Post-partum blood leptin concentrations and energy balance in first calving dairy heifers

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 91-91
Author(s):  
A.R.G. Wylie ◽  
D.J. Devlin ◽  
T.W.J. Keady ◽  
C.S. Mayne ◽  
R.E. Agnew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Gnrh Release ◽  
Fat Stores

Blood concentrations of leptin, the first of several recently-discovered adipocyte proteins, putatively signal the extent of fat energy reserves to the hypothalamus in mammals and help regulate food intake and reproductive activity (through control of GnRH release). In early post-partum dairy cows, the rapidly increasing milk energy output and slowly increasing feed energy intake produce a negative energy balance (-ve EB) that is met by mobilisation of adipose fat stores and the severity and/or duration of the –ve EB may delay resumption of normal ovarian activity. The objective of the current study was to compare post-partum EB and serum leptin concentration profiles in Holstein-Friesian and Norwegian Red heifers, both of high genetic merit within their breed.

Effect of season and photoperiod on the time of first postpartum ovulation in Awassi ewes

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Faigl ◽  
Mónika Keresztes ◽  
Alíz Márton ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
Margit Kulcsár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Igf I

Seasonal differences in the resumption of postpartum ovarian activity, milk production and periparturient metabolic status were investigated in lactating non-suckling dairy Awassi sheep in two consecutive experiments. In Experiment 1, autumn-lambing (AL, n = 27) and spring-lambing (SL, n = 37) ewes were investigated. Ovarian activity was monitored by means of individual progesterone (P4) profiles from day 5 to day 100 post partum. Most of the AL dams (89%) ovulated till day 35 after parturition and became cyclic thereafter. Incidence of persistent corpus luteum (CLP) and short luteal phases (sCL) was frequent (18% and 29%, respectively) among non-conceiving dams. In contrast, only 24% of the SL ewes ovulated before day 35. P4 levels during the luteal phase were lower in cyclic animals, and the cycle was longer in SL than in AL animals. No CLP or sCL was detected in the spring-lambing group, and 61% of SL ewes remained acyclic till the end of the trial. Lactation length was significantly longer in SL dams than in AL ewes (P = 0.008). According to the plasma metabolites (BHB, NEFA) and metabolic hormones (insulin, IGF-I, thyroxine) examined, negative energy balance did not appear in any of the animals. However, seasonal differences were seen in IGF-I and thyroxine levels, which were higher in the SL dams. In Experiment 2, influence of additional lighting was studied in autumn-lambing ewes. The long-day photoperiod (LD, n = 23) group was exposed to artificial light from sunset till midnight (approx. 16 h light/8 h dark) from some weeks before the expected date of delivery in mid-September until the end of December. The control group (n = 25) experienced only natural daylength. The first postpartum ovulation tended to occur later in the LD animals than in the controls (P = 0.047). The lactation of the LD group tended to be longer (P = 0.061). NEFA, BHB, insulin, IGF-I and thyroxine levels did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: (i) The ovarian function of the Awassi population is seasonal under temperate continental climate conditions. (ii) The first postpartum ovulation of non-suckling, autumn-lambing dams may occur very early, even before the completion of uterine involution. (iii) Additional artificial lighting may delay the time of first postpartum ovulation in AL ewes. (iv) Postpartum negative energy balance is unlikely to occur in dairy Awassi ewes even in high-producing intensive systems.

Relationships between energy balance and post-partum ovarian activity and fertility in first lactation dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Senatore ◽  
W. R. Butler ◽  
P. A. Oltenacu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Subsequent Fertility

AbstractForty primiparous Holstein dairy cows were monitored from calving through 100 days in milk to evaluate the effect of energy balance in the early post-partum period on subsequent fertility. The post-partum interval to first ovulation (R2 = 0·41; P < 0·005) was lengthened by greater negative energy balance, and reduced by greater body weight at parturition or decreased body-weight loss during the experimental period. Luteal activity (R2 = 0·58; P < 0·0001), measured by plasma progesterone area under curve, was increased in the first cycle post partum by a shorter interval to first ovulation, improved energy balance during the 1st week of lactation and by decreased body-weight loss. Pregnancy status following first artificial insemination was related positively to the number of ovulations before insemination, improved energy balance during the 1st month post partum, fewer days to first ovulation and greater body weight at calving. These data suggest that energy balance and body weight are important in determining the post-partum interval to first ovulation and the subsequent fertility of first lactation dairy cotes.

scholarly journals Reproductive performance in high producing dairy cows: practical implications

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S29-S33
Author(s):  
J. Leroy ◽  
G. Opsomer ◽  
A. de Kruif
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
General Health ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
General Health Status

SummarySeveral studies have clearly demonstrated that the fertility of high yielding dairy cows has declined over the past 25 years. The resumption of ovarian activity post partum has been retarded and conception rates have dropped significantly from 55 to 40%. Accordingly, the calving interval has increased from about 385 days to 417 days. The percentage of cows culled because of infertility has risen from 5 to 8% per year. The “subfertility syndrome” is a multifactorial problem. As the negative energy balance and general health status after calving are known to be paramount factors hampering fertility, it is apparent that avoiding both is among the most important preventive measures to be taken. Improvement of the energy status by achieving a high dry matter intake and the provision of optimal and well balanced nutrition during the transition period as well as during early lactation are key goals in this effort. To achieve these goals, we should not only calculate the rations on paper, but should also check in the stable to determine whether the calculated amount is really being consumed by the cows. Furthermore, veterinarians should use their “clinical eyes” as well as other diagnostic tools to assess the general health status of the cows and to assess at which aspect of the process things are going wrong and need to be adjusted. Besides the control of the negative energy balance and health status, other management factors that need to be maximized include heat detection, cow comfort, insemination technique, time of insemination during estrus and sperm quality. Only if management is on a very high level high milk production and good fertility can be a feasible combination.

The effects of two contrasting grassland-based milk production systems, on the performance and fertility of high genetic merit, autumn calving, dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Ferris ◽  
M.A. McCoy ◽  
S.D. Lennox ◽  
D.C. Catney ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Feed Value

AbstractThe development of production systems, which allow increased nutrient intakes to be achieved, is a key issue in the management of high genetic merit dairy cows. Consequently, forty high genetic merit autumn calving dairy cows (PTA95fat + protein = 38.2 kg) were managed on either a ‘high forage (HF)’ or ‘high concentrate (HC)’ based system of milk production for the first 305 days of lactation, with the study encompassing both the indoor winter and outdoor summer grazing periods. System HF involved a high feed value silage, a lax grazing regime, and a low concentrate input (842 kg DM), while system HC involved a medium feed value silage, a tighter grazing regime and a higher concentrate input (2456 kg DM). Total milk outputs with each of systems HF and HC were 7854 and 8640 kg respectively (P<0.01), illustrating that high genetic merit cows can perform satisfactorily on very different inputs over a single lactation. However animals on system HF experienced a more extreme and prolonged period of negative energy balance post partum than those on system HC, and completed the winter with a significantly lower condition score. Detailed fertility records were maintained for all animals on the study. Days to first observed heat were 51.2 and 59.3 with systems HF and HC respectively, while the respective conception rates to first service were 26 and 21%. The number of services/conception were 2.22 and 2.50, while the calving interval was 390 and 404 days for systems HF and HC respectively. Despite the greater degree of negative energy balance associated with system HF, none of the fertility measures was significantly affected by system of milk production (P>0.05), although fertility with both systems was poor. There were no obvious reasons for the poor fertility noted in this trial.

scholarly journals Milk fatty acid profile related to energy balance in dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Gross ◽  
Hendrika A van Dorland ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier ◽  
Frieder J Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Status

Milk fatty acid (FA) profile is a dynamic pattern influenced by lactational stage, energy balance and dietary composition. In the first part of this study, effects of the energy balance during the proceeding lactation [weeks 1–21 post partum (pp)] on milk FA profile of 30 dairy cows were evaluated under a constant feeding regimen. In the second part, effects of a negative energy balance (NEB) induced by feed restriction on milk FA profile were studied in 40 multiparous dairy cows (20 feed-restricted and 20 control). Feed restriction (energy balance of −63 MJ NEL/d, restriction of 49 % of energy requirements) lasted 3 weeks starting at around 100 days in milk. Milk FA profile changed markedly from week 1 pp up to week 12 pp and remained unchanged thereafter. The proportion of saturated FA (predominantly 10:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0) increased from week 1 pp up to week 12 pp, whereas monounsaturated FA, predominantly the proportion of 18:1,9c decreased as NEB in early lactation became less severe. During the induced NEB, milk FA profile showed a similarly directed pattern as during the NEB in early lactation, although changes were less marked for most FA. Milk FA composition changed rapidly within one week after initiation of feed restriction and tended to adjust to the initial composition despite maintenance of a high NEB. C18:1,9c was increased significantly during the induced NEB indicating mobilization of a considerable amount of adipose tissue. Besides 18:1,9c, changes in saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, de-novo synthesized and preformed FA (sum of FA >C16) reflected energy status in dairy cows and indicated the NEB in early lactation as well as the induced NEB by feed restriction.

scholarly journals Effect of negative energy balance on the insulin-like growth factor system in pre-recruitment ovarian follicles of post partum dairy cows

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Llewellyn ◽  
R Fitzpatrick ◽  
D A Kenny ◽  
J J Murphy ◽  
R J Scaramuzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Igf Binding Proteins ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Ovarian Cyclicity

Post partumnegative energy balance (NEB) in dairy cattle is associated with a delayed return to ovarian cyclicity and reduced fertility. This study compared the IGF system of pre-recruitment ovarian follicles between cows in mild (n= 6) or severe (n= 6) NEB during early lactation. Ovaries were collected in the second weekpost partum, when circulating concentrations of IGF-I and glucose were lower (P< 0.01) in severe NEB cows. mRNA expression for IGF-II, type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)-1 to IGFBP-6 was determined byin situhybridisation in individual follicles using radiolabelled oligonucleotide probes. Follicles were classified as very small (1–2.5 mm) or small (2.5–5 mm) and healthy or atretic. Relative mRNA concentrations were measured as optical density (OD) units using image analysis. Thecal IGF-II mRNA expression was highest in very small, healthy follicles (P< 0.05). Granulosa cell IGFBP-2 was the only component to change with EB status, with higher mRNA expression in mild compared with severe NEB cows (P< 0.05). IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression were undetectable. IGF-1R, IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5 mRNA expression were not significantly altered by follicle size or health, but IGFBP-5 tended to increase in atretic follicles. The pattern of IGFBP-6 mRNA expression in theca paralleled that of IGF-II mRNA, with higher (P< 0.05) levels in healthy, very small follicles. In conclusion, the reduced expression of IGFBP-2 mRNA in severe NEB cows may alter the bioavailability of circulating IGF-I and locally produced IGF-II to modulate the pre-recruitment stages of follicles required to maintain normalpost partumovarian cyclicity.

Effect of prepartum somatotropin injection in late pregnant Holstein heifers with high body condition score on metabolic parameters, resumption of ovulation and milk production

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Andres Velasco Acosta ◽  
Luiz Francisco Machado Pfeifer ◽  
Eduardo Schmitt ◽  
Augusto Schneider ◽  
Pedro Augusto Silva Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
High Body ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Post Partum Period

Acosta, D. A. V., Pfeifer, L. F. M., Schmitt, E., Schneider, A., Silveira, P. A. S., Jacometo, C. B., Brauner, C. C., Rabassa, V. R., Corrêa, M. N. and Del Pino, F. A. B. 2013. Effect of prepartum somatotropin injection in late pregnant Holstein heifers with high body condition score on metabolic parameters, resumption of ovulation and milk production. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 287–292. In the early post-partum period of dairy cows the duration and intensity of negative energy balance, the level of body condition score (BCS) loss and the milk yield are strongly associated with the timing of the first ovulation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pre-partum injections of somatotropin in dairy heifers with high BCS on the metabolism, resumption of ovarian activity and milk production. Holstein heifers (n=20) with high BCS, were divided randomly into two groups: somatotropin (n=10), which received two doses of somatotropin (500 mg) at −28 and −14 d from calving and Control (n=10), which received placebo. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations. Follicular development was also monitored via ultrasound. Somatotropin had no effect on plasma NEFA (P=0.35 and P=0.46) or BHBA (P=0.20 and P=0.44,) concentrations in the pre-partum and post-partum period, respectively. Milk production was not different between control (17.53±0.66 kg cow−1 d−1) and somatotropin groups (16.13±0.67 kg cow−1 d−1) (P=0.14). Pre-partum somatotropin administration did not affect (P=0.28) the time of the first post-partum ovulation. The proportion of cows ovulating the first post-partum follicular wave was not different between groups (P=0.49). In conclusion, pre-partum somatotropin treatment in dairy heifers with high body condition score seems not to have any effect on markers of energy balance, milk production or development of the first follicular wave in the early post-partum period.

scholarly journals Factors affecting postpartum ovarian activity of goats in tropical semi-arid region

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-345
Author(s):  
Thiago Nascimento ◽  
Edilson Soares Lopes Junior ◽  
Mayara De Souza Miranda ◽  
Thais Thatiane dos Santos Souza ◽  
Ana Arlete de Amorim Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Semi Arid

There have been few studies on the use of diets and strategies to reduce the length of postpartum anoestrus in dairy goats, especially in tropical semi-arid regions. This review discusses the factors influencing the return of postpartum ovarian activity in goats. During the postpartum period, goats are in puerperal anoestrus and their reproductive tract is being prepared for a new conception. Anoestrus is necessary for tissue renewal in the uterus (uterine involution) associated with the return of cyclic ovarian activity, and is influenced by factors such as suckling of the offspring, social interactions, body condition score (BCS) before and after birth, intensity of negative energy balance (NEB) and stress from adverse climatic conditions. The anoestrus period can be extended by delays in the resumption of reproductive activity of females in puerperium. The duration of puerperal anoestrus in goats directly affects the productivity of the herd and is mainly influenced by nutrition, lactation period and heat stress. To minimize the negative effects of postpartum anoestrus on productivity, we recommend a mating season and a plan for the kidding period, as well as a program to monitor the body condition score during pregnancy so that the animals will have a better BCS at parturition. To minimize the effects of a negative energy balance, we suggest nutritional supplementation with levels of energy above the requirements for maintenance. Highlights The duration of postpartum anoestrus in goats is influenced by nutrition and body condition score. Heat stress can intensify the negative energy balance, consequently increased the period of anoestrus. Puerperal anoestrus occurs as a result of tissue renewal in the uterus. Suckling of the offspring associated with the period of lactation and social interactions can modified the puerperal anoestrus period. Use of diets and strategies to reduce the postpartum anoestrus in goats.

Effect of Biostimulation on Some Behavioral Aspects and Energy Balance of Sahiwal Cows during Peri-estrual Period

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manmohan Singh Rajput ◽  
M.L. Kamboj ◽  
Nishant Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sahiwal Cows ◽  
The Mean ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Fence Line

Background: Energy is the major nutrient needed for dairy cattle and its insufficient intake has a detrimental effect on their reproductive activity. Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biostimulation on behaviour and energy balance of Sahiwal cows during peri-estrus through 2 types of bull contact. For this, 24 postpartum cows were divided into 3 similar groups (T0, T1 and T2) of 8 cows each. In T0, cows were not exposed to bull; in T1 the cows were exposed to bull through a fence-line contact and in T2, the cows were in direct bull contact for 12 hours daily. Result: In first post-partum estrus, the feeding time was non-significant among 3 groups but in second estrus, mean time spent on feeding was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in T0 than T1 and T2 groups. The mean rumination time on d-0 of first estrus was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in T1 and T2 cows as compared to T0 cows. Mean rumination time on d-0 in second estrus was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in T1 and T2 than in T0. Mean resting times in first estrus in T1 and T2 were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than in T0. Mean resting time in d-0 of second estrus was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in T1 and T2 than the T0. There was no significant difference in the mean dry matter intake and levels of BHBA and NEFA among 3 groups of cows. It was concluded that biostimulation of Sahiwal cows through direct or fence-line bull contact during peri-estrus period highly reduced their feeding, rumination and resting times without affecting their energy balance as compared to non-bull exposed cows.

Characteristics of abnormal puerperium in dairy cattle and the rationale for common treatments

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A.M. Kruip ◽  
T. Wensing ◽  
P.L.A.M. Vos
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Blood Concentrations

AbstractThe abnormalities of the puerperium can be arbitrarily divided into two broad categories. Those which arise following a difficult calving or retained placenta are referred to as “common”, while abnormalities such as sub- and anoestrus, irregular cycles, cystic follicles, absence of ovarian activity, repeat breeding and increased number of inseminations per pregnancy are described as “special”. Since the “common” abnormalities are well understood, this paper deals in greater detail with the “special” abnormalities of the puerperium. Based on the axiom that many facets of the “special” abnormalities can be caused by dysfunction of the liver (as in the case of fatty liver), information is presented based on experiments conducted with the over-conditioned dairy cow model (AM) which suffers from both a severe negative energy balance (NEB) and fatty liver syndrome during early lactation. This cow model guarantees a severe NEB, with body weight loss and clear changes in the body condition score (BCS), lower milk production, a higher milk fat concentration, temporary decline in blood insulin and glucose concentrations, elevated blood concentrations of non esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as well as elevated liver concentrations of tri-acyl-glycerol (TAG) during the first weeks post partum. Additionally, this model leads to a higher incidence of metabolic and infectious diseases. Particular attention was paid to LH pulse frequency and to its value in predicting the occurrence of first post partum ovulation would occur, to oestrous behaviour and to oocytes quality. Cows with fatty liver (> 50 mg TAG/g liver tissue) had longer intervals between parturition and 1st ovulation and showed fewer standing heats within the first 100 days post partum, but the proportion of detected heats, compared to endocrinological “heats” was higher in confirmed AM-cows. Moreover, when AM cows come in heat, their heats lasted longer and had a higher pregnancy rate following AI. However, the developmental capacity of oocytes in AM cows, and in particular oocytes that were destined to ovulate between 80 and 120 days pp, was adversely affected. We conclude that the fatty liver condition is a trigger for many problems, including metabolic and infectious diseases, and also of reduced fertility. Prevention of over fatness at calving (BCS>3.5) is the best guarantee for a normal puerperium.

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