese exhibited considerable disparities on the total EAT score. More than one third (36.6%) of females at PNU university, Saudi Arabia had disordered eating attitudes. The present study revealed that female students require awareness regarding proper nutrition.

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Can personality traits, obesity, depression, anxiety, and quality of life explain the association between migraine and disordered eating attitudes?

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0004-282x20200046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 78 (9) ◽

pp. 541-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mehmet HAMAMCI ◽

Özgül KARASALAN ◽

Levent Ertuğrul İNAN

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Eating Attitude Test ◽

Attitude Test ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes

ABSTRACT Background: Few studies have explored the coexistence of migraine and disordered eating attitudes. Furthermore, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine and disordered eating attitude comorbidity are not clearly understood. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between migraine and disordered eating attitudes in relation to personality traits, obesity, quality of life, migraine severity, depression, and anxiety. Methods: This study included 91 patients with episodic migraine and 84 healthy control subjects. Self-report questionnaires were used to evaluate anxiety, depression, migraine-related disability, personality traits, quality of life, and eating disorders. Results: The Eating Attitude Test (EAT) showed disordered eating attitudes in 21 patients (23.1%) in the migraine group and eight patients (9.5%) in the control group. Migraine-related disability, anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and quality of life scores were significantly worse in migraine patients with disordered eating attitudes compared to migraine patients without disordered eating attitudes. In migraine patients, eating attitude test scores were positively correlated with migraine-related disability, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism scores, and negatively correlated with quality of life scores. Conclusion: The association of migraine and disordered eating attitudes was shown to be related to depression, anxiety, quality of life and personality traits and may also indicate a more clinically severe migraine. To the best of our knowledge, there is no literature study that deals with all these relevant data together. However, neuropsychiatry-based biological studies are required to better understand this multifaceted association.

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Actitudes alimentarias de estudiantes universitarias brasileñas con conductas de riesgo en desorden alimentario

Journal of Behavior Health & Social Issues ◽

10.22201/fesi.20070780.2010.2.1.20411 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Marle Dos Santos Alvarenga ◽

Fernanda Baeza Scagliusi ◽

Sonia Tucunduva Philippi

Keyword(s):

Disordered Eating ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Font Size ◽

Calidad De Vida ◽

Eating Attitude Test ◽

Attitude Test ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Estudiantes Universitarios

Las actitudes alimentarias pueden ser definidas como creencias, pensamientos, sentimientos, comportamientos y relación con la comida. Conductas alimentarias disfuncionales y comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos de la alimentación pueden presentarse en la población joven femenina – como en estudiantes universitarios - y ambos pueden impactar su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó las actitudes alimentarias en una muestra de estudiantes universitarias en Brasil con comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos alimentarios y examino la correlación entre actitudes alimentarias y comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Método: Estudiantes en Brasil del sexo femenino, 2489, respondieron al “Disordered Eating Attitude Scale (DEAS) - para evaluar actitudes alimentarías - y al “Eating Attitude Test” (EAT-26). Aquellas que tuvieron puntuación ≥ 21 en el EAT-26 fueron definidas como EAT+ (con comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos alimentarios). Las puntuaciones de DEAS (totales y sus cinco sub-escalas) de estudiantes EAT+ fueron comparados con las puntuaciones de DEAS con estudiantes con EAT- (sin comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos alimentarios) utilizando la prueba “t Student”. La correlación de los DEAS (total y sus cinco sub-escalas) y las puntuaciones EAT-26 fueron evaluadas utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: De la muestra total 26.1% presentó comportamiento de riesgo para trastornos de alimentación y los estudiantes EAT+ presentaron peores actitudes alimentarías (puntuación DEAS 80.2 + 18.4) que los estudiantes EAT- (puntuación DEAS 59.0 + 11.8). Puntuaciones EAT-26 estuvieron correlacionadas positivamente con las puntuaciones DEAS. Conclusión: La población de estudiantes femeninas Brasileñas con riesgo de desarrollo de un trastorno de la alimentación presentó peores creencias, sentimientos, comportamientos y relación con la comida. Se puede decir que evaluar actitudes alimentarías e intervenir apropiadamente en intervenciones nutricionales y de salud pueden ayudar a prevenir comportamientos de trastornos alimentarios.

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Actitudes alimentarias de estudiantes universitarias brasileñas con conductas de riesgo en desorden alimentario

Journal of Behavior Health & Social Issues ◽

10.5460/jbhsi.v2.1.20411 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marle Dos Santos Alvarenga ◽

Fernanda Baeza Scagliusi ◽

Sonia Tucunduva Philippi

Keyword(s):

Disordered Eating ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Calidad De Vida ◽

Eating Attitude Test ◽

Attitude Test ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Estudiantes Universitarios

Las actitudes alimentarias pueden ser definidas como creencias, pensamientos, sentimientos, comportamientos y relación con la comida. Conductas alimentarias disfuncionales y comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos de la alimentación pueden presentarse en la población joven femenina – como en estudiantes universitarios - y ambos pueden impactar su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó las actitudes alimentarias en una muestra de estudiantes universitarias en Brasil con comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos alimentarios y examino la correlación entre actitudes alimentarias y comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Método: Estudiantes en Brasil del sexo femenino, 2489, respondieron al “Disordered Eating Attitude Scale (DEAS) - para evaluar actitudes alimentarías - y al “Eating Attitude Test” (EAT-26). Aquellas que tuvieron puntuación ≥ 21 en el EAT-26 fueron definidas como EAT+ (con comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos alimentarios). Las puntuaciones de DEAS (totales y sus cinco sub-escalas) de estudiantes EAT+ fueron comparados con las puntuaciones de DEAS con estudiantes con EAT- (sin comportamientos de riesgo para trastornos alimentarios) utilizando la prueba “t Student”. La correlación de los DEAS (total y sus cinco sub-escalas) y las puntuaciones EAT-26 fueron evaluadas utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: De la muestra total 26.1% presentó comportamiento de riesgo para trastornos de alimentación y los estudiantes EAT+ presentaron peores actitudes alimentarías (puntuación DEAS 80.2 + 18.4) que los estudiantes EAT- (puntuación DEAS 59.0 + 11.8). Puntuaciones EAT-26 estuvieron correlacionadas positivamente con las puntuaciones DEAS. Conclusión: La población de estudiantes femeninas Brasileñas con riesgo de desarrollo de un trastorno de la alimentación presentó peores creencias, sentimientos, comportamientos y relación con la comida. Se puede decir que evaluar actitudes alimentarías e intervenir apropiadamente en intervenciones nutricionales y de salud pueden ayudar a prevenir comportamientos de trastornos alimentarios.

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Nutritional status, Healthy Eating Index and eating attitudes of the adolescents in Istanbul: a cross-sectional study

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2015-0082 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Binnur Okan Bakir ◽

Hulya Akan ◽

Mehmet Akman ◽

Oguzhan Zahmacioglu ◽

Osman Hayran

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

High Quality ◽

Eating Attitude Test ◽

Attitude Test ◽

Quality Diet ◽

Eat 26

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary quality of adolescents by using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and to assess their eating attitudes by the EAT-26 Eating Attitude Test. Methods: Eight schools; four primary schools and four secondary schools were randomly selected from the school list of official website of Istanbul Education National Directorate. Five hundred and ninety-eight students who met the inclusion criteria included in the study, 24 h dietary recalls were collected to calculate their HEI scores and eating attitudes were evaluated by EAT-26 Eating Attitude Test. Their weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Results: According to HEI scores, only two (0.3%) of adolescents had high quality diet, 379 (63.4%) had diet quality that needed improvement and 217 (36.3%) had poor diet. Regarding Eating Attitude Test scores, 513 (85.8%) had normal attitudes regarding eating behaviors. Conclusion: Almost all of the participants need either development or major changes in their eating behaviors. Interventions aiming high quality diet among adolescents are strongly recommended.

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GENDER WISE COMPARISON OF DISORDERED EATING ATTITUDES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROFESSIONALS OF INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i6.2021.4003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 91-97

Author(s):

Jupender Singh Bhagi ◽

Kuljeet Kaur ◽

Dr. Sarita Tyagi

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Physical Education ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Survey Study ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Education Professionals ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes

Motivation/Background: Eating disorders (ED) are serious psychological disorders characterized by unhealthy eating habits. There are a limited number of studies on eating disorders among male and female physical education professionals like teachers, coaches, and trainers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes (EA) among the ones that are more or less associated with fitness, training and counseling the students and public in general. Method: A survey study on 83 such professionals with at least 5 years of experience was being conducted through online questionnaire. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used. Results: Of the 83 participants, 20% scored ≥ 20 on the EAT-26. A significant positive correlation (p<.01) was found between age and body mass index (BMI) on EAT-26 scores. Conclusions: Awareness regarding appropriate nutrition in relation to body weight is needed among professionals themselves before they counsel others to begin with and must therefore be cautious about their own eating patterns in the first place.

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Differences in attitudes, behaviours and beliefs towards eating between female bodybuilding athletes and non-athletes, and the implications for eating disorders and disordered eating

Sport Sciences for Health ◽

10.1007/s11332-021-00775-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Eleanor Money-Taylor ◽

Nick Dobbin ◽

Rebecca Gregg ◽

Joseph J. Matthews ◽

Ozcan Esen

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Body Mass ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Eat 26

Abstract Background Female athletes participating in sports emphasising aesthetics are potentially more prone to developing disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (EDs) than non-athletes, males, and those participating in sports with less emphasis on leanness. Despite this, female bodybuilding athletes have received little attention. Aim To investigate differences in eating attitudes, behaviours and beliefs in female bodybuilding athletes and a non-athlete group. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used with the eating attitude test-26 (EAT-26) distributed to 75 women (49.3% bodybuilding athletes; 50.7% non-athletes) and the female athlete screening tool (FAST) distributed to the female bodybuilding group only. Results Demographic characteristics revealed no significant difference in age, stature or body mass index (P = 0.106 to 0.173), though differences in body mass were evident (P = 0.0001 to 0.042). Bodybuilding athletes scored significantly higher (P = 0.001) than non-athletes on the EAT-26 questionnaire, with significantly more athletes (56.8%) being labelled as ‘at risk’ of an ED than non-athletes (23.7%, P = 0.001). Responses to the FAST questionnaire indicated female bodybuilding athletes have high preoccupation with their body mass; engage in exercise to alter their body mass; and disclosed negative perceptions of themselves. Conclusion In all, female bodybuilding athletes demonstrate behaviours associated with DE and EDs as well as a preoccupation with nutrition intake, exercise, and strategies to alter their appearance. These findings have important implications for those managing female bodybuilding athletes such as strength and conditioning coaches, athletic trainers, nutritionist and dietitians with respect to detecting DE and EDs as well as minimising the risk factors.

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Application of the SCOFF, Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT 26) and Eating Inventory (TFEQ) questionnaires in young women seeking diet-therapy

Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity ◽

10.1007/bf03327528 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 76-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

M. Siervo ◽

V. Boschi ◽

A. Papa ◽

O. Bellini ◽

C. Falconi

Keyword(s):

Young Women ◽

Diet Therapy ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Eating Attitude Test ◽

Attitude Test ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Eating Inventory

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Disordered Eating Attitudes and Exercise Behavior among Female Emirati College Students in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross- Sectional Study

Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise (AJNE) ◽

10.18502/ajne.v1i2.1224 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haleama Al Sabbah ◽

Shatha Muhsineh

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

College Students ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

United Arab Emirates ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Activity Level ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes

Background: Growing evidence is showing high levels of physical inactivity and disordered eating attitudes among young females in the United Arab Emirates. This is clearly concerning, but little is known about the activity level of those with disordered eating attitudes and their dieting behavior. This study examines the female Emirati college students’ disordered eating attitudes and its relation to exercise behavior.Method: A cross- sectional study using a validated and reliable questionnaire was conducted on 242 Emirati female students attending a public university in Dubai. Eating Attitudes Test- 26 (EAT26) was used to measure eating attitudes and the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was included to measure physical activity level. A systematic random sampling from a list of classes in the fall 2014 semester was used for recruitment. The university’s Research Ethics Committee approved the study and consents were obtained from participants. SPSS v.21 was used for data analysis. Chi-square test was used to compare frequencies. Significance level was set at 0.05.Results: The participants’ mean age and standard deviation (Mean± SD) was 19 ±1.3 years. 31.4% of the participants showed disordered eating attitudes. The percentage of participants engaged in at least one concerning behavior in the past six months was 43.8%. A membership in a health club was significantly related to disordered eating attitudes (p <0.01). A high level of physical activity was correlated with laxative use, over the counter supplements, and exercising for more than 60 minutes to control weight (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is a great need for intervention programs and policies to contain the level of abnormal eating attitudes and promote healthy level of physical activity among college students.

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