Relationships between energy balance and post-partum ovarian activity and fertility in first lactation dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Senatore ◽  
W. R. Butler ◽  
P. A. Oltenacu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Subsequent Fertility

AbstractForty primiparous Holstein dairy cows were monitored from calving through 100 days in milk to evaluate the effect of energy balance in the early post-partum period on subsequent fertility. The post-partum interval to first ovulation (R2 = 0·41; P < 0·005) was lengthened by greater negative energy balance, and reduced by greater body weight at parturition or decreased body-weight loss during the experimental period. Luteal activity (R2 = 0·58; P < 0·0001), measured by plasma progesterone area under curve, was increased in the first cycle post partum by a shorter interval to first ovulation, improved energy balance during the 1st week of lactation and by decreased body-weight loss. Pregnancy status following first artificial insemination was related positively to the number of ovulations before insemination, improved energy balance during the 1st month post partum, fewer days to first ovulation and greater body weight at calving. These data suggest that energy balance and body weight are important in determining the post-partum interval to first ovulation and the subsequent fertility of first lactation dairy cotes.

Effects of body weight loss on serum progesterone concentrations of non-lactating dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.O. Rodrigues ◽  
C. Trevisanuto ◽  
R.F. Cooke ◽  
J.L.M. Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Post-partum blood leptin concentrations and energy balance in first calving dairy heifers

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 91-91
Author(s):  
A.R.G. Wylie ◽  
D.J. Devlin ◽  
T.W.J. Keady ◽  
C.S. Mayne ◽  
R.E. Agnew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Gnrh Release ◽  
Fat Stores

Blood concentrations of leptin, the first of several recently-discovered adipocyte proteins, putatively signal the extent of fat energy reserves to the hypothalamus in mammals and help regulate food intake and reproductive activity (through control of GnRH release). In early post-partum dairy cows, the rapidly increasing milk energy output and slowly increasing feed energy intake produce a negative energy balance (-ve EB) that is met by mobilisation of adipose fat stores and the severity and/or duration of the –ve EB may delay resumption of normal ovarian activity. The objective of the current study was to compare post-partum EB and serum leptin concentration profiles in Holstein-Friesian and Norwegian Red heifers, both of high genetic merit within their breed.

scholarly journals Diet-related Behaviors Are Associated with Energy Intake and Body Weight Loss During a Sustained Military Training Exercise (P16-012-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Fagnant ◽  
Tracey Smith ◽  
Susan McGraw ◽  
Julie Smith ◽  
John Ramsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Nutrition Knowledge ◽  
Military Operations

Abstract Objectives Sustained negative energy balance during military operations contributes to degradations in physical and cognitive performance. Characterizing the diet-related behaviors and nutrition knowledge of Soldiers who self-select higher energy intakes during military operations may identify strategies for promoting energy balance. This study aimed to identify diet-related behaviors of Soldiers who self-selected higher energy intakes during a simulated military operation. Methods Dietary intake and body weight were measured daily in 54 Soldiers (91% male, BMI 25 ± 4 kg/m2, 25 ± 4 yr) participating in a 3-d military exercise. During the exercise, Soldiers were provided with military rations (2787–3003 kcal/d), and in some cases consumed items from home or mobile catering. Food frequency and nutrition knowledge questionnaires were completed before the exercise to assess diet quality by HEI-2010 total score and nutrition knowledge, respectively, and questionnaires assessing eating behaviors during the exercise were completed daily and after the exercise. Associations between diet quality, nutrition knowledge, and diet-related behaviors with 1) daily energy intake (EI) and 2) weight loss (∆BW) were determined by backwards elimination multiple linear regression. Results EI (mean ± SD: 1947 ± 627 kcal/d) and ∆BW (−1.4 ± 1.2%) during the exercise were not correlated. After adjusting for baseline BMI, EI was associated with diet quality (β ± SE: 17 ±9 kcal/d, P = 0.07) and eating frequency (170 ± 86 kcal/d, P = 0.06) and more often intentionally eating foods to improve performance (−389 ± 207 kcal/d, P = 0.07) during the exercise (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.03). In contrast, greater ∆BW was associated only with more often “not allowing myself to eat” certain foods during the exercise (R2 = 0.11; −0.8 ± 0.4%, P = 0.04). Nutrition knowledge was not a significant predictor in either model. Conclusions Findings suggest that self-selected energy intake and body weight loss during military operations may be associated with habitual adherence to healthier dietary patterns and conscious decisions regarding what and how often to eat and/or drink during operations, but not with general nutrition knowledge. Funding Sources U.S. Army Medical Research & Materiel Command; US Army Natick Research, Development, & Engineering Center. Disclaimer: Authors’ views do not reflect official DoD policy.

scholarly journals Reproductive performance in high producing dairy cows: practical implications

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S29-S33
Author(s):  
J. Leroy ◽  
G. Opsomer ◽  
A. de Kruif
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
General Health ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
General Health Status

SummarySeveral studies have clearly demonstrated that the fertility of high yielding dairy cows has declined over the past 25 years. The resumption of ovarian activity post partum has been retarded and conception rates have dropped significantly from 55 to 40%. Accordingly, the calving interval has increased from about 385 days to 417 days. The percentage of cows culled because of infertility has risen from 5 to 8% per year. The “subfertility syndrome” is a multifactorial problem. As the negative energy balance and general health status after calving are known to be paramount factors hampering fertility, it is apparent that avoiding both is among the most important preventive measures to be taken. Improvement of the energy status by achieving a high dry matter intake and the provision of optimal and well balanced nutrition during the transition period as well as during early lactation are key goals in this effort. To achieve these goals, we should not only calculate the rations on paper, but should also check in the stable to determine whether the calculated amount is really being consumed by the cows. Furthermore, veterinarians should use their “clinical eyes” as well as other diagnostic tools to assess the general health status of the cows and to assess at which aspect of the process things are going wrong and need to be adjusted. Besides the control of the negative energy balance and health status, other management factors that need to be maximized include heat detection, cow comfort, insemination technique, time of insemination during estrus and sperm quality. Only if management is on a very high level high milk production and good fertility can be a feasible combination.

Effect of genetic merit on postpartum follicular development, milk production, body weight and, insulin and glucose levels in dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 188-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E.M. Snijders ◽  
K. O'Farrell ◽  
M. P. Boland ◽  
P. Dillon ◽  
M. Diskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Production Body

Efficient milk production in Ireland in both spring and autumn calving herds is very much dependent on compact calving. This requires an early resumption of ovarian activity, high submission rate, and pregnancy rate to service. Since 1984 there has been an increase in the genetic merit of Irish dairy herds. High genetic merit animals have reduced reproductive performance due to the demands of high milk yield (Nebel and McGilliard, 1993) and the loss of body weight and body condition (Butler and Smith, 1989). However, little comparative data on the reproductive performance of dairy cows of different genetic merit are available. The objective of this study was therefore, to determine the relationship between genetic merit of dairy cows and follicular growth patterns, milk production, body weight loss, insulin and glucose levels in early lactation.

The effects of two contrasting grassland-based milk production systems, on the performance and fertility of high genetic merit, autumn calving, dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Ferris ◽  
M.A. McCoy ◽  
S.D. Lennox ◽  
D.C. Catney ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Feed Value

AbstractThe development of production systems, which allow increased nutrient intakes to be achieved, is a key issue in the management of high genetic merit dairy cows. Consequently, forty high genetic merit autumn calving dairy cows (PTA95fat + protein = 38.2 kg) were managed on either a ‘high forage (HF)’ or ‘high concentrate (HC)’ based system of milk production for the first 305 days of lactation, with the study encompassing both the indoor winter and outdoor summer grazing periods. System HF involved a high feed value silage, a lax grazing regime, and a low concentrate input (842 kg DM), while system HC involved a medium feed value silage, a tighter grazing regime and a higher concentrate input (2456 kg DM). Total milk outputs with each of systems HF and HC were 7854 and 8640 kg respectively (P<0.01), illustrating that high genetic merit cows can perform satisfactorily on very different inputs over a single lactation. However animals on system HF experienced a more extreme and prolonged period of negative energy balance post partum than those on system HC, and completed the winter with a significantly lower condition score. Detailed fertility records were maintained for all animals on the study. Days to first observed heat were 51.2 and 59.3 with systems HF and HC respectively, while the respective conception rates to first service were 26 and 21%. The number of services/conception were 2.22 and 2.50, while the calving interval was 390 and 404 days for systems HF and HC respectively. Despite the greater degree of negative energy balance associated with system HF, none of the fertility measures was significantly affected by system of milk production (P>0.05), although fertility with both systems was poor. There were no obvious reasons for the poor fertility noted in this trial.

scholarly journals Milk fatty acid profile related to energy balance in dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Gross ◽  
Hendrika A van Dorland ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier ◽  
Frieder J Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Status

Milk fatty acid (FA) profile is a dynamic pattern influenced by lactational stage, energy balance and dietary composition. In the first part of this study, effects of the energy balance during the proceeding lactation [weeks 1–21 post partum (pp)] on milk FA profile of 30 dairy cows were evaluated under a constant feeding regimen. In the second part, effects of a negative energy balance (NEB) induced by feed restriction on milk FA profile were studied in 40 multiparous dairy cows (20 feed-restricted and 20 control). Feed restriction (energy balance of −63 MJ NEL/d, restriction of 49 % of energy requirements) lasted 3 weeks starting at around 100 days in milk. Milk FA profile changed markedly from week 1 pp up to week 12 pp and remained unchanged thereafter. The proportion of saturated FA (predominantly 10:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0) increased from week 1 pp up to week 12 pp, whereas monounsaturated FA, predominantly the proportion of 18:1,9c decreased as NEB in early lactation became less severe. During the induced NEB, milk FA profile showed a similarly directed pattern as during the NEB in early lactation, although changes were less marked for most FA. Milk FA composition changed rapidly within one week after initiation of feed restriction and tended to adjust to the initial composition despite maintenance of a high NEB. C18:1,9c was increased significantly during the induced NEB indicating mobilization of a considerable amount of adipose tissue. Besides 18:1,9c, changes in saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, de-novo synthesized and preformed FA (sum of FA >C16) reflected energy status in dairy cows and indicated the NEB in early lactation as well as the induced NEB by feed restriction.

Effect of season and photoperiod on the time of first postpartum ovulation in Awassi ewes

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Faigl ◽  
Mónika Keresztes ◽  
Alíz Márton ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
Margit Kulcsár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Igf I

Seasonal differences in the resumption of postpartum ovarian activity, milk production and periparturient metabolic status were investigated in lactating non-suckling dairy Awassi sheep in two consecutive experiments. In Experiment 1, autumn-lambing (AL, n = 27) and spring-lambing (SL, n = 37) ewes were investigated. Ovarian activity was monitored by means of individual progesterone (P4) profiles from day 5 to day 100 post partum. Most of the AL dams (89%) ovulated till day 35 after parturition and became cyclic thereafter. Incidence of persistent corpus luteum (CLP) and short luteal phases (sCL) was frequent (18% and 29%, respectively) among non-conceiving dams. In contrast, only 24% of the SL ewes ovulated before day 35. P4 levels during the luteal phase were lower in cyclic animals, and the cycle was longer in SL than in AL animals. No CLP or sCL was detected in the spring-lambing group, and 61% of SL ewes remained acyclic till the end of the trial. Lactation length was significantly longer in SL dams than in AL ewes (P = 0.008). According to the plasma metabolites (BHB, NEFA) and metabolic hormones (insulin, IGF-I, thyroxine) examined, negative energy balance did not appear in any of the animals. However, seasonal differences were seen in IGF-I and thyroxine levels, which were higher in the SL dams. In Experiment 2, influence of additional lighting was studied in autumn-lambing ewes. The long-day photoperiod (LD, n = 23) group was exposed to artificial light from sunset till midnight (approx. 16 h light/8 h dark) from some weeks before the expected date of delivery in mid-September until the end of December. The control group (n = 25) experienced only natural daylength. The first postpartum ovulation tended to occur later in the LD animals than in the controls (P = 0.047). The lactation of the LD group tended to be longer (P = 0.061). NEFA, BHB, insulin, IGF-I and thyroxine levels did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: (i) The ovarian function of the Awassi population is seasonal under temperate continental climate conditions. (ii) The first postpartum ovulation of non-suckling, autumn-lambing dams may occur very early, even before the completion of uterine involution. (iii) Additional artificial lighting may delay the time of first postpartum ovulation in AL ewes. (iv) Postpartum negative energy balance is unlikely to occur in dairy Awassi ewes even in high-producing intensive systems.

Body-weight loss, blood and rumen fluid characteristics and nitrogen retention in lambs in negative energy balance offered diets with differing glucogenic potential

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Moloney ◽  
W. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Aspartate Amino Transferase

AbstractThe effects of altering the glucogenic potential of the diet of wether lambs (initial body weight 56·4 kg) offered an energy allowance of 0·25 that required for maintenance on body-weight loss, nitrogen retention and blood and rumen fluid parameters were examined. Whole barley was offered alone or substituted on an isoenergetic basis with 40 or 120 g of a blend of glucose precursors (polyhydric alcohols, propylene glycol, sodium propionate) absorbed on to palm kernel meal (acetona meal), to 36 lambs (no. = 12 per treatment) for 8 weeks. Substituting barley with 40 g acetona meal had a small but non-significant effect in decreasing body-weight loss and plasma aspartate amino transferase activity and in increasing plasma insulin concentration. Increasing the glucogenic potential of the diet by substituting barley with 120 g acetona meal decreased body-weight loss in the early phase of the study, decreased plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and increased the proportion of propionate in volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid, plasma aspartate amino transferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and plasma insulin concentrations. Increasing the glucogenic potential of the diet did not affect nitrogen retention or plasma glucose concentration. It is concluded that increasing the glucogenic potential of the diet of lambs resulted in an increase in metabolic efficiency at the onset of negative energy balance which was mediated through a change in plasma insulin concentration. The absence of a significant difference in body-weight loss between the diets in the latter part of the study reflects the lack of sustained ketosis.

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