scholarly journals Potential impacts of policies to reduce purchasing of ultra-processed foods in Mexico at different stages of the social transition: an agent-based modeling approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Brent A. Langellier ◽  
Ivana Stankov ◽  
Ross A. Hammond ◽  
Usama Bilal ◽  
Amy H. Auchincloss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Social Transition ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transition Scenario

Abstract Objectives: To develop a simulation framework for assessing how combinations of taxes, nutrition warning labels, and advertising levels could affect purchasing of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in Latin American countries, and to understand whether policies reinforce or reduce pre-existing social disparities in UPF consumption. Design: We developed an agent-based simulation model using international evidence regarding the effect of price, nutrition warning labels, and advertising on UPF purchasing. Setting: We estimated policy effects in scenarios representing two stages of the “social transition” in UPF purchasing: 1) a pre-transition scenario, where UPF purchasing is higher among high-income households, similar to patterns in Mexico, 2) a post-transition scenario where UPF purchasing is highest among low-income households, similar to patterns in Chile. Participants: A population of 1,000 individual-agents with levels of age, income, educational attainment, and UPF purchasing similar to adult women in Mexico. Results: A 20% tax would decrease purchasing by 24% relative to baseline in both the pre- and post-transition scenarios, an effect that is similar in magnitude to that of a nutrition warning label policy. A 50% advertising increase or decrease had a comparatively small effect. Nutrition warning labels were most effective among those with higher levels of educational attainment. Labeling reduced inequities in the pre-transition scenario (i.e., highest UPF purchasing among the highest socioeconomic group), but widened inequities in the post-transition scenario. Conclusions: Effective policy levers are available to reduce UPF purchasing, but policymakers should anticipate that equity impacts will differ depending on existing social patterns in UPF purchasing.

scholarly journals Lactation Counseling for Maintaining Exclusive Breastfeeding in Adolescent Mothers: A Trial Protocol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliana Milena Ulloa Sabogal ◽  
Claudia Consuelo Domínguez-Nariño ◽  
Mary Alejandra Mendoza-Monsalve
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Breastfeeding Knowledge ◽  
Breastfeeding Rate

Abstract Adolescent mothers have lower rates of initiation, continuation, and exclusivity of breastfeeding, and even more so in the first pregnancy. Current interventions target adult women, and little evidence is available for breastfeeding promotion among adolescents. This is a pilot study protocol with a parallel, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial design, to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention “Lactation Counseling” in first-time adolescent mothers to maintain exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life. The control group will receive routine education in prenatal care and prenatal and childbirth classes and, the experimental group will receive additionally the intervention “Lactation Counseling”, for four weeks, both conducted by trained nurses. The primary outcome will be the exclusive breastfeeding rate; and the secondary, the breastfeeding knowledge. Measurements will be taken at baseline, post-intervention, and two, four and six months after childbirth. This study will allow the evaluation of the feasibility of an intervention in low-income, Latin American population adolescents.

scholarly journals Las empresas latinoamericanas del sector del petróleo y gas ante la información sobre sostenibilidad. Latin American oil and gas corporations and the sustainability information.

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Arturo Haro de Rosario ◽  
Laura Saraite ◽  
Carmen Caba Pérez ◽  
María del Mar Gálvez Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
The Social ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector ◽  
Latin American Countries

<p><strong>Resumen:</strong></p><p>El sector del petróleo y gas es un sector económico estratégico con repercusiones a escala global. Sin embargo, una de las principales limitaciones de esta industria radica en las características de las regiones en las que opera, ya que a menudo se trata de zonas geográficas de elevada importancia bioclimática, zonas con poblaciones indígenas o sectores rurales sumidos en la pobreza. Esto ha generado que los stakeholders presten cada vez más atención a las implicaciones sociales, naturales y económicas de las actividades del sector del petróleo y gas.</p><p>Así las cosas, teniendo en cuenta que los países latinoamericanos cuentan con las mayores reservas convencionales mundiales de petróleo, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo cuantificar la información voluntaria sobre sostenibilidad que divulgan las empresas petroleras y gasíferas que operan en Latinoamérica.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p><p> The oil and gas sector is a strategic area of the economy with global repercussions.</p><p>This industry faces a major handicap, namely the characteristics of the regions in which it operates, which are often geographic areas of great bioclimatic importance, or inhabited by indigenous populations, or comprised of very low income rural sectors.</p><p>In response, stakeholders are paying ever greater attention to the social, natural and economic consequences of oil and gas sector activities.</p><p>Taking into consideration that Latin American countries possess the largest conventional oil reserves in the world, this paper aims to quantify the sustainability information disclosed voluntarily by oil and gas companies operating in Latin America.</p>

Cash transfers for families and children in Argentina, Brazil and Chile: segmented expansion or universal benefits?

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Arza
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Family Allowances

AbstractOver the past two decades, most Latin American countries have developed cash transfer programmes for poor and low income families not covered by the social security system. These programmes now benefit about 127 million people throughout Latin America and in some countries they include more children than the family allowances of the social insurance system. How have these innovations changed the structure of child benefits in Latin America? This article discusses this issue by looking at the experiences of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. In these three countries, a wide-ranging programme of non-contributory cash transfers for low income families now operates alongside a pre-existing scheme of family allowances for formal sector workers. This has contributed to expand coverage of cash benefits for families and children, while at the same time keeping a segmented benefit structure. In contrast, a universal child benefit could overcome this segmentation and guarantee equal rights to all children.

scholarly journals What Dimensions of Risk Perception are Associated with Avoidance of Buying Processed Foods with Warning Labels?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2987
Author(s):  
Cristian Adasme-Berríos ◽  
Luis Aliaga-Ortega ◽  
Berta Schnettler ◽  
Mercedes Sánchez ◽  
Consuelo Pinochet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Health Authorities

Nutritional Warning Labels (NWLs) inform consumers about processed foods that exceed critical nutrient levels activating the risk perception in consumers. However, this information is limited. The objective was to identify the dimensions of risk perception and to study their associations with avoidance of buying processed foods with warning labels. A survey was applied to 807 decision-makers who choose what to eat at home. The four dimensions of risk perception (performance, financial, physical, and psychological) were identified through exploratory factor analysis. Through a multiple regression model, we determined the dimensions of risk perception and sociodemographic variables that affect the intention to avoid buying processed foods with NWLs. The results show that the performance risk, physical risk, and psychological risk positively affect the intention of avoiding processed foods with NWLs. In addition, the female gender considers NWLs to purchase foods. Nevertheless, the high frequency of consumption and belonging to a lower-income socioeconomic group are barriers to the use of NWLs. In conclusion, NWLs help people to choose processed food that does not impact negatively their food expectations, as well as their mental and physical health. However, health authorities must invest in nutrition education. Specifically, in groups who pay less attention to NWLs. Such groups include people with high daily consumption of processed foods, males, and low-income socioeconomic groups.

scholarly journals Lactation counseling for maintaining exclusive breastfeeding in adolescent mothers: a trial protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliana Milena Ulloa Sabogal ◽  
Claudia Consuelo Domínguez Nariño ◽  
Mary Alejandra Mendoza Monsalve
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Breastfeeding Rate ◽  
Counseling Interventions

Abstract Background Adolescent mothers have lower rates of initiation, continuation, and exclusivity of breastfeeding, and even more so in the first pregnancy. Current interventions target adult women, and little evidence is available for breastfeeding promotion among adolescents. Methods This is a pilot study protocol with a parallel, single-blind, randomized, and controlled trial design, to evaluate the feasibility of the intervention “Lactation Counseling” in first-time adolescent mothers to maintain exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life. The control group will receive routine education in prenatal care and prenatal and childbirth classes, the experimental group will receive additionally the intervention “Lactation Counseling”, for 4 weeks, both conducted by trained nurses. Feasibility outcome includes recruitment and dropout rates, and, pilot outcomes will be the exclusive breastfeeding rate and the breastfeeding knowledge. Measurements will be taken at baseline, post-intervention, and 2, 4, and 6 months after childbirth. Discussion Exclusive breastfeeding rates could be increased in adolescent mothers through nursing counseling interventions that are previously structured and evaluated from their feasibility. This study will allow the evaluation of the feasibility of an intervention in low-income, Latin American population adolescents. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04655846, Registered 7 December 2020.

PAR Method

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Billies
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Critical Consciousness ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Participatory Action ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

The work of the Welfare Warriors Research Collaborative (WWRC), a participatory action research (PAR) project that looks at how low income lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming (LG-BTGNC) people survive and resist violence and discrimination in New York City, raises the question of what it means to make conscientization, or critical consciousness, a core feature of PAR. Guishard's (2009) reconceptualization of conscientization as “moments of consciousness” provides a new way of looking at what seemed to be missing from WWRC's process and analysis. According to Guishard, rather than a singular awakening, critical consciousness emerges continually through interactions with others and the social context. Analysis of the WWRC's process demonstrates that PAR researchers doing “PAR deep” (Fine, 2008)—research in which community members share in all aspects of design, method, analysis and product development—should have an agenda for developing critical consciousness, just as they would have agendas for participation, for action, and for research.

Empathy not quarantined: Association between people’s empathy to others and the COVID-19 pandemic situations based on a national survey study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhibin Jiang ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Bu Zhong ◽  
Xuebing Qin
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Media ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
The Social

BACKGROUND The Covid-19 pandemic had turned the world upside down, but not much is known about how people’s empathy might be affected by the pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study examined 1) how empathy towards others might be influenced by the social support people obtained by using social media; and 2) how the individual demographics (e.g., age, income) may affect empathy. METHODS A national survey (N = 943) was conducted in China in February 2020, in which the participants read three real scenarios about low-income urban workers (Scenario I), small business owners in cities (Scenario II), and farmers in rural areas (Scenario III) who underwent hardship due to COVID-19. After exposure to others’ difficulties in the scenarios, the participants’ empathy and anxiety levels were measured. We also measured the social support they had by using social media. RESULTS Results show that social support not only positively impacted empathy, β = .30, P < .001 for Scenario I, β = .30, P < .001 for Scenario II, and β = .29, P < .001 for Scenario III, but also interacted with anxiety in influencing the degree to which participants could maintain empathy towards others, β = .08, P = .010 for Scenario I, and β = .07, P = .033 for scenario II. Age negatively predicted empathy for Scenario I, β = -.08, P = .018 and Scenario III, β = -.08, P = .009, but not for Scenario II, β = -.03, P = .40. Income levels – low, medium, high – positively predicted empathy for Scenario III, F (2, 940) = 8.10, P < .001, but not for Scenario I, F (2, 940) = 2.14, P = .12, or Scenario II, F (2, 940) = 2.93, P = .06. Participants living in big cities expressed greater empathy towards others for Scenario III, F (2, 940) = 4.03, P =.018, but not for Scenario I, F (2, 940) = .81, P = .45, or Scenario II, F (2, 940) = 1.46, P =.23. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the literature by discovering the critical role empathy plays in people’s affective response to others during the pandemic. Anxiety did not decrease empathy. However, those gaining more social support on social media showed more empathy for others. Those who resided in cities with higher income levels were more empathetic during the COVID-19 outbreak. This study reveals that the social support people obtained helped maintain empathy to others, making them resilient in challenging times.

scholarly journals Trends in social inequalities in breastfeeding and infant formulas in Latin American countries between the 1990 and 2010 decades

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Camila S Ferreira ◽  
Catarina M Azeredo ◽  
Ana Elisa M Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease

Abstract Objective: To analyse trends of social inequality in breastfeeding and infant formula (IF) use in Latin America between 1990 and 2010 decades. Design: Time-series cross-sectional study with data from Demographic and Health Surveys. We described the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding between 6 and 12 months (BF6-12) and IF for infants under 6 months (IF < 6) and between 6 and 12 months (IF6-12). Social inequalities were assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX). Trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding, IF and index of social inequality were analysed by a linear regression model with weighted least squares variance. Setting: Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti and Peru. Participants: 51·358 alive infants younger than 12 months. Results: Five countries showed an increasing trend for EBF and BF6-12, four increased for IF < 6 and six for IF6-12. Simultaneous decrease in IF < 6 (Colombia: −0·3/year; Haiti: −0·02/year) and increase in EBF (Colombia: +2·0/year; Haiti: +1·9/year) were observed only in two countries. EBF prevalence was high in the lowest income quintiles in five countries, and IF prevalence was high in the highest income quintiles in all countries and over the decades. For BF6-12, a decrease in inequality (prevalence increased in the highest quintile) was observed in Guatemala (SII1995 = −0·42; SII2015 = −0·28) and the Dominican Republic (SII1996 = −0·54; SII2013 = −0·26). Guatemala was the only country showing a decrease in inequality for BF (SII = −0·005; CIX = −0·0035) and an increase for IF (SII = 0·022; CIX = 0·01). Conclusions: The inequality in BF and IF remained over time. However, inequality in IF < 6 has decreased because low-income infants have increased use and high-income infants have decreased.

scholarly journals Vertical position can affect categorization of the rich and the poor in Chinese culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110257
Author(s):  
Qiong Li ◽  
Chen Deng ◽  
Bin Zuo ◽  
Xiaobin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

This study explored whether vertical position affects social categorization of the rich and the poor. Experiment 1 used high- and low-income occupations as stimuli, and found participants categorized high-income occupations faster when they were presented in the top vertical position compared to the bottom vertical position. In Experiment 2, participants responded using either the “up” or “down” key to categorize high- and low-income occupations, and responded faster to high-income occupations with the “up” key and low-income occupations with the “down” key. In Experiment 3, names identified as belonging to either rich or poor individuals were presented at the top or bottom of a screen, and the results were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. These findings suggest that social categorization based on wealth involved perceptual simulations of vertical position, and that vertical position affects the social categorization of the rich and the poor.

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